MAGNIFICATION IN CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS.pptx

Magnification

1. MAGNIFICATION IN CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS BY:Dr.HARSH SHREY 1 ST MDS(DEPT.OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS) DSCDS

2. CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION NEED FOR MAGNIFICATION HISTORY BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES STEREOPSIS MAGNIFICATION FOCUS AND PARA FOCAL RESOLUTION WORKING DISTANCE CONVERGENCE AND DECLINATION ANGLE INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE MAGNIFICATION DEVICES MAGNIFICATION CATEGORIES APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ILLUMINATION LAW OF ERGONOMICS MICROSURGICAL INSTRUMENTS

3. INTRODUCTION: Endodontics is confined to narrow operating space as it deals with miniscule anatomy Clinicians who manage intricate cases appear to demand higher visual acuity Clinical procedures may be carried out successfully with the use of magnification that ensures precision and hence,increases the quality of work

4. NEED FOR MAGNIFICATION The resolving power of the human eye is only 0.2 mm Clinically,most dental practitioners will not be able to see an open margin smaller than 0.2 mm Restorative dentists,periodontists and endodontists frequently perform treatment procedures which require resolution well beyond the 0.2mm limit of the human eye A common operating microscope can raise the the reolving power of the eye from 0.2mm to 0.006mm,a drastic enhancement in vision

5. HISTORY: YEAR INDIVIDUAL ASSOCIATED CONTRIBUTION 1876 Dr.Edwin Saemisch A German ophthalmologist introduced simple binocular loupes to surgery 1962 Dr.Geca Jako An otolaryngologist used the SOM in oral surgical procedures 1977 Dr.Robert Baumann A practicing dentist,described the use of otologic microscope in dentistry 1978 Dr.Harvrey Apothekar Dr.Jako Brought the concept of extreme magnification in the form of an operating microscope,into dentistry 1981 Chayes-Virginia Inc.,USA Dentiscope was manufactured and marketed by the Johanson &Johnson co. 1984 Dr.Reuben Dr.Apothekar Tested the dental microscope ( Dentiscope ) in an apical surgery 1999 Garry Carr Introduced a DOM that had Gallilean optics with ergonomics

6. BASIC CONCEPTS OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES Stereopsis Magnification Focus Parfocal Resolution Working distance Convergence and declination angle Interpupillary distance

7. Stereopsis: Stereopsis vision where in two separate images from two eyes are successfully combined in to one image in the brain The ability to perceive depth and 3D structure obtained on the basis of visual information deriving from two eyes by individual with normally developed binocular vision Also called as 3D perception

8. Magnification: Magnification is ability to produce enlarged image of object The maximum magnification of human eye is 0.068 cm also called as 1X magnification Every optical system has finite range of magnification,if you magnify beyond that it will result in empty magnification

9. VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MAGNIFICATION There are two variables associated : Field of view Depth of field At higher magnification,the field of view seen is reduced and the depth of field is smaller Field of view: The area which is visible through optical magnification Depth of field: The ability of the lens system to focus on objects that are both near and far without having to change the loupe position

10. Focus: The point at which initially collimated rays of light meet after passing through a convex lens or reflecting from a concave mirror,also called the focal point Optical power is the inverse of a lens’ focal length Parfocal: Having the same focus in the entire range of magnification

11. Resolution: Resolution is a measure used to describe the sharpness and clarity of an image or picture The ability to differentiate between two closely positioned bright objects Resolution and depth of field are reciprocal of one another in that more resolution implies less depth-of-field

12. Working Distance: The distance from the microscope objective lens to the point of focus of the optical system and this value is fixed and dependant totally on the chosen focal length of the objective lens Depending on the height and the resulting length of the arms,the working distance with slightly bended arms usually ranges from 30-45 cm

13. Convergence and declination angle: Convergence angle: it is the pivotal angle aligning two ocular pieces in such a manner that they are pointing at the identical distance and angle to the object of treatment field Declination angle: it is the angle created by the eyes being downwardly inclined to the working area is called declination angle or viewing angle

14. INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE: It is the distance between the centre of pupils It determines the degree of retinal image disparity in fellow eyes which are combined in the brain to produce stereo perception

15. MAGNIFICATION DEVICES: Loupes Dental operating microscope Miniature endoscope system Orascope

16. MAGNIFICATION CATEGORIES: Low magnification (3X-8X) Medium magnification (8X-16X) High magnification (16X-30X)

17. Low magnification(3x-8x): Appropriate for examination of tooth orientation and positioning of bur or ultrasonic tip The wide field of view allows comparisons of the adjacent anatomic landmark This magnification level is used in loupes

18. Medium magnification(8x-16x): Commonly used in non-surgical endodontic procedures as it provides an acceptable field of view and depth of field It is used to perform intricate procedures such as: Perforation repair Separated instrument retrieval Surgical procedures requiring higher precision and accuracy

19. High magnification(16x-30x): Mostly used in close-up examinations and inspections of minute anatomies such as calcified canals and small,fine cracks The smooth color variation between secondary and tertiary dentin in cases of teeth with calcific metamorphosis can be distinguished at this level

20. Applications of magnification: Diagnosis of caries and cracked tooth syndrome Conservative access opening Identifying obscure anatomy Managing sclerosed canals Outlining and removing pulp stones Managing perforation and tooth resorption Retrieving silver point,separated instrument and fractured post

21. Advantages of magnification: Enhanced visualisation Improved working posture Increased referral Disadvantages of magnification: Learning curve Cost Infection control and lens scratching Sharp injuries

22. Illumination: Illumination is coaxial with the line of sight Some commonly used light sources for this are: 100W Xenon halogen bulb in a fan cooled system Fibre-optic light LED lamps

23. Law of ergonomics:

24. Microsurgical instruments: These are nothing but miniature form of the conventional surgery used in microsurgical endodontic procedures Some of the instruments are: Micro explorer 15C blade Kim trac retractors(P1 and P2) Micro mirrors Ultrasonic tips

25. Conclusion: Magnification without a doubt is a great tool which definitely increases the clinician’s work efficiency and hence the outcome of the cases New horizons were and will still be explored in the field of magnification in the near future

26. REFERENCES: Magnification in endodontics: A review of its applications and acceptance among dental practitioners(Jun Fay Low,Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom,Safura Baharin-2019) Magnification-An endodontic review( Suneeth Shetty,Sunil Tejaswi-2018) Magnification in dentistry:A review(Rakesh Gogiya,Rakhi M Chandak-2018) Magnification-enhanced contemporary dentistry:Getting started(Vivek Hegde-2016) Characteristics of light sources for dental instruments(Satoshi Horihata-2014) Google scholar Pubmed Google images

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