Maize

Maize

1. welcome

2. introduction to major field crops (hpa101) TOPIC:- MAIZE PRESENTED TO:- DR. gargi goswami dr. Deepa joshi COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE V.C.S.G UTTARAKHAND UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY BHARSAR, PAURI GARHWAL, UTTARAKHAND – 246 123 Presented by:- Sanjay singH bisht Id-16025

3. Introduction Common name : Maize / Corn/baby corn Botanical name : Zea mays L. Family : Poaceae / Graminae Origin : Mexico Chromosome no : 2n=20 Maize is third important cereal crop next to rice and wheat. Maize is called ‘queen of cereals’ Ancestor of maize is Teosinte .

4. Nutritional value Maize grain contains about 70% carbohydrate. 1.97% sugar,10% protein and 4.8% fat,4%oil 2.3%crude fibre . Maize is poor in Ca but rich in P and K like other cereals. Mg,Na and Cl are very less and Fe is sufficient. But lacks in Triptofan and Lysine A.A. Protein found in maize in called- Zein .

5. Morphology of the plant Tall annual plant grows to a height of 1 to 3metre or more in some cases belonging to family Gramineae / Poaceae . It is a self pollinated and monoecious plant. Root system Root system is fibrous and deep ,well developed. It consist of :- (A) Seminal roots (B)Crown or coronal roots (C)Brace or aerial roots

6. Stem The stem is made up of approximately 12-18 nodes and internodes and is completely filled with pith .The number of internodes my vary but on an average there are 14 internodes . A leaf is attached to every node , and often a bud or branch arises at a node . Leaves Develop alternately or opposite side of the stem .Each leaf consist of a thin ,flat and expanded blade with a midrib and smaller veins and thicker more rigid sheath.Each sheath surrounds the internodes above the node to which it is attached No of leaves varies from 12-20, stomata are present on both side of the leaves .

7. Inflorescence Normally a monoecious plant having two type of inflorescence. Female inflorescence develop into ear (cob)and the male is tassel. Flower borne on two different part of the plant . Male flowers borne in cluster(tassel) on top of end of stem. while female borne aside of the plant inside young cobs . female inflorescence develops1-3 days after male inflorescence.

8. MORPHOLOGY OF THE PLANT

9. FLOWERS

10. Area and production It is cultivated on nearly 150 m ha in about 160 countries. In India In India it is grown over an area 6.4 mha with total production of about 22.23million tonn contributes 9%in National food basket maize growing states that contributes more than 80% are Andhra pradesh (20.9),Karnataka (16.5),Rajasthan(9.9), Maharastra (9.1)&Bihar(As Rabi crop) (8.9)% respectively .

11. In world USA is the largest producer 36%(782mt), with productivity >9.6t/ha followed by China , Brazil,India,Argentina ,Ukraine and Mexico.

12. Source: www.indiastat.com Fig. 1: Area, production and productivity of maize in India from 1979-80 to 2015-16

13. Source: The daily records, March 2018 Fig. 2: Top five maize producing countries in the World in 2018 (million metric tonnes )

14. Classification of maize S.no MAIZE ( SPP) CHARACTER 1 Flint corn ( Zea mays indurata ) Kernel is hard and smooth, commonly cultivated in India. 2 Dent corn ( Zea mays indentata ) Kernel appears like tooth ,so named dent Corn mainly grown in USA. 3 Pop corn ( Zea mays everta ) To prepare food products like ,corn flakes, corn chips, pop corn etc. 4 Sweet corn ( Zea mays saccharata ) In this, a translucent sweet horny appearance before maturity. 5 Soft corn ( Zea mays amylacea ) Kernel almost entirely consist of soft starch is known as soft corn. 6 Pod corn ( Zea mays tunicata ) Husked, primitive type of corn. 7 Waxy corn ( Zea mays cerabina kulesh ) Commercially grown on a small scale. Produce starch to tapioca starch.

15. Soil and climate requirement Climate -: Most suitable temperature is 21ºCfor germination and for growth 32°C. Grows from sea level to 3000mtr altitudes. In north India mainly grownas Kharif (Monsoon)season crop. In south India any time from April - oct. S oils -: Red sandy loams to medium black soils with good drainage facilities are preferable. Maize does not come up well heavy clay in saline, alkaline and waterlogged soils. Optimum pH range should be 5.5 to 7.5.

16. Growth stages- seedling - 1-14 days(from sprouting to 2-4 leaves) vegetative -15-39 days (30-35 days ) flowering -40-64 days maturity-66-95days ripening -96-105 days.

17. Varities A number of hybrids and composites for Kharif and Rabi season have been recommended. Hybrids like Ganga safed (resistant to downy mildew),ganga 2,Ganga-5, ganga -7,Ganga-9 (Released by PAU, Ludhiana) Composites like Kisan , Tarun,Harsha,Arun,Kiran (Released by Anand Agriculture University,Gujrat ) are recommended for cultivation.

18. VARIETIES Vivek Maize Hybrid 53 Vivek Maize Hybrid 51 Vivek Maize Hybrid 43 Vivek Maize Hybrid 39 Vivek Sankul Makka 31 YEAR OF RELEASE 2014 CVRC 2014 CVRC 2012 CVRC 2012 CVRC 2008 SVRC AREA OF ADAPTATION U.K,U.P,J&K,H.P etc U.K,U.P,J&K,H.P etc U.P,M.P &RAJSTHAN H.P&UTTARAKHAND UTTARAKHAND HILLS

19. Land Preparation -: Good tilth in the soil for seed germination. Scrap the weeds and stubble. One deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowings . Planking should be done after each ploughing.

20. Time of sowing -: Season Optimum time of sowing Kharif Last week of June to first fortnight July Rabi Last week of October for inter cropping and up to 15th of November for sole crop

21. Methods of planting Planting depth to some extent depends on the moisture status of the field and the type of soil . Usally the following methods are followed :- Palnting on side of ridge :-followed in high rainfall condition Planting in narrow furrows:-followed in low rainfall areas . Planting in flat bed with no earthing up :-In normal condition Planting in flat bed with earthing up 40-50 days after planting:-Areas having heavy storms during rainy season .

22. planting in Ridges Planting in flat bed

23. Transplanted maize If sowing time is late then it can be grown as transplanted crop. For Transplanting in one ha area nursery requirement is -700-800m2

24. Seed rate and spacing Generally seed rate for- Composite varities - 18-20gh/ha Hybrid varities - 20-25kg/ha Spacing is kept 20-25cm in rows and 60-60 cm plant to plant

25. Seed rate and plant geometry -: S. No. Purpose Seed rate (kg ha -1 ) Plant geometry (plant x row, cm) Plant population Plants /ha 1 Grain (normal) 20 60 x 20 75 x 20 83333 66666 2 Sweet corn 8 75 x 25 75 x 30 53333 44444 3 Baby corn 25 60 x 20 60 x 15 83333 111111 4 Pop corn 12 60 x 20 83333 5 Green cob (normal maize) 20 75 x 20 60 x 20 66666 83333 6 Fodder 50 30 x 10 333333

26. Seed treatment:- Bavistin / agrozim / Mancozeb @3g/kg of seeds to prevent attack of soil born diseases.

27. Nutrient management:- Application of FYM 10 t/ha,10-15 days prior to sowing. N:P2O5:K2O ratio for hybrids and composites vary - 120:60:40kg/ha - hybrids . 80:30:20 kg/ha -composites . and 25 kg ZnSO4 / h a is recommended. Method of fertilizers application: Full doses of P, K and Zn should be applied as basal . Nitrogen application in five splits doses -: S. No. Crop Stage Nitrogen rate (%) 1 Basal (at sowing) 20 2 V4 (four leaf stage) 25 3 V8 (eight leaf stage) 30 4 VT (tasseling stage) 20 5 GF (grain filling stage) 5

28. Water management generally 8 irrigations are given to kharif season crop , and for winter seson soil should be kept moist with frequent and mild irrigation. Surface irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigation

29. Weed management First weeding is done during 20 to 25 days and may be continued till 75 days after sowing.crop weed competition is upto 45 days . Atrazine being a selective and broad-spectrum herbicide in maize checks the emergence of wide spectrum of weeds. Pre-emergence application of Atrazine ( Atratraf 50 wp , Gesaprim 500 fw ) @ of 1.0-1.5 kg a.i ha-1 in 600 litre water , Alachlor (Lasso) @ 2-2.5 kg a.i ha-1, Metolachlor (Dual) @ 1.5-2.0 kg a.i ha-1, Pendamethalin (Stomp) 1 - 1.5 kg a.i . ha-1 are effective way for control of many annual and broad leaved weeds. Manual weeding intercultivation Mulching

30. Critical stages:- Seedling stage. Tasseling stage . Silking stage(1-3 days after tasseling).

31. Cropping system In the irrigated areas many rotataions of crops involving maize are feasible . some of the sysytems are followed are- maize -potato 1 year maize -wheat 1 year maize - toria -wheat 1 year maize - toria -sugarcane 2 year maize -wheat -cotton - Barseem 2 year maize-potato-sugarcane -wheat 3 year

32. Intercropping Maize + Pea Maize + Carrot

33. Thinning and gap filling Thinning is done by keeping one healthy seeding /hill on 7-8 days. Gap filling is done where seeding is not germinated(2seeds/hill)and immediately pot water it . Crop should also earthed up 30-35 days after application of fertilizer to prevent lodging .

34. H arvesting and shelling Harvest maize cop when husk has turned yellow and grains are hard enough having less than 30 per cent moisture. It takes about 90-120 days to mature. Shelling is done by hands commonly, but now a days corn sheller are available which are tractor drawn or electrically operated.

35. HARVESTING AND SHELLING

36. Yield -: Irrigated crop :-5-6 t/ha of grain in case of hybrids and 4.5-5.0 tons in case of composites . Rainfed crop: - 2.0-2.5 t/ha for hybrids 1.5-2.0 t/ha for composites.

37. Quality protein maize It is characterized by presence of balance amount of A.A with high content of Triptofan(5%) and Lysine(3.5%) and low amount of leucine and isoleucine . Varities for QPM-1-9, Rattan,protina and Shaktiman. Baby corn It is a young finger like un fertilized cob with 1-3 cm immersed silk The desirable length of baby corn is 6-11 cm. it is a good source of fibrous protein and easy to digest. Sowing can be done at any time from April to may. Var-HM-4 ,Golden Baby, VL-42etc.

38. Pop corn - Pop means kernel relatively small &oval and sometimes oval in shape when heated about 170°C grains turning inside out. var- Amber , VL amber etc. fodder maize- var-african tall,J1006

39. Plant Protection -: Disease s Common Rust ( Puccinia sorghii) To control Spray of mancozeb @ 2-2.5g/litre. Turcicum leaf blight ( Exserohilum turcicum ) .To control, spray Zineb/ Meneb @2.5-4.0 g/ litre of water (2-4 applications) at 8-10 days interval.

40. Downy mildews( Peronosclerospora sorghi ) Seed should invariably be treated with metalaxyl @ 2.5g/kg seed and need based foliar sprays of systemic fungicide such as metalaxyl @ 2-2.5g/L is recommended at first appearance of disease symptoms. Rot of Maize Use of bio-control agents ( Trichoderma formulation) in furrows mixed with FYM @ 10g/kg at 10 days prior to its use in the field. It always advisable to practice crop rotation to minimize the disease incidence. Banded leaf and sheath blight ( Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. Sasakii ) Seed treatment with peat based formulation @ 16 g/kg of Pseudomonas fluorescence or as soil application @ 7g/ litre of water, carbendazim , thiophanate -methyl and captan and foliar spray (30-40 days old crop) of tolcofos -methyl @ 1g/ litre or validamycin @ 2.7ml/ litre of water. Maydis leaf blight ( Drechslera maydis ) sprays of mancozeb or zineb @ 2.5g/ litre of water.

41. Maydis leaf blight ) Banded leaf and sheath blight Rot of Maize Downy mildews

42. Insect-Pest Stem borer ( Chilo partellus) Chilo partellus, popularly known as stalk borer that occurs during monsoon season is a major pest throughout the country. Chilo lays eggs 10-25 days after germination on lower side of the leaves. The larva of the Chilo enters in the whorl and cause damage in the leaves.

43. Pink Borer ( Sesamia inference) foliar spray of 0.1 % Endosulfan in 700 ml (35 EC) in 250 litre water 10 days after germination is very effective. Shoot fly ( Atherigona sp.) Sowing must be completed before first week of February so that the crop will escape shootfly infestation. Spring sowing must be accompanied with seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 6ml/kg seed. Termites ( Odontotermes obesus ) For control of termite fepronil granules should be applied @20kg ha-1 followed by light irrigation. If the termite incidence is in patches, than spot application of fepronil @ 2-3 granuled / plant should be done.

44. Termites Shoot fly Pink Borer American lworm bol

45. PRODUCTS

46. References http//www.agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=2&topicid=1413 www.indiastat.com Singh chida , singh prem , singh Ranbir .Modern Tecniques of Raising Field Crops .Oxford &IBH publishing Co.pvt.Ltd,New Dehli.page no-(84-111) Singh S.S & Singh Rajesh. Principle & Practices of Agronomy.Kalyani Publishers.Page No(116-153) Yellamanda & Reddy Sankara.Principle of Agronomy.Kalyani Publishers.PAGE NO (430-447)

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