MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT

MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT

1. PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT Presented by n.Ramya sri Rad / 17-12

2. Introduction History Morphology and anatomy Classification Economically important Nematodes distribution and loss caused by them Management Conclusion CONTENTS

3. SCIENCE OF NEMATOLOGY Overlooked Gaining importance Demand for Nematologists

4. NEMATODE OUTBREAKS IN INDIA The recent outbreaks of M. graminicola in the Mandya district of Karnataka, West Bengal Orissa and Assam. floral malady ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ) in tuberose in West Bengal and Orissa. Kalahasty malady ( Tylenchorhynchus brevilinea - tus ) in groundnut in Andhra Pradesh (AP). Meloidogyne indica in kagzi lime and Bt cotton in Gujarat. M. incognita in pomegranate in Maharashtra Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Pratylenchus thornei in wheat, maize, chickpea and soybean .

5. Nematodes – eel worms, nemas and round worms. Nematology is a branch of Science dealing with nematodes of any nature. Plant parasitic nematodes – Phytonematology Order: Tylenchida and Dorylaimida . Animal parasites - Helminthology . The term Nematode is derived from Nema = thread eiodes = form Triploblastic , bilaterally symmetrical, multicellular , unsegmented , microscopic worms that are pseudocoelomates .Nematodes constitute about 80-90 % of all multicellular organisms. Nematode density in soil vary from 1.8 – 120 millions/ sq.metre . INTRODUCTION

6. Nematodes account for 14% of the global loss amounting $ 100 billion dollars annually ( Chitwood 2003) National loss because of nematodes is Rs 21,068.73 millions anually (M.R.Khan,2010)

7. Proportion of different groups of Nematodes

8. HISTORY 1743- Needham- Wheat gall nematode Anguina tritici 1859-1932- N.A.Cobb - coin Nema and describe more than 100 nematodes. “ Father of American Nematology ” 1871- Kuhn- CS 2 for control of Sugar beet cyst nematode 1889- Neal- RKN in USA 1892- Atkinson- Association of RKN with Fusarium in vascular wilt 1945- Christie- Nematological properties of EDB

9. 1901- Barber- RKN association with Tea 1906- Butler- RKN on black pepper in kerala 1917- Hutchinson- first report of Tundu disease of wheat, Anguina tritici 1966- Nair, Das and Menon - first report of Radopholus similis on banana in kerala Research could be initiated only in 1958 with identification of Molya disease of wheat and barley in Rajasthan INDIA

10. Morphology and anatomy Microscopic, Triploblastic , Bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented , Pseudocoelomatic , Vermiform animals, Live saprophytically in water or soil, Obligate Parasites of plants and animals. Plant parasitic nematodes possess a hollow stylet Stomato stylet Odonto stylet

11. PARTS OF MALE & FEMALE NEMATODE

12. A) pyroform female root-knot nematode B) vermiform male root-knot nematode

13. Generalized life cycle of a typical nematode

14. Nematoda Tylenchida Dorylaimida Tylenchina Aphelenchina Dorylaimina Dorylaimoidea Belandiroidea Diphtheropho-roidea Aphelenchoidea Tylenchoidea Heteroderoidea Circonematoidea order sub order Super Family Super Family sub order Super Family

15. Classification of Nematodes based on Feeding habits (Parasitism) Nematodes may feed on plant tissues from outside or inside Ectoparasites Sedentary- Paratrylenchus sp pin nematode Migratory- Trichodorus sp stubby root nematode Endoparasites Sedentary - Meloidogyne sp. root knot nematode Migratory- Radopholu s sp burrowing nematode Semi endoparasites Sedentary- Rotylenchulus sp reniform nematode Migratory- Rotylenchus sp spiral nematode

16. Ecto parasite Semi endo parasite Endo parasite

17. How Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Damage Plants Direct damage Mechanically injuring or destroying plant cells and tissues. Secreting enzymes and toxins Indirect damage Synergism Creating nutrient rich medium for other pathogens Act as vectors - grape fan leaf virus

18. ABOVE GROUND SYMPTOMS 1. Abnormalities to buds, flower, seed a . dead buds or terminal damaged flower primordia b. seed galls 2. Foliage and stem symptoms a. necrosis , discoloration, twisting, yellowing of foliage b. spots, lesions, bloating of leaf and stem tissue, distorted shoot c. leaf and stem galls 3. Reduced growth, premature wilting SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE

19. Root galls / knots Root rot Surface necrosis Root Lesions Excessive root branching/increased lateral roots. Injured root tips- stubby root, absence of side rootlets, curly tips of roots . Cessation of root elongation and retardation of root growth ,swollen root tip. SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE BELOW GROUND PARTS

20. Root lesions Cysts on roots

21. Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne Reniform Nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis Cyst Nematodes Heterodera Golden cyst nematode Globodera Burrowing Nematode Radopholus similis Wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus Citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Rice root nematode Hirschmanniella spp Stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Ufra nematode Ditylenchus angustus White tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi NEMATODES OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE

22. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Rice in India White tip nematode ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ) Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola ) Ufra nematode ( Ditylenchus angustus ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus indicus ) Rice root nematode ( Hirschmanniella oryzae /H. gracilis /H. mucronata ) Rice cyst nematode ( Heterodera oryzicola ) Economic losses Rice 10.54% ( A. besseyi , M. graminicola , D. angustus and H. oryzicola ) White tip disease symptoms M. graminicola on rice Rice root nematode symptom

23. Distribution of plant parasitic nematods infecting rice crop in India

24. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Wheat and Barley in India Cereal cyst nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) Wheat seed gall nematode ( Anguina tritici ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus thornei ) Economic losses Wheat 32.4-66.6% ( Heterodera avenae ) Barley 70.2% ( Heterodera avenae ) E ar-cockle or seed gall. Cysts of Heterodera on roots

25. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat and barley crops in India

26. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Maize in India Maize cyst nematode ( Heterodera zeae ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus zeae ) Economic losses Maize 17-29% ( Heterodera zeae ) Damage caused by Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus zeae )

27. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting Maize crop in India

28. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Pulse Crops in India Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Pigeonpea cyst nematode ( Heterodera cajani ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus thornei ) Economic losses Mungbean and Urdbean 8.90% ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Pigeonpea 12.62% ( Heterodera cajani ) Cowpea 27.30% ( Rotylenehulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita ) Chickpea 18.30% ( Rotylenehulus reniformis , Meloidogyne incognita , M. javanica , Pratylenchus thornei ) Root damage symptoms of pearly root of pigeon pea   RKN damage on roots of frenchbean

29. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in India

30. Economically important nematodes associated with oilseed crops in India Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Cyst nematode ( Heterodera cajani ) Economic losses Groundnut 21.60% ( Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica ) Castor 13.93% ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Sesame 4.40% ( Heterodera cajani ) RKN infesting groundnut Damage symptom of pod scab caused by Tylenchorynchus breveliniatus

31. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major oilseed crops in India

32. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Vegetable Crops in India Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Economic losses Tomato 27.20% ( Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica ) Brinjal 16.62% ( Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica ) Okra 14.10% ( Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica ) Chilli 12.85% ( Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica ) Cucurbits 18.20% ( Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica ) Carrot 18.20% ( Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica ) RKN DAMAGE IN CUCUMBER

33. RKN infected okra and tomato Galls on roots of carrot infected with Meloidogyne hapla

34. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in India 15

35. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Fibre crops in India Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne javanica ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus spp.) Stunt nematode ( Tylenchorhynchus spp.) Spiral nematode ( Helicotylenchus spp.) Economic losses Jut e 12.0-54.4% ( Meloidogyn e incognita ) Cotton 18-32% ( Rotylenchulu s r eniformi s ) 12.3-20.8% ( Meloidogyn e incognita )

36. Root knot nematode infesting , CD) jute and EF) bt -cotton

37. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting fibre crops in India

38. Economically important nematodes associated with banana Burrowing nematode ( Radopholus similis ) Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Spiral nematode ( Helicotylenchus multicinctus ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus spp.) Cyst nematode ( Heterodera oryzicola ) Economic losses Meloidogyne incognita 7.9-34.6% Radopholus similis 12.02-21.8% Burrowing nematode feeding destroys anchor roots and makes plants susceptible to toppling RKN Damage ro banana roots

39. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana crop in India

40. Economically Important Nematodes associated with Citrus Citrus nematode ( Tylenchulus semipenetrans ) Stunt nematode ( Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne indica ) [prevalent in Gujarat] Economic losses Tylenchulus semipenetrans 6.8-17.5% RKN damage in citrus

41. Cross section of citrus root infected with a female citrus nematode Citrus trees exhibiting symptoms of citrus decline

42. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting citrus crop in India

43. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Grapevine Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne javanica ) Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Economic losses Root-knot nematodes 11-28%

44. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in India

45. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Spices Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Burrowing nematode ( Radopholus similis ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus coffeae ) Economic losses Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita 38.5-64.6% knobby and knotty roots of black pepper Burrowing nematode damage

46. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting spices crops in In dia

47. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Tuber crops Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne javanica ) Reniform nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus spp.) Lesion nematode ( Scutellonema bradys ) R. reniformis damage to sweetpotato

48. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting tuber crops in India

49. Plant parasitic nematodes reported from different districts of Telanagana District Nematode Crop Source Hyderabad Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Cauliflower Luc, 1957 Hyderabad Pratylenchus thornei Maize Singh and Khan 1981 Hyderabad Heteroderara . sp. Bulb grass ( Cyperusbulbosus ) Basnet and Jayaprakash , 1984. Karimnagar Khammam Warangal Tylenchulus semipenetrans , Rotylenchulus reniformis , Tylenchorhynchus spp ., Citrus Mani, 1994 Hyderabad Aphelenchoides besseyi Rice Savitri et al ., 1998 Rangareddy Meloidogyne incognita race 2 Tomato, Chilli and Brinjal Kiran babu et al., 2011 Khammam Rotylenchulus reniformis , Meloidogyne incognita , Pratylenchus pratensis , Haplolaimus spp ., Tylenchorhychu sspp ., Xiphenema spp., Pratylenchus spp. Cotton Murali and Vanita Das, (2014).

50. District Nematode Crop Source Warangal Rotylenchus reniformis Cotton Vindhyarani & Raghuramulu , 2011 Warangal Heteroderasp ., Helicotylenchus sp. Maize Warangal Meloidogne incognita, Xiphinemasp ., Helicotylenchussp ., Tylenchorhychussp ., Pratylenchussp Okra Warangal Meloidogne incognita, Helicotylenchussp ., Helicotylenchussp ., Tylenchorhychussp ., Pratylenchus sp. Tomato Warangal Rotylenchusreniformis Chilli Warangal Meloidogne incognita, Pratylenchussp ., Hoplolaimussp Brinjal

51. District Nematode Crop Source Mahaboobnagar Rotylenchulus reniformis , Helicotylenchus dihystera , Meloidogynei ncognita , Pratylenchus delattrei , Hoplolaimu ssp., Xiphinema sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp., Helicotylenchus incises, Tylenchus sp Tomato, Brinjal , Okra, Chilli, Onion , Cabbage, Ridge gourd, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd, Prasad Rao et al ., 2007 Rangareddy Rotylenchulus Helicotylenchus Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus Hoplolaimu ssp., Xiphinema sp Tomato,brinjal Kavitha et al., 2016 Nalgonda Heteroderara sps , Helicotylenchus sps , Aphelenchoides besseyi , Pratylenchus sps , Meloidogynei sps,Hirshmanilla sps . Rice Swetha et al., 2014 Rangareddy Meloidogyne enterolobii Guava Sunanda et al . ,2017

52. MANAGEMENT Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and dry summers help in reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes. Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i ./m 2 followed by field application 40 days after transplanting for management of root-knot nematode and rice root nematode. Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 50 to 55 C followed by foliar spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40 days after transplanting reduce the infestation of white-tip nematode ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ). Soil solarization of nursery beds for 15 days during summer and application of carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i ./m 2 before sowing followed by root dip treatment of transplantable seedlings of vegetable crops against root-knot nematode disease.

53. MANAGEMENT Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i ./m 2 followed by field application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i ./ha 40 days after transplanting in endemic spots at farmers’ field has been recommended for management of root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola ) and rice root nematode ( Hirschmanniella oryzae ) in rice. Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 50 to 55 C followed by foliar spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40 days after transplanting reduced the infestation of white-tip nematode ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ). Soil solarization of nursery beds by a transparent polythene sheet (25-50  m) for 15 days during summer and application of carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i ./m 2 before sowing followed by root dip treatment of transplantable seedlings of vegetable crops with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm before transplanting in the main field has been recommended and adopted by the farmers against root-knot nematode disease of tomato, brinjal and chillies . Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and dry summers help in reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes.

54. Table: Effect of solarisation on population of Meloidogyne sp and Rhizoctonia sp. Treatment Weed count (Number) Population of Meloidogyne sp/ 259 cc soil Population of Rhizoctonia cfu /g soil × 10 3 Solarised 1.541 59.56 1.56 Unsolarized 75.41 494.33 9.21 Initial population 658.4 7.34 Soil Solarization for Control of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita Complex and Weeds in Tomato ( Vidyasagar et al ., 2012)

55. Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i . (w/w) in mungbean , cowpea, blackgram , okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and lesion nematodes. Use of bioagents , viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens / Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been found effective against root- knot nematodes and pigeonpea cyst nematode ( Heterodera cajani ) infecting pulse crops. Seed treatment of chickpea with neem -seed kernel powder or Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended for the effective management of Pratylenchus thornei . Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne /ha has been found to reduce root-knot nematode damage in vegetables and groundnut. Their combinations with seed treatment of carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i . (w/w) further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and enhancing the yield significantly.

56. Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i . (w/w) in mungbean , cowpea, blackgram , okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and lesion nematodes. .

57. Use of bioagents , viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens / Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been found effective against root- knot nematodes and pigeonpea cyst nematode ( Heterodera cajani ) infecting pulse crops. .

58. Seed treatment of chickpea with neem -seed kernel powder or Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended for the effective management of Pratylenchus thornei . Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne /ha has been found to reduce root-knot nematode damage in vegetables and groundnut.

59. Efficacy of Vermicompost against Root Knot Nematode in Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) Tobacco Treatments Total healthy transplants count (at 60 DAS) Total healthy transplants count (at 80 DAS) RKI at 45 DAS RKI at 60 DAS Vermicompost @ 1 Kg/m 2 473 550 1.72 2.00 Vermicompost @ 2 Kg/m 2 480 582 1.67 1.75 FYM @ 1 Kg/m 2 450 510 2.67 2.82 Carbofuran @10g/m 2 492 590 1.52 1.67 Control 420 452 2.85 3.20 ( Ramakrishnan and Mahadeva swamy , 2012)

60. Treatments Initial population (250ccsoil) Pre-treatment nematode population at 3 rd MAP pre-treatment nematode population at 6 th MAP Root lesion index(1-5) scale Final nematode population at harvest soil Root soil Root soil Root Banana+marigold (vertical row) 225 135 110 105 85 2.0 65 35 Banana+marigold(horizontal row) 220 140 95 115 90 1.8 45 30 Banana+marigold(entire area of field) 230 125 90 100 70 1.6 35 25 Banana+ neem cake 215 130 125 110 115 3.5 85 80 Banana + monochrotophops dip 185 110 130 145 140 4.5 180 145 Banana + monochrotophops dip followed by furadon at 3 and 6 MAP 195 125 120 90 75 1.2 30 20 Banana alone 210 265 145 290 160 5.0 315 224 I nfluence of marigold , neem cake and chemical pesticides in the root- lesion index and population build up of Pratylechus coffeae on banana. ( Sundararaju , 2005)

61. Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii in Guava ( Psidium guajava ) A New Record from India Posterior Cuticular Pattern (PCP) of M.enterolobii Wilted guava plants infested with root knot nematode, M.enterolobii Roots of guava infested with root knot nematode, M.enterolobii showing galls and rotting Poornima et al., 2016

62. Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (row ratio 2:1) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i ./ha to reduce the population of root-knot nematodes infecting groundnut. Seed-dressing treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ( Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain 35 to 47) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i ./ha has been found effective against root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) infecting cotton. Paring and hot water treatment of banana suckers at 55 C for 20 min combined with application of neem -cake @ 1 kg/plant and carbofuran @ 16.6 g/plant in the pit before planting was effective against nematode disease complex of banana.

63. Efficacy of fungal bio agents against nematodes at two different doses as soil application on soybean Reniform nematode ( Gurjar et al ., 2012) Root knot Nematode ( Garvita Joshi et al., 2012) Treatment No. of female/plant No. of egg masses/ plant Total population No. of female/plant No. of egg masses/ plant Total population Pochonia chlamydosporia 1g/Kg soil 18.3 7.6 1699 40.0 29.0 5657 P. chlamydosporia 2g/Kg soil 13.6 5.6 1012 36.3 25.3 4260 Paecilomyces lilacinus 1g/Kg soil 16.0 7.3 1443 22.6 28.3 5357 P. lilacinus 2g/Kg soil 10.3 3.6 789 28.3 21.0 3241 Trichoderma harzianum 1g/Kg soil 19.6 8.3 1999 42.0 31.0 6412 T.harzianum 2g/Kg soil 15.3 6.3 1279 38.0 27.0 4897 Chemical check 3.6 1.3 342 8.00 18.0 2185 Untreated check 25.6 13.6 4702 58.00 35.33 11020

64. CONCLUSION Nematode damage should not be overlooked there is a need to consider them as an important component of integrated pest management, and nematode damage can be tackled with intelligent planning of nematode suppressive crop sequences, summer ploughing , organic manuring , clean cultivation, adjusting sowing time, irrigation management and sensible use of nematicides .

65. REFERENCES Chitwood , D.J. (2003). Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology . Pest management science . 59:748–753. Gravita,J ., Bhargava.S ., Sharma.,k .(2012). Management of Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato by using fungal bio-agents. Indian journal of nematology 42:129-131 Khan, M.R. (2010). White tip nematode infestation in rice. The national academy of sciences . 325 : 140–170. Ramakrishnan,S.,Madhava swamy.,M .(2012). Efficacy of Vermicompost Against Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp . in Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) Tobacco. Indian journal of nematology . 42:143-145. Vidya sagar,B.,Krishna rao,V.,Vara Prasad,K.S.,Reddy,D.R.R . (2012). Soil Solarization for Control of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita Complex and weeds in tomato. Indian journal of nematology . 42 :146-149.

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