Maintenance of life and Biochemistry.pptx

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1. Anatomy and Physiology Tutor: Dr. Adeneye David Maintenance of life and Biochemistry 1

2. Group Members Anela Nandkumar Anuradha Narine Alicia Games Alissah O'connor Amanda Richards Anasha Atalia Simpson 2 2

3. Contents Characteristics of the living Human Homeostasis Chemical Bonds Chemical Elements Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins DNA 3

4. Characteristics of the living human organism 4

5. What is a human living organism? A "human living organism" refers to a human being as a biological entity capable of life functions like growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and homeostasis. It is essentially another term for a human in a scientific context. Figure 1 5

6. Characteristics of a living human organism Cellular organization Reproduction Response to stimuli Homeostasis Metabolism Movement Respiration Adaptation Figure 2 6

7. Homeostasis 7

8. What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, including blood glucose levels. The regulation of blood glucose specifically involves insulin and glucagon from the pancreas to keep sugar levels within a normal range. 8

9. Homeostasis and blood glucose regulation The primary goal of blood glucose regulation is to maintain a consistent glucose supply for energy, preventing hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. The pancreas plays a key role, with its islets of Langerhans producing insulin and glucagon. High blood glucose: After a meal, the pancreas releases insulin, prompting cells to absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar levels. Low blood glucose: Between meals, the pancreas releases glucagon, signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. 9

10. How it works Figure: 3 10

11. Chemical Bonds 11

12. What is Chemical Bonding? Chemical bonding is the force that holds atoms together to form molecules and compounds. It occurs when atoms share or transfer their outer electrons. Figure 4 12

13. Types of Chemical Bonds Covalent bonds. Ionic bonds Metallic bonds Figure 7 Figure 6 Figure 5 13

14. Chemical Elements 14

15. What is a Chemical Element ? A chemical element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Elements are the fundamental building blocks of all matter and chemical compounds. Elements exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. Examples: oxygen and hydrogen are gases, carbon and gold are solids, and bromine and mercury are liquids. 15

16. Properties of Chemical Elements Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number, determined by the number of protons, identifies the element. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, creating isotopes, which have the same atomic number but vary in mass. Some isotopes are stable, while others, like carbon-14, are radioactive. 16

17. The Periodic Table of the Elements Figure 8 17

18. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein 18

19. Importance of Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are the main macronutrients in food. Carbohydrates provide quick energy, lipids store long-term energy, and proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, including muscles and enzymes. 19

20. Carbohydrates are made of sugar molecules, providing quick energy and found in foods like bread, pasta, and fruits. Lipids, consisting of fatty acids and glycerol, store long-term energy, insulate the body, and are found in butter, oils, and fatty fish. Proteins, made of amino acids, build and repair tissues, act as enzymes, and are found in meat, fish, eggs, and beans. Importance of Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Con’t 20

21. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 21 21

22. What is DNA? DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic information for an organism's development and function. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and is passed down from parents to offspring, determining inherited traits. It's made up of two strands that twist into a double helix shape. 22 22

23. Structure of a DNA DNA consists of two strands with a sugar-phosphate backbone. Each sugar is attached to one of four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The bases pair up to form chemical bonds, resembling the rungs of a ladder. Figure 9 23 23

24. The function and location of a DNA Function: DNA stores instructions for building the body and passes them from one generation to the next during reproduction. The sequence of bases in DNA encodes biological information, including the instructions for making proteins and RNA molecules. Location DNA is stored in the chromosomes inside every cell of the body. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. 24

25. The End! 25