Maintain dental X-ray machine medical engineering.pptx

How to maintain dental x-ray equipment.

1. 4. Maintain dental X-ray machine

2. Physics of X-rays Definition of X-rays X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet (UV) rays and longer than gamma rays. They are produced when high-speed electrons strike a target material, causing the emission of photons with energies typically ranging from 0.1 to 100 keV (kilo-electron volts). X-rays are a fundamental part of medical imaging and various industrial applications due to their ability to penetrate materials and produce detailed images. Understanding their physics, from their discovery by Roentgen to their production through electron acceleration and interaction with target materials, is crucial for their safe and effective use in diverse fields.

3. Physics of X-rays Discovery of X-rays X-rays were discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. He was experimenting with cathode rays (streams of electrons emitted from a cathode in a vacuum tube) when he observed that a fluorescent screen in his laboratory emitted light when exposed to these rays. He realized these rays could penetrate materials and produce shadow images on photographic plates. Electromagnetic Spectrum Position X-rays occupy the electromagnetic spectrum between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and gamma rays. Their wavelengths range from about 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz .

4. Physics of X-rays

5. Physics of X-rays Conditions for Production of X-rays X-rays are produced under specific conditions: Electron Acceleration : High-speed electrons (generated by a cathode in a vacuum tube) are accelerated towards a target material (usually tungsten or molybdenum). Target Interaction : When these high-energy electrons strike the target material, they decelerate rapidly, causing bremsstrahlung radiation (braking radiation), which includes X-rays. Characteristic Radiation : If the incident electrons have sufficient energy, they can knock out inner shell electrons from the target atoms, leading to the emission of characteristic X-rays with specific energies characteristic of the target material.

6. Physics of X-rays

7. Physics of X-rays Units of X-ray Radiation X-ray radiation is measured using several units depending on the context: Absorbed Dose : The gray ( Gy ) is the SI unit of absorbed dose, which measures the amount of energy deposited by X-rays in a material. Exposure : The coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) is the SI unit of exposure, which quantifies the ionization produced by X-rays in air. Equivalent Dose : The sievert ( Sv ) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which takes into account the biological effectiveness of X-ray radiation. Radiation Intensity : The roentgen (R) is a unit used to measure radiation intensity in air (1 R = 2.58 × 10^-4 C/kg).

8. X-ray sources X-ray sources are crucial components in various fields such as medicine, industry, and research, where they are used for imaging, diagnostics, and material analysis. Here, we'll explore two primary sources of X-rays: X-ray tubes and X-ray radiation sources.

9. X-ray Tube An X-ray tube is the most common device used to generate X-rays. It consists of the following main components: Cathode : A filament heated to emit electrons (thermionic emission). The electrons are accelerated towards the anode by a high voltage. Anode : Made of a heavy metal (typically tungsten or molybdenum) with a high atomic number to withstand the heat generated by the impact of electrons. It serves as the target for the accelerated electrons. Vacuum Tube : Surrounds the cathode and anode to prevent the scattering of electrons and to maintain a vacuum for efficient electron acceleration and target interaction.

10. X-ray Tube Operation: When a high voltage (typically from 20 kV to several hundred kV) is applied across the cathode and anode, electrons are emitted from the cathode due to thermionic emission. These electrons are accelerated towards the anode and collide with the target material (anode). The rapid deceleration of these high-speed electrons in the target material results in the emission of X-rays through bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic X-ray emission (if the electron energy is sufficient to eject inner shell electrons). Applications: Medical imaging (X-ray radiography and computed tomography). Industrial non-destructive testing (NDT). Scientific research in physics, chemistry, and material science.

11. X-ray Radiation Source X-ray radiation sources encompass various devices and methods used to produce X-rays for specific applications beyond those generated by X-ray tubes. Some common types include: Radioactive Sources: Radioactive isotopes such as cobalt-60 and cesium-137 emit gamma rays, which can be converted into X-rays through processes like Compton scattering. Used in industrial radiography for inspections and measurements. Synchrotron Radiation: Electrons traveling at relativistic speeds in synchrotron facilities emit X-rays as they are forced to change direction by magnetic fields. Provides intense and tunable X-ray beams for advanced research in physics, chemistry, and biology. Electron Accelerators: High-energy electron beams from linear accelerators or betatrons can be directed onto targets (like in X-ray tubes) to produce X-rays. Used in medical radiation therapy and industrial applications requiring high-energy X-rays.

12. X-ray tubes X-ray tubes are devices used to generate X-rays by accelerating electrons and directing them onto a target material. There are two main types of X-ray tubes based on the design of the anode: stationary anode and rotating anode.

13. Stationary Anode X-ray Tube Structure: Anode: Made of a high atomic number material such as tungsten or molybdenum. Cathode: Contains a heated filament that emits electrons (thermionic emission). Vacuum Tube: Surrounds the anode and cathode to maintain a vacuum, necessary for efficient electron acceleration and target interaction. Operation: Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated towards the stationary anode when a high voltage (typically from 20 kV to several hundred kV) is applied across the tube. The electrons strike a small area of the anode, known as the focal spot or target, with high energy. X-rays are produced when electrons are suddenly decelerated upon collision with the anode material, resulting in bremsstrahlung radiation (braking radiation). Some X-rays are also emitted due to characteristic radiation when electrons knock inner shell electrons out of the anode material.

14. Stationary Anode X-ray Tube

15. Stationary Anode X-ray Tube Advantages: Simple design and less complex compared to rotating anode tubes. Cost-effective and suitable for lower energy X-ray applications. Adequate for routine medical imaging and some industrial applications. Limitations: Limited heat dissipation capability due to the stationary nature of the anode, restricting the maximum energy output and continuous operation time. Prone to damage if operated at high energy levels for extended periods. Applications: Used in dental X-ray machines, small medical clinics, and some industrial radiography applications where moderate energy X-rays are sufficient.

16. Rotating Anode X-ray Tube Structure: Anode : Made of a high atomic number material (typically tungsten-rhenium alloy) with a rotating disc or cylinder. Cathode : Similar to the stationary anode tube, containing a heated filament for electron emission. Vacuum Tube : Also surrounds the anode and cathode to maintain a vacuum environment. Operation: Similar to the stationary anode tube, electrons are emitted from the cathode and accelerated towards the rotating anode when a high voltage is applied. The rotating anode spins at high speeds (typically up to 10,000 rpm or more), spreading out the heat generated by electron impact over a larger area. This design allows for higher energy X-ray production and longer exposure times compared to stationary anode tubes. As electrons strike different areas of the rotating anode, the entire anode surface is utilized, preventing overheating and extending tube life.

17. Rotating Anode X-ray Tube

18. Rotating Anode X-ray Tube Advantages: Capable of producing higher energy X-rays and handling higher power levels due to improved heat dissipation. Suitable for demanding applications such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and high-resolution imaging. Longer operational lifespan compared to stationary anode tubes under high-energy conditions. Limitations: More complex design and higher cost compared to stationary anode tubes. Requires careful maintenance and periodic replacement of bearings and other moving parts. Applications: Widely used in modern medical imaging equipment such as CT scanners and fluoroscopy systems where high-energy X-rays and rapid image acquisition are necessary.

19. Main parts of an X-ray tube An X-ray tube is a complex device that generates X-rays through the acceleration of electrons and their interaction with a target material (anode). Here are the main parts/components of an X-ray tube: Cathode Focusing cup Filament Anode Vacuum glass envelope Oil tank High tension cables Control cables

20. Main parts of an X-ray tube Cathode : The cathode is the negative electrode of the X-ray tube. It consists of a tungsten filament enclosed within a focusing cup. When the filament is heated (through thermionic emission), it emits electrons. The focusing cup helps to direct and focus the electron beam towards the anode. Focusing Cup : The focusing cup is a metal enclosure around the cathode filament. It is negatively charged to focus and direct the emitted electrons towards a small area on the anode (target area). Filament : The filament is a thin tungsten wire within the cathode. It serves as the source of electrons through thermionic emission when heated. The electron emission rate depends on the temperature of the filament.

21. Main parts of an X-ray tube Anode : The anode is the positive electrode of the X-ray tube. It typically consists of a rotating or stationary disc or cylinder made of a high atomic number material such as tungsten or tungsten-rhenium alloy. When electrons from the cathode strike the anode, X-rays are generated through bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic X-ray emission. Vacuum Glass Envelope : The vacuum glass envelope surrounds the cathode, focusing cup, filament, and anode. It maintains a vacuum environment inside the tube, necessary for efficient electron acceleration and target interaction. Oil Tank : Some X-ray tubes, especially those with rotating anodes, are immersed in an oil tank. The oil helps to dissipate the heat generated during operation and provides insulation.

22. Main parts of an X-ray tube High Tension Cables : High tension (HT) cables connect the X-ray generator to the X-ray tube. They carry the high voltage (typically tens to hundreds of kilovolts) required to accelerate electrons from the cathode to the anode. Control Cables : Control cables are used to operate and control various parameters of the X-ray tube, such as filament current, exposure time, and X-ray tube rotation (if applicable). They connect the X-ray tube to the control panel of the X-ray equipment.

23. X-rays generation Generating X-rays typically involves several key components and processes : Electron Source : X-rays are generated using a source of high-energy electrons. These electrons are usually emitted from a heated filament, similar to those used in cathode ray tubes . Acceleration : Once emitted, the electrons are accelerated to high speeds using an electric field. This acceleration is crucial because it imparts kinetic energy to the electrons, which is necessary for generating X-rays . Target (Anode ): The accelerated electrons are directed towards a target material, often made of a heavy metal such as tungsten. This target is also known as the anode . When high-speed electrons strike the target material, they undergo sudden deceleration and interaction with the atoms of the target.

24. X-rays generation X-ray Production : The deceleration and interaction of the high-speed electrons with the target material result in the emission of X-rays . X-rays are produced through two primary mechanisms: Bremsstrahlung (braking radiation) , where the electrons lose energy as they decelerate near the nuclei of the target atoms, and characteristic radiation , where inner shell electrons are ejected from atoms in the target material and outer shell electrons fill the vacancies, emitting characteristic X-rays in the process . X-ray Emission : The emitted X-rays pass through collimators and filters to shape and refine the X-ray beam before reaching the subject being imaged (such as a patient in medical imaging or a material in industrial applications).

25. Components of X-ray generators Rectification : In X-ray generators, rectification refers to the process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This is crucial because X-ray tubes require a constant flow of electrons in one direction to generate X-rays consistently. Rectification is typically achieved using electronic devices such as diodes or solid-state rectifiers . High Tension Transformer : The high tension transformer (also known as the high voltage transformer or step-up transformer) is a key component in X-ray generators. Its primary function is to increase the voltage supplied to the X-ray tube to the high levels required for X-ray production. Typically, the voltage is stepped up from mains voltage (e.g., 110V or 220V AC) to tens of thousands of volts (e.g., 50 kV to 150 kV or more), depending on the application and type of X-rays needed .

26. Components of X-ray generators Oil Tank : The oil tank in an X-ray generator serves as a crucial insulating and cooling medium. It houses the high tension transformer and sometimes other components, such as capacitors and resistors, that generate heat during operation. The oil acts as both an electrical insulator to prevent arcing and as a coolant to dissipate heat generated by the transformer and other components. Oil also helps to maintain the integrity and insulation of the high voltage components, ensuring safe and reliable operation of the X-ray generator . These components work together to ensure that X-ray generators can reliably produce high-quality X-ray beams for medical imaging, industrial testing, scientific research, and other applications where X-rays are needed. Each component plays a specific role in the overall functionality and safety of the system.

27. Block diagram of X-ray machine

28. Electric circuits and controls Integration : These circuits and controls work together to ensure that the X-ray generator operates safely and efficiently. The main supply circuit provides power to the system, while the control circuit manages the operational parameters and ensures safety through relays, timers, and interlock systems . Safety : Safety is paramount in X-ray generators due to the potential risks associated with ionizing radiation. The control circuit's interlock system, timers, and relays play crucial roles in maintaining safe operating conditions and preventing accidents . Automation : Modern X-ray generators often incorporate advanced automation features in their control circuits, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and computer interfaces, which enhance precision, reliability, and ease of operation.

29. Electric circuits and controls Main Supply Circuit: Main Supply : This refers to the primary electrical power source that supplies electricity to the X-ray generator. It usually comes from the mains electrical supply grid . Main Switch : The main switch is a manually operated device that controls the supply of electrical power to the entire X-ray generator system. It serves as the primary on/off switch . Main Contactor : A main contactor is an electrical relay that controls the flow of electricity from the main supply to the X-ray generator components. It is typically controlled by the main switch and automatically opens or closes to start or stop the flow of electricity.

30. Electric circuits and controls Control Circuit : Control Relays : Control relays are electromagnetic switches used to control larger currents or multiple circuits based on smaller control signals. In X-ray generators, they play a crucial role in managing the operation of components such as the high tension transformer, cooling systems, and safety features . Timer : A timer is an essential component in the control circuit that regulates the duration of X-ray exposure. It ensures that X-rays are emitted for a precise amount of time, which is critical for controlling radiation dose in medical imaging and ensuring consistent exposure times in industrial applications . Interlock System : An interlock system is a safety mechanism designed to prevent unsafe conditions and ensure proper operation of the X-ray generator. It typically includes sensors and switches that monitor various parameters such as door closures, coolant flow, and other safety-critical aspects. If an unsafe condition is detected (e.g., an open door or insufficient coolant flow), the interlock system will automatically interrupt the X-ray generation process to prevent harm to personnel and equipment.

31. Operation of control KV selector : Definition : A KV selector is a control mechanism used in equipment such as X-ray machines or other devices that produce ionizing radiation . Purpose : It allows operators to select the kilo voltage (kV) level, which determines the penetrating power of the radiation. Higher kV settings are used for thicker or denser objects . Line voltage compensation : Definition : This feature compensates for variations in the incoming voltage from the power supply line . Purpose : It ensures that the equipment operates consistently despite fluctuations in the supply voltage, maintaining stable performance and accurate output . mAs selector : Definition : The mAs selector controls both the milliamperage (mA) and the exposure time (s), determining the total amount of radiation exposure during an X-ray or similar procedure . Purpose : It allows operators to adjust the intensity and duration of the radiation exposure based on the specific requirements of the imaging procedure.

32. Operation of control Meter reading : Definition : Meter readings refer to the numerical values displayed on meters integrated into the equipment . Purpose : These readings provide real-time information about parameters such as voltage, current, exposure levels, or other critical operational data. Operators use these readings to monitor and adjust settings as needed . Timer operations : Definition : Timer operations involve the use of timers to control the duration of specific functions or processes . Purpose : In medical and technical equipment, timers are crucial for regulating exposure times during procedures, ensuring precise and consistent operation. They contribute to safety by limiting the duration of radiation exposure or controlling other timed functions . These controls are essential for maintaining operational precision, safety, and effectiveness in various technical applications, particularly in fields such as medical imaging, industrial testing, and scientific research involving radiation and high-voltage equipment.

33. Effects of x-ray Biological Effects : Definition : Biological effects of X-rays refer to their impact on living organisms, particularly concerning tissue damage and health effects . Implications : X-rays are ionizing radiation, meaning they have enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules in biological tissues. This ionization can lead to various biological effects, including cell damage, mutations, and potential long-term health risks such as cancer. Hence, careful consideration and control of X-ray exposure are crucial in medical and industrial applications to minimize these risks . Ionization: Definition : Ionization is the process whereby X-rays transfer enough energy to atoms or molecules, causing them to lose electrons and become charged ions . Implications : This ionization process is fundamental to many applications of X-rays, including medical imaging and radiation therapy. In medical diagnostics, X-rays pass through tissues and create ionization patterns that can be detected and used to form images. In radiation therapy, ionization is used to selectively damage cancerous cells. However, ionizing effects also carry potential risks to living organisms, which must be carefully managed and monitored.

34. Effects of x-ray Fluorescence : Definition : Fluorescence occurs when X-rays strike certain materials and cause them to emit light or other electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelength . Implications : This phenomenon is utilized in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, a technique used to analyze the elemental composition of materials. When X-rays interact with atoms in a sample, they can cause inner-shell ionization, leading to the emission of characteristic fluorescent X-rays. This allows scientists and analysts to identify and quantify the elements present in a sample without damaging it . These effects highlight both the beneficial applications and potential risks associated with X-rays. While they are invaluable in medical diagnostics, industrial testing, and scientific research, the ionizing nature of X-rays necessitates careful consideration of safety protocols and exposure limits to mitigate potential biological hazards.

35. Fault diagnosis Visual Inspection : Conduct a visual inspection of the X-ray machine and its components. Look for any obvious signs of damage, loose connections, or abnormalities in the physical structure . Functional Checks : Perform functional checks by operating the machine under normal conditions. Observe the machine's behavior during startup, exposure, and shutdown sequences. Note any unusual sounds, smells, or error messages displayed on the control panel . Electrical Checks : Use appropriate testing equipment to check electrical components such as fuses, circuit breakers, power supplies, and wiring harnesses. Ensure that all electrical connections are secure and that there are no short circuits or voltage irregularities . Radiation Output Verification : Measure and verify the radiation output using appropriate dosimetry equipment. Ensure that the X-ray machine is emitting radiation at the correct levels as specified by regulatory standards . Software and Control Panel Inspection : Inspect the software settings and control panel interface. Check for any software errors, glitches, or anomalies in the user interface that could affect the machine's operation.

36. Fault diagnosis Mechanical Inspection : Check mechanical components such as the tube head assembly, collimators, gantry, and motorized parts for smooth operation and alignment. Look for signs of wear, misalignment, or mechanical damage . Quality Assurance Tests : Perform quality assurance tests (QA/QC) to evaluate the overall performance and image quality of the X-ray machine. This includes tests for image resolution, contrast, and artifact analysis . Documentation Review : Review maintenance records, service logs, and previous diagnostic reports. This can provide insights into recurring issues or historical problems with the X-ray machine . Consultation and Expert Support : Seek consultation from manufacturers' technical support or qualified service engineers if necessary. They can provide specialized knowledge and diagnostic tools to identify and resolve complex faults . Safety Considerations : Always prioritize safety protocols during fault diagnosis. Ensure that radiation safety measures are in place and that personnel are adequately trained in handling and troubleshooting X-ray equipment.

37. Maintenance procedures High Tension Cables : High tension cables in X-ray machines are responsible for transmitting high voltage from the generator to the X-ray tube. Proper maintenance helps prevent breakdowns and ensures safety. Here are key maintenance procedures : Visual Inspection : Regularly inspect high tension cables for signs of wear, cracks, or physical damage. Look for any exposed wires or insulation damage . Cleaning : Keep high tension cables clean and free from dust or debris. Use a soft cloth and mild detergent if necessary. Ensure cables are dry before use to prevent electrical arcing . Tightening Connections : Check and tighten cable connections at both ends (generator and X-ray tube) to ensure they are secure. Loose connections can cause electrical arcing or loss of voltage . Dielectric Testing : Periodically conduct dielectric strength testing to ensure insulation integrity. This test checks if the insulation can withstand high voltage without breaking down . Replacement Schedule : Follow manufacturer-recommended replacement schedules for high tension cables. Over time, insulation can degrade, increasing the risk of electrical faults . Environmental Considerations : Protect cables from excessive heat, moisture, or corrosive substances that can degrade insulation and conductors.

38. Maintenance procedures X-ray Generator : The X-ray generator is the heart of the X-ray machine, producing the necessary voltage and current for creating X-rays. Proper maintenance ensures consistent performance and longevity. Here are key maintenance procedures : Cooling System Inspection : Check the cooling system (fans, heat sinks, or liquid cooling) to ensure it is functioning properly. Overheating can damage components and reduce efficiency . Tube Head Assembly Inspection : Inspect the tube head assembly for cleanliness, alignment, and any signs of mechanical wear. Ensure collimators and shutters move smoothly . Electrical Safety Checks : Perform electrical safety checks according to regulatory standards. Verify grounding, insulation resistance, and leakage current to prevent electrical hazards . Software and Calibration : Verify software settings and calibration parameters. Ensure the generator is operating within specified tolerances for voltage, current, and exposure times . Tube Filtration : Monitor and replace tube filtration materials as recommended. Proper filtration improves image quality and reduces patient exposure to unnecessary radiation . Service Records : Maintain detailed service records and log any maintenance performed. This helps track the history of the generator and informs future maintenance needs . Periodic Inspections : Schedule periodic inspections by qualified service engineers or technicians. They can identify potential issues early and recommend preventive measures.

39. Safety Procedures Training and Education : Ensure all personnel operating X-ray machines are properly trained on radiation safety, equipment operation, emergency procedures, and regulatory requirements . Radiation Protection : Implement shielding measures such as lead aprons, thyroid shields, and protective barriers to minimize radiation exposure to operators and nearby personnel . Area Control and Signage : Restrict access to X-ray areas to authorized personnel only. Clearly mark radiation zones and provide warning signs to alert individuals of potential hazards . Dosimetry Monitoring : Monitor radiation exposure with personal dosimeters for personnel regularly working with X-ray machines. Keep records of dose levels and ensure they are within permissible limits . Emergency Procedures : Develop and practice emergency protocols for incidents such as equipment malfunction, radiation leaks, or personnel contamination. Include evacuation procedures and emergency contacts . Equipment Maintenance : Follow manufacturer-recommended maintenance schedules for X-ray machines. Regular inspections and servicing help ensure equipment operates safely and reliably.

40. Safety Procedures Quality Assurance : Perform regular quality assurance tests (QA/QC) on X-ray machines to verify imaging quality, radiation output, and equipment functionality. Document results and address any deviations promptly . Patient Safety : Position patients properly to minimize unnecessary exposure. Use immobilization devices and collimation techniques to focus the X-ray beam on the area of interest . Controlled Access : Control exposure time and intensity based on clinical needs. Use exposure factors (kV, mA, mAs) appropriate for the diagnostic task to reduce radiation dose to patients . Image Review : Review images promptly to ensure diagnostic quality and avoid repeat exposures. Optimize imaging techniques to achieve diagnostic images with the lowest possible radiation dose.

41. Calibration of the dental X-ray machines Calibration of dental X-ray machines is crucial to ensure accurate and consistent imaging quality, minimize patient radiation exposure, and maintain compliance with regulatory standards. Here are the key steps involved in the calibration process : Pre-Calibration Preparation : Review Manufacturer Guidelines : Familiarize yourself with the manufacturer's recommendations and specifications for calibration procedures specific to your dental X-ray machine model . Gather Necessary Tools and Equipment : Prepare calibration tools such as a digital multimeter, dosimeters , and any specialized software provided by the manufacturer . Safety Precautions : Ensure proper radiation safety measures are in place, including shielding and personal protective equipment (PPE) for operators and patients.

42. Calibration of the dental X-ray machines Calibration Steps : Radiation Output Calibration : Measure and calibrate the X-ray generator's radiation output using a calibrated dosimeter or ionization chamber. Verify that the radiation output matches the specified values for different exposure settings (kV, mA, mAs ). Beam Quality and Filtration : Verify and adjust the X-ray tube filtration to ensure the beam quality meets regulatory requirements and minimizes unnecessary radiation exposure to patients . Exposure Time Calibration : Check and calibrate exposure time settings to ensure accurate timing of X-ray exposures. Use a calibrated timer or oscilloscope to measure exposure pulses accurately . Alignment and Collimation : Verify the alignment of the X-ray tube head and collimators to ensure the X-ray beam is properly centered and collimated. Misalignment can lead to unnecessary radiation exposure and poor image quality . Image Quality Assurance : Use calibration phantoms or test objects to assess image quality parameters such as contrast, resolution, and geometric accuracy. Adjust imaging parameters as needed to optimize diagnostic image quality . Software Calibration : If your dental X-ray machine includes digital imaging software, verify and calibrate the software settings for image processing, including grayscale levels, image enhancement, and artifact reduction.

43. Calibration of the dental X-ray machines Post-Calibration Documentation : Record Keeping : Maintain detailed records of all calibration procedures performed, including dates, equipment used, calibration results, and any adjustments made to the X-ray machine settings . Compliance and Certification : Ensure that calibration procedures comply with local regulatory requirements and standards (e.g., FDA, CE). Keep certificates of calibration and compliance readily accessible for inspections . Routine Maintenance : Schedule regular inspections and preventive maintenance to ensure continued accuracy and performance of the dental X-ray machine. Update calibration as necessary based on maintenance findings.