MAIZE

MAIZE PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN

1. NAME ADIL ZIA CLASS NO 618 SEMESTER 5 TH SUBJECT CROP PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT AGRONOMY PRESENTATION ON MAIZE CROP THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE ,AMIR MUHAMMAD KHAN CAMPUS MARDAN

2. Maize

3. Agenda of presentation Scientific classification Description History Growth stages Nutritious value Uses Agronomic practices

4. Scientific classification  Kingdom: Plantae         Phylum: Spermatophyta             Subphylum: Angiospermae                 Class: Monocotyledonae                     Order: Cyperales                         Family: Poaceae                             Genus: Zea                                 Species: Zea mays

5. description English name Maize Botanical name Zea Mays L . Pashto name Jiwar Punjabi name Makkai Maize is a C4 and annual kharif crop. Cross pollinated Monoecious crop. Ranks 3 rd most grown crop in the world. In Pak its ranks 4 th most grown crop. Pak ranks 16 th in the production of maize.

6. history Maize plant was unknown to the people of indo-Pak subcontinent before it was introduced in the era of Mughal emperors Jehangir . It is generally agreed that maize was first bought to our area from central America. Some people , However are of the view that china is the native land. Now it is universal crop and is being cultivated in almost every corner of the world. It hold a unique position in American agriculture.

7. leaf morphology Leaves are broad and a single leaf Leaves are arranged into two vertical rows Long , large alternate , parallel veins.

8. Female reproductive part The ear is the female reproductive part of the maize. A corn plant produce many ears but the upper most will grow to the largest. The ear consist of a cob , egg that eventually develop into kernel and silk .

9. Male reproductive part Anther is the male reproductive part of maize crop. Consist of several small branches along with small flowers grow. The flower release pollen grain which contain the male sex cells.

10. Growth stages A growing plant of maize passes through many growth stages as described below.   Seedling stage : This is the sprouting stage which comes about one week after sowing and plants have about 2 – 4 leaves at this stage Grand growth stage: This stage of the plant arrives about 35 to 45 days after sowing.

11. Growth stages Tessling stage: This stage is more technically called as flowering initiation stage. At this stage, the tassels (male flowers) are formed at the apex of the plant after 14 to 15 leaves have come out. Final application of nitrogenous fertilizers is done at this stage. Fertilizer application after this stage does not give any response.

12. Silting stage: This stage of maize plant is also known as comb initiation stage. At this stage the female flowers or cobs are formed in the axis of the 13 th of leaf . Soft dough stage: This may also be called as milky stage . At this stage, grains start developing but they do not become hard. This stage may be guessed by seeing the silks on the top of the cob which remain partially green

13. Hard dough stages: Last stage This is the maturity stage at which the leaves get dried, silks vanish or they get dried completely and become very brittle. Harvesting should be done at this stage.

14. Nutritious value Maize is important as a source of food, feed, and industrial products. Its grain is a rich source of starch 72%, vitamins A & B 3 – 5%, proteins 10%, 4.8% oil, 5.8 % fibre, 3.0% sugar and 1.7% ash. One hundred gram of fresh grain contains 361 calories of energy, 9.4g protein; 4.3g fat, 74.4g carbohydrate, 1.8g fibre, 1.3g ash, 10.6 per cent water, 140mg vitamins, 9mg calcium, 290mg, phosphorus and 2.5mg iron

15. uses Maize has a variety of uses. It is a source of raw material for industry, where it is being extensively used for the preparation of corn starch, corn oil, dextrose, corn syrup, corn flakes, cosmetics, wax, alcohol and tanning material for leather industry . Ethanol obtained from maize can be used as a biomass fuel.

16. uses Maize is used extensively as the main source of calories in animal feeding and feed formulation Maize is a valuable feed grain, because it is among the highest in net energy content and lowest in protein and fiber content . Animals like and eat it readily.

17. Production technology Soil Seedbed preparation Time of sowing Sowing method and seed rate Fertilizer application Irrigation Insects pest and diseases Weeds and their control

18. soil

19. Soil for maize Maize can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy to clayey. Best yield are produced on deep, medium-textured soils high in organic matter, well drained with good water holding capacity, and capable of providing the nutrient needed by the crop. Poorly drained and alkaline soils are not good for maize. PH ranges from 6.5-7.5

20. Seedbed preparation

21. Seedbed preparation Goals of a good seed bed are provide condition for germination, improve tilth, and control the weeds. Plough the field 2-3 times and than planking, to burry the weed and stubbles . For maize crop deep tillage after each 3 year with chisel plough. For breaking the plough-pan and encourage deep rooting.

22. Sowing time

23. Sowing time For optimum production seed must be sown at the proper time Considerable reduction occur in yield if the crop is sown too earlier or too late Spring (20 th - to 25 th Feb) summer (15 th June to 25 th July) The optimum temperature 35-45 o C .

24. Sowing method and seed rate Usually Broad casted Line sowing P-P = 20cm, R-R = 60-75cm hybrid P-P = 25 cm and R-R = 75 cm 28-30 kg seed ha -1 , 65,000-70,000 plants ha -1

25. fertilizer Nitrogen should be applied in split doses and whole before tasseling. NPK 100 80 80 kg ha -1 for Open pollinated variety NPK 150 90 90 kg ha -1 for hybrid Whereas the Zn should applied as Zinc Sulphate @ 20 kg ha -1

26. irrigation Maize is drought sensitive crop and requires frequent irrigations for successful vegetative and reproductive growth. Drought will restrict many physiological processes leading to reduced yields. 6-7 irrigation depending on soil texture and weather condition.

27. weeds Weeds reduce maize yield by 29 – 43 per cent or even more. Competition of weeds with maize plants is maximum 2 – 5 weeks after crop emergence . Common Weeds in Maize are : Cynodon Dactylon Cyperus rotundus Sorghum halepense Tribulus terrestris Convolvulus arvensis

28. Cynodon dactylon Khabbal

29. Cyperus rotundus Deela

30. Sorghum helepense Baru

31. Tribulus terrestris Bhakhra

32. Echinocloa colonum Sawanki

33. Convolvulus arvensis Lehli

34. Control strategies For the control of common Broad leaf weeds & sedges Primextra Gold 720SC herbicide at 400 – 800 ml per acre after 1 st irrigation in moist field is effective to control these weeds. Dual Gold at 800 ml per acre is used as pre-emergence herbicide. A hand hoeing about 25 days after sowing provides satisfactory weed control at small scale.

35. Insects pests Stalk borer Shoot fly Armyworm Cutworm Stored-grain pest

36. diseases Seed rot and seedling Root and stalk rot Leaf spot and leaf blight Smuts Ear and kernel rot

37. Ear and kernel rot

38. Corn stalk rot

39. Smut diseases

40. Harvesting time Harvesting should be conducted at 20-25% grain moisture content or when the cob husk become dry. For threshing the moisture content should be 15%, to protect the seed from breakage. Maize thresher can be used for threshing. Maize cobs should stored in jute bags (after sun-drying for seed purpose) in cool place.

41. Yield of maize The maize hybrids possess capability of producing more than 120 maunds grains per acre. The yield of local varieties is 40 – 50 maunds per acre.