Major project report of diploma civil engineering at mamts gothatar to jorpati 100 pages

Suman Jyoti
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical Collage. Gothatar, Kathmandu
The Report Includes:-
Building (Drawing, Theory and Estimation)
Highway ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Sanitary ( ( Detailing, Theory and Calculation)
Irrigation (Theory only)

1. Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Tel: [phone], Website: www.mamts.edu.np
Gothatar, Kathmandu








Major Project Report – 2018

SUBMITTED BY:
Suman Jyoti ([email protected])

Group Members
1. Suman Jyoti
2. Anita Chapagain
3. Sujan Shiwakoti
4. Manoj Budhathoki
5. Sabina Dhungana
6. Rupa Rokka





SUBMITTED TO:

Department of Civil Engineering
Er. Niraj Pudasaini
Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Kathmandu, Nepal

Date:- 2018-Feb-21 to Aug-29

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Report is the outcome result of Major Project of Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical
School (Kageswori Manahara, Gothatar-Kathmandu) carried by the Group D, which is held up
to the date of 2018-Feb-21 to 2018-Aug-25.

The purpose of this fieldwork was to make each student independent to carry out the work in
real problem in the field. We think, the purpose is suitable for further work and which make us
to produce the report of the fieldwork in time. We are sincerely indebted to our collage
MAMTS, for providing opportunity to consolidate our theoretical and practical knowledge in
Engineering surveying, Architectural design/drawings, Building Estimation, Road quantity
Estimation, Highway and Canal Alignment fixed at site by providing excessive gradient etc.

I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Er. Niraj Pudasaini for their vital
encouragement and support in the completion of this project report. This Major Project gives a
lot of field experience. I would like to thank for, Storekeeper Mr. Manoj Khadka, who co-
operated with me in the matter of guidance to providing instruments.
I would also like to express our sincere gratitude to our subjected related teacher for their
helpful suggestions, friendly behavior and guiding any time during the field work an also
providing prompt comments and rectification necessary before finalization of the report for
their valuable instructions, during the fieldwork, without which it was very difficult to do the
work in the field and to produce the report.

3. PREFACE


This Report on Major Project is the brief Description of all the works that were done in the one semester during
the spring season. The main objective of this project is to provide an opportunity to consolidate
and update the practical knowledge in engineering works.
This major project is truly based on our knowledge gained from field organized for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma in Civil Engineering encoded as EG 3205 CE
as per our syllabus in third year second part. This project has been able to impart us the great
opportunity to consolidate and review the practical and theoretical knowledge on different
engineering field, which we gained in diploma engineering syllabus.

Surveying in the actual field condition and habituate to work in different environment with different
people. In this Project, we are supposed to Recci and Survey a given plot in all its aspect and work on road
alignment, Building Design and its Estimation, Calculation of Earthwork of Highway in proper
X-section, L-Section and its topography fulfilling all technical requirements.
This Report includes the entire description of the practical carried out during the Major Project and also includes
the determination of various orientations and curve fitting problems, slope and gradient maintain for Irrigation
canal.
This Report helps us in our further Engineering Practice. The number of problems and calculations done in this
report helps us to deal with the similar problems in our further Engineering practice. Every effort has
been taken to ensure the accuracy in this report. However some errors might have occurred. We will be very
much grateful to the viewers who go through this report for bringing such errors in our notice. Further more we
would be very thankful for the examiners or viewers for their suggestions in improving this report.


Our Surveying Team:
1. Suman Jyoti
2. Anita Chapagain
3. Sabina Dhungana
4. Sujan Shiwakoti
5. Manoj Budhathoki
6. Rupa Rokka

4. ABSTRACT


Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of above, on, or beneath
the surface of earth, and is the most important part of Civil Engineering. The results of surveys
are used to map the earth, prepare navigational charts, established property boundaries.
Develop data of land used and natural resource information etc. Further survey maintains
highways, railroads, buildings, bridges, tunnels, canals, dams and many more.

Thus, the objective of Major Project was to make us gain the experience in this field by
performing designing suitable building plan in given land area, learning to propose road
alignment and select suitable gradient for Irrigation Channels.

The report reflects the methodology, observations, estimations and calculations made by the
students in the project with the corresponding drawings. The large portion of the course covered
with elements of topographic surveying, and then those of Road alignment and Irrigation
Channels follow it. The main objective of the Major Project organized for us is to take an
opportunity to consolidate and update our practical and theoretical knowledge in engineering
surveying in the actual field condition.

In this Project we have to prepare a 2.5 storey building design, providing a horizontal curve in
a highway and fixing preferable gradient for canals by fulfilling all technical requirements. In
this regard, we are required to carry out the necessary field works in our sub-group so that we
will get opportunity to the decision on planning and execution of field works. This Project
helps us to build in our confidence to conduct engineering survey on required accuracy

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
CONTENTS
S.N TITLE PAGE
1 Building
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….... ….1-1
1.2 Types of Buildings ………………………………………….…........... 1-1
1.2.1 Based on Occupancy……………………………………..…….1 -2
1.2.2 Based on type of construction…………..………………..……... 2-2
1.3 Components of Buildings………..……………………………..….,......3-4
1.4 Technical Norms and Standards of Buildings………..………….…....…5-5
1.5 Architectural Drawings
1.6 Measure a plot of land for building Layout………..…………….…….....6-9
1.7 Quantity calculation and Cost Estimate……..……………………..…...9-21
1.8 Comment and Conclusion……..………………………………….....21 -21
2 Water Supply and Sanitary
2.1 Overview of Water Supply……………………………………...…....22 -22
- 2.1.1 Water Supply ………………………… ………...…………....22-22
- 2.1.2 Method of Water Supply……………………………….……..22 -22
- 2.1.3 General Importance of Water…………………………………22 -22
- 2.1.4 Objectives of Water Supply…………………………………...22 -22
- 2.1.5 Water and its necessity for Life……………………………..…22 -23
- 2.1.6 Various work for Water Supply……………………………….23 -23
2.2 Overview of Sanitary System………………………………..……….23 -23
- 2.2.1 Defination of Terms…………………………………...……...23 -23
2.3 Sewers………………………………………………………….….. 23-23
- 2.3.1 Design criteria of sewers………………………………..............24-24
2.4 Septic Tank………………………………………………………….25 -25
- 2.4.1 Construction Procedure………………………………....……..25 -25
- 2.4.2 Design criteria of Septic Tank…………………..…………...…25 -25
- 2.4.3 Elevation of Septic tank……………………………...…...……26 -26
- 2.4.4 Design of Septic Tank……………………………...…...……...26 -27
2.5 Soak Pit….…………………………………………………..………28 -28
- 2.5.1 Construction Procedure………………………………….……28 -28
- 2.5.2 Design criteria of Soak Pit…………………………….......……28 -28
- 2.5.3 Design of Soak Pit………………………………….......……...28 -28
2.6 Estimation of Septic Tank and Soak Pit………………………….…….29 -32
3 Highway Surveying
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………33 -33
3. 2 Road Pavement………………………………………………..… …33-33
3.2.1 Types of Pavement…………………………………….....……33 -34
3.2.2 Functions of Pavement Structures…………………………...…34 -34
3.2.3 Elements of Road Pavement……………………………...……34 -34
3.3 Curves……………………………………………………………....35 -35
3.4 Equipment Requried………………………………………..………..36 -36
3.5 Norms…………………………………………………………....….36 -36
3.6 Methodology…………………………………………………….…..37 -38
3.7 Calculation…………………………………………………….…….39 -64
3.8 Estimation of Road (Cut/Fill)…………………………………………64 -88

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
3.9 Comments and Conclusion……………………. ...…………………..89-89
3.10 L-Section and X-Section Graph Sheet
4 Irrigation Canals
4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………...….90 -90
4.2 Scope of irrigation ……………………………………………..….....90 -90
4.3 Methods of Irrigation…………………………………………….….90 -90
4.4 Headwork….……………………… ……………………...……..…91 -91
4.4.1 Components of Headwork……………………………………91 -92
4.4.2 Sketch of Headwork………………………............……………92-92
4.5 Typical Headwork Structure………………………………..………..93 -93
4.5.1 Aqueduct………………………………………………….…93 -93
4.5.2 Syphon Aqueduct………………………………………....…..94 -94
4.5.3 Super Passage……………………………………………...…95 -95
4.5.4 Falls…………………………………………………….……95 -95
4. Canal Lining…………………………………………………...…….95 -95

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
Chapter One
Building
1.1 Introduction
A building, is a structure broadly consists with roof, floors and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. In other words, it is a permanent or temporary
structure within exterior walls and a roof, and including all attached apparatus, equipment, and
fixtures, that cannot be removed without cutting into ceiling, floors or walls.
Normally all buildings are constructed according to drawings and specifications prepared by
architects and designers.
The method adopted for construction and choice of material to be used in the building
depends upon a number of factors like character of occupancy, location of site, climate, local materials
and funds available.
1.2 Types of Buildings
1.2.1 Every building or portion of land shall be classified according to its use or the character of its
occupancy as a building of Occupancy, They are categorized into the following types:
 Agricultural Buildings:
They are the structures designed for farmers and for agricultural practices, for growing and
harvesting crops, and to raise live stock. Cow Shed, Pigsty, Barn, Chicken coop, Farm house
etc. are the example of Agricultural Buildings.
 Commercial Buildings:
They are the buildings, which are used exclusively for commercial use. Super Markets,
Sky Scrapers, Ware house, Bank, Automobile companies, Gas stations etc. are the
example of Agricultural Buildings.
 Residential Buildings:
Residential Buildings means any hotel, motel, apartment house, lodging house, single and
dwelling, or other residential building which is heated or mechanically cooled. Building may
vary significantly between, single-family building, multi-family building or mobile homes.
Apartment, Villa, Bungalow etc. are the example of Residential Buildings.
 Educational Buildings:
A building designed for various activities in a primary, secondary, or higher educational system
and often including living areas for students, such as dormitories. School, collage, Archive,
Museum, Library etc. are the example of Educational Buildings.
 Government Buildings:
It is a building that, houses a branch of government. Capitol, Embassy, Prison, Fire Station,
Post Office etc. are the example of Governmental Buildings.
 Industrial Buildings:
It defines industrial purposes as: Factories and other premises used for manufacturing,
altering, repairing, cleaning, washing, breaking-up, adapting or processing any article;
generating power or slaughtering livestock. These buildings are design to house
industrial operations and provide the necessary conditions for workers, and for the

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
operation of industrial Equipment. Factory, Windmill, Water Mill, Tide Mill, Power
Plant etc. are the example of Industrial Buildings.
 Military Buildings:
This building is a structure designed to house the functions, performed by a military unit.
Barracks, Bunker, Castle, Fortification, Citadel etc. are the example of Miltary Buildings.
 Religious Buildings:
These are the buildings for religious purpose, with a large open interior and exterior or other
monumental qualities. They often have spires, towers, domes rising above the main structure.
Church, Temple, Mosque, Pyramids, Shrine etc. are the example of Religious Buildings.
 Transportation Buildings:
This is structural buildings, which consists of the means of equipment necessary for the
movement of passengers or goods on land, water, and air ways. Air port, Railway Station, Bus
Station, Parking Garage, Light house etc. are the example of Transportation Buildings.
 Mercantile Buildings:
These shall include any building or a part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market
for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
 Hazardous Buildings:
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for the storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or product which are
liable to burn with extreme rapidly.
 Assembly Buildings:
These shall include any buildings or part of a buildings where group of people congregate or
gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, perodic, civil, travel and similar purposes.
Theaters, motion picture house, assembly halls, exhibition halls, gymnasiums, place of dancing
and singing, club rooms, terminals of air etc. are the example of Assembly Buildings.
1.2.2 Classification of Buildings based on type of construction buildings:
 Fire resistive Buildings
 Non-Combustible Buildings
 Ordinary Buildings
 Heavy timber Buildings
 Wood framed Buildings
Among then we will choose to design of 2.5 storey of Residential type of Buildings. This type of
building Norms, Specification, Architect Design and Estimation are shown below.
1.3 Components of Buildings

1. Foundation
A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a
manner that no damaging settlements take place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed
on good/solid ground.

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
2. Plinth
A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and immediately after the
foundation. It raises the floor above the ground level and herewith prevents surface water from
entering the building.
3. Damp proof course (DPC)
Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement.
Walls are constructed above the damp proof course.
Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls.
Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it
affects the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance.
Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth
beam already performs like a DPC.
4. Plinth beam
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of the building and nature
of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and
earthquake damages.
5. Floor
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid over the filling of
the plinth and on subsequent floors.
Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below
the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising to the top and to
have a firm platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.
6. Walls
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be made of different
materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very
long, columns can be provided to carry the roof.
Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and protection against natural
elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.
Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation.
7. Openings
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators.
Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation.
Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab or a concrete slab.
Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.
Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In earthquake prone areas a
continuous lintel beam is provided all over the walls.
8. Stairs
A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent
between the floors and landings. The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
is called staircase. The space or opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway. There are
different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick
stair etc.
9. Roof
The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The roof rests on the
walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy
it. A roof can have different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping. Roof is typically made
of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc.
10. Surfaces / finishes
External finishes are the outer most layer of protection, which protect the structure from
weathering. Internal finishes are the layers given on internal faces. They give durability and
pleasing appearance to the inside.


1.4 Technical Norms and Standards for 2.5 Storey residential Buildings in terms of
Nepal.

 Total occupy Land Area for purposed Buildings= 1000 sq. m
 Span of Beam = 14 feet 8 inch (maximum)

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
 Floor Area = 145 sq. m (maximum)
 Set Back
- For provide window = 5 feet
- For provide verandah = 8 feet
- Slab projection = 1 feet 6 inch
 Minimum size of Column = 12 * 12 Inch
 Slab Thickness = 5 Inch min.
 Minimum floor Height = 9 Feet
 Sill Level = 2 Feet 6 Inch
 For Staircase
- Minimum width of Tread = 8 Inch
- Maximum height of Riser = 10 Inch


-Source: National Building Code (NBC) 205






1.5 Architectural Drawings (2.5 storey Buildings)

-Drawing are showing in A1 paper in Next page.

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti
1.6 Measure a plot of land for building layout.
(Location = MAMTS Ground Gothatar)

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti

Ground Floor Plan

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti

First Floor Plan

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A Report of Major Project Prepared by: Suman Jyoti

Second Floor Plan
1.7 Quantity calculation and Cost Estimation (2.5 storey Buildings)

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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Council for Technical Educational and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF MAJOR PROJECT BUILDINGS
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
1. Site Clearance
-Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Along 4-4 to 5-5

1
1

8.890
1.524

8.407
3.276

----------
----------

74.742
4.994

m
2
m
2

(1 inch = 0.025 m)
Total 79.736 m
2

2.

Earthwork in Excavation in
Foundation
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D


12
2
4
4
4
3
3


1.524
1.524
2.438
2.616
1.753
0.153
1.803


1.524
1.524
0.229
0.229
0.299
0.299
0.299


1.524
1.524
1.067
1.067
1.067
1.067
1.067


42.475
7.079
2.383
2.557
1.713
0.112
1.322


m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3


Total 57.641 m
3

3.
a)
R.C.C and P.C.C Work
Under Ground Level
-Foundation Base(Rectangular)
-Foundation Base(Circular)
Lower Tie beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B


12
2

4
4
2
4


1.524
1.524

3.658
3.835
1.219
2.972


1.524
1.524

0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229


0.279
0.279

0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305


7.776
1.296

1.022
1.071
0.170
0.830


m
3

m
3


m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3


H = 11 inch from section
of foundation.

H = 1 feet lower tie
beam.
Location: Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Gothatar, Kathmandu

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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti

S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
- Trapezium Section of Column at
Foundation base
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
3
3

14
12
2
1.676
3.023

1.346
0.229
0.229
0.305
0.305
0.351
0.633
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3
L = 5’+3’10”/2 = 4’5”
D =3’6” = 1.067 m
A = Bd +Sd
2
S= adopt 1.5 and B = 5 feet
A =
??????
4
x d
2

1.524 x0.381+1.5 x 0.381
2


11.160
0.305 0.305 0.838
0.838
0.935
0.122
??????
4
x 0.305
2
Total 25.366 m
3

b) Above Ground Level
Upper Tie beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D


4
4
2
4
3
3


3.658
3.835
1.219
2.972
1.676
3.023


0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229


0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305


1.022
1.071
0.170
0.830
0.351
0.633


m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3








Total 4.077 m
3

Damp Proof Course
-Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Along 4-4 to 5-5
*Deduct*
-Column portion

1
1

14

8.890
1.524

0.305

8.407
3.276

0.305

--------
--------

--------

74.738
4.993

-1.302

m
2

m
2

m
2



Adopt thickness of DPC
= 10 cm
Total 78.429 m
2

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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Total = 24.610 m
3
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
c) Ground Floor
Flooring
-Along 1-1 to 4-4 up to 4cm thick
-Along 4-4 to 5-5 up to 4cm thick
Column
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
Slab (Ceiling)
-1
st
portion (including all rooms)
-Remain Portion at balcony
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openingsr*
-Chain Gate
-Door (D1)
-Door (D2)


1
1

12
2

4
4
2
4
3
3

1
1

1
1

1
1

12
12

1
5
1


7.493
1.219

0.305
π/ 4

4.775
4.140
1.676
3.200
1.981
4.140

9.627
0.965

31.420
39.446

31.420
39.446

0.305
0.305

1.676
0.915
0.762


7.670
2.972

0.305
0.305
2

0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229

8.890
3.582

0.228
0.101

0.228
0.101

0.305
0.305

0.228
0.228
0.228


0.040
0.040

2.743
2.743

0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305

0.127
0.127

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101
0.101


2.299
0.145

3.062
0.802

1.334
1.157
0.234
0.670
0.415
0.867

10.870
0.439

0.724
0.402

0.724
0.402

0.113
0.113

-0.039
-0.105
-0.018


m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3

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A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
Total = 24.599 m
3
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
d) First Floor
Flooring
-Along 1-1 to 4-4 up to 4cm thick
-Along 4-4 to 5-5 up to 4cm thick
Column
-Rectangular Column
-Circular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center 3-3 to center 4-4
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
-Along center C-C to center D-D
Slab (Ceiling)
-1
st
portion (including all rooms)
-Remain Portion at balcony
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openings*
-Door (D)
-Door (D1)
-Door (D2)


1
1

12
2

4
4
2
4
3
3

1
1

1
1

1
1

12
12

1
5
1


7.493
1.219

0.305
π/ 4

4.775
4.140
1.676
3.200
1.981
4.140

9.627
0.965

31.420
39.446

31.420
39.446

0.305
0.305

1.219
0.915
0.762


7.670
2.972

0.305
0.305
2

0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229

8.890
3.582

0.228
0.101

0.228
0.101

0.305
0.305

0.228
0.228
0.228


0.040
0.040

2.743
2.743

0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305

0.127
0.127

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101
0.101


2.299
0.145

3.062
0.802

1.334
1.157
0.234
0.670
0.415
0.867

10.870
0.439

0.724
0.402

0.724
0.402

0.113
0.113

-0.028
-0.105
-0.018


m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3

20. P a g e | 19

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti

S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
e) Second Floor
Flooring
-Along A-A to C-C up to 4cm thick
excluding Balcony.
Column
-Rectangular Column
Beam
-Along center 1-1 to center 2-2
-Along center 2-2 to center 3-3
-Along center A-A to center B-B
-Along center B-B to center C-C
Slab (Ceiling)
Sill
-9inch width
-4inch Width
Lintel
-9inch width
-4inch Width
*Deduct*
-Column portion for Sill
-Column Portion for Lintel
*Openings*
-Terrace Door
-Door (D1) with space
-Door (D2)



1

9

4
4
4
3
1

1
1

1
1

12
12

1
3
1



8.103

0.305

4.775
4.140
3.200
1.829
10.440

24.359
16.586

24.359
16.586

0.305
0.305

0.915
0.915
0.762



5.258

0.305

0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
5.639

0.228
0.101

0.228
0.101

0.305
0.305

0.228
0.228
0.228



0.040

2.743

0.305
0.305
0.305
0.305
0.127

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101

0.101
0.101
0.101



1.704

2.297

1.334
1.157
0.670
0.383
7.476

0.561
0.169

0.561
0.169

0.113
0.113

-0.021
-0.063
-0.017



m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3

Total 16.606 m
3

21. P a g e | 20

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
4.

a)




















b)
1
st
Class brickwork in 1:4 C:S mortar
Brickwork in Superstructure.
-9" thick Wall of length 3.658 m
-9" thick Wall of length 3.835 m
-9" thick Wall of length 2.972 m
-9" thick Wall of length 3.023 m
-9" thick Wall of length 1.676 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.658 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.835 m
-4" thick Wall of length 2.972 m
-4" thick Wall of length 3.023 m
-4" thick Wall of length 1.676 m
-Terrace Parapet of length 1.219 m
*Deduct opening*
- Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"
-opening at staircase
Brickwork in Sub-structure.
Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Portion
-Short Portion
Along 4-4 to 5-5
-Long Portion
-Short Portion



5
5
3
4
5
6
6
8
2
3
2

3
10
3
14
2
3
1
1


3
4

1
2



3.658
3.835
2.972
3.023
1.676
3.658
3.835
2.972
3.023
1.676
1.219

1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914
2.134


8.128
7.798

2.972
1.219



0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.101
0.229

0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229


0.229
0.229

0.229
0.229



2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
2.438
0.381

2.134
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518
2.438


0.838
0.838

0.838
0.838



10.211
10.705
4.978
6.751
4.679
5.404
5.666
5.855
1.489
1.238
0.213

-1.787
-1.970
-0.492
-8.039
-0.765
-0.574
-1.574
-1.191


4.679
5.986

0.570
0.468



m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3
m
3

m
3


m
3

m
3

m
3

m
3



12’0” wall
12’ 7” wall
9’-9” wall
9’-11” wall
5’-6” wall
12’0” wall
12’ 7” wall
9’-9” wall
9’-11” wall
5’-6” wall
9” thick of 1’3” ht.







21’8” height at staircase
openings

22. P a g e | 21

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti
S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
c) Brickwork Soling in Foundation Base
14

1.524

1.524

0.102

3.317

m
3

Soling at 4cm thick
Total 55.817 m
3

5. Mild Steel including bending in
reinforcement in RCC work.

Density of steel 78.5
q/cm -R.C.C footing @0.5% 1 (20.232 x 0.5)/100 x 78.5 7.941 q
-R.C.C columns @1.7% 1 (11.082 x 1.7)/100 x 78.5 14.789 q
-R.C.C beams @1.0% 1 (28.528 x 1.0)/100 x 78.5 22.394 q
-R.C.C roof slab @0.8% 1 (30.094 x 0.8)/100 x 78.5 18.900 q
Total 64.024 q
6.

a)
















12mm plaster 1:4 Cement Sand
mortar.
Inner Side Room
Room (13'-0" x 10'-8")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-0" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Kitchen Room (6'-8" x 5'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-6" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Toilet (8'-6" x 5'-6")
-Long Side
-Short Side




2 x 3
2 x 3

2 x 2
2 x 2

2 x 3
2 x 3

2 x 2
2 x 2

2 x 3
2 x 3




3.962
3.251

3.962
3.302

2.032
1.778

4.115
3.302

2.590
1.676




2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743




---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------




65.206
53.505

43.471
36.230

33.443
29.262

45.150
36.230

42.626
27.583




m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2

23. P a g e | 22

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti


S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
b) Inner Side Passage
Passage (13'-0" x 10'-8"
-Long Side
-Short Side
*Deduct opening*
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"


2 x 6
2 x 5

1 x 3
2x10
2 x 3
1 x14
1 x 2
1 x 3
1 x 1


3.962
3.251

1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914


---------
---------

---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------


2.743
2.743

0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229


130.413
89.175

-0.837
-1.846
-0.462
-5.864
-0.558
-0.628
-0.209


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2
m
2

m
2
m
2

m
2
m
2




Total 621.890 m
2

c) Outer Side Room
 Ground and First Floor
 Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Side
-Short Side
 Along 4-4 to 5-5 (Parapet)
-Long Side
-Short Side
 Second Floor
 Along A-A to C-C
- Long Side
-Short Side
 Parapet
-1
st
Floor
-2
nd
floor excluding Roof



2 x 2
2 x 2

1 x 1
2 x 1


2 x 1
2 x 1

1
1



9.931
8.890

3.581
1.829


8.407
5.258

31.013
7.391



---------
---------

---------
---------


---------
---------

---------
---------



2.743
2.743

0.381
0.381


2.743
2.743

0.381
0.381



108.963
97.541

1.363
1.394


46.121
28.845

11.816
2.816



m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2



m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2




32' - 7" x 29' - 2"

Parapet ht. of plaster1
feet 3 inch only

11' - 9" x 6' - 0"


27' - 7" x 17' - 3"
excluding Balcony

Parapet ht. of plaster1
feet 3 inch only

24. P a g e | 23

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti


S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
*Deduct*
-11 feet 9 inch Gate
-Chain Gate of 5'6"x9'0"
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"

1
1
2
5
14
2
3
1

3.581
1.676
1.219
0.914
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914

---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------

2.743
2.743
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518

-9.823
-4.597
-5.203
-9.752
-35.106
-3.342
-2.506
-6.871

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2


Total 288.455 m
2

7.

a)
















Painting Works.
Inner Side Room
Room (13'-0" x 10'-8")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-0" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Kitchen Room (6'-8" x 5'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Room (13'-6" x 10'-10")
-Long Side
-Short Side
Toilet (8'-6" x 5'-6")
-Long Side
-Short Side



2 x 3
2 x 3

2 x 2
2 x 2

2 x 3
2 x 3

2 x 2
2 x 2

2 x 3
2 x 3



3.962
3.251

3.962
3.302

2.032
1.778

4.115
3.302

2.590
1.676



2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743

2.743
2.743



---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------

---------
---------



65.206
53.505

43.471
36.230

33.443
29.262

45.150
36.230

42.626
27.583



m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2

25. P a g e | 24

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti


S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
b) Inner Side Passage
Passage (13'-0" x 10'-8"
-Long Side
-Short Side
*Deduct opening*
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"


2 x 6
2 x 5

1 x 3
2x10
2 x 3
1 x14
1 x 2
1 x 3
1 x 1


3.962
3.251

1.219
0.914
0.762
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914


---------
---------

---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------


2.743
2.743

0.229
0.101
0.101
0.229
0.229
0.229
0.229


130.413
89.175

-0.837
-1.846
-0.462
-5.864
-0.558
-0.628
-0.209


m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2
m
2

m
2
m
2

m
2
m
2




Total 621.890 m
2

c) Outer Side Room
 Ground and First Floor
 Along 1-1 to 4-4
-Long Side
-Short Side
 Along 4-4 to 5-5 (Parapet)
-Long Side
-Short Side
 Second Floor
 Along A-A to C-C
- Long Side
-Short Side
 Parapet
-1
st
Floor
-2
nd
floor excluding Roof



2 x 2
2 x 2

1 x 1
2 x 1


2 x 1
2 x 1

1
1



9.931
8.890

3.581
1.829


8.407
5.258

31.013
7.391



---------
---------

---------
---------


---------
---------

---------
---------



2.743
2.743

0.381
0.381


2.743
2.743

0.381
0.381



108.963
97.541

1.363
1.394


46.121
28.845

11.816
2.816



m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2



m
2

m
2


m
2

m
2




32' - 7" x 29' - 2"

Parapet ht. of painting1
feet 3 inch only

11' - 9" x 6' - 0"


27' - 7" x 17' - 3"
excluding Balcony

Parapet ht. of painting1
feet 3 inch only

26. P a g e | 25

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti


S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
*Deduct*
-11 feet 9 inch Gate
-Chain Gate of 5'6"x9'0"
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
-Ventilation (V2 ) of 3'0"x 21'8"

1
1
2
5
14
2
3
1

3.581
1.676
1.219
0.914
1.829
1.219
0.914
0.914

---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------

2.743
2.743
2.134
2.134
1.371
1.371
0.914
7.518

-9.823
-4.597
-5.203
-9.752
-35.106
-3.342
-2.506
-6.871

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2

m
2


Total 288.455 m
2

8.

a)

R.C.C work excluding Steel for
Staircase
Dog legged Staircase
-Inclined Portion
-Landing



6
3



1.981
1.168



1.000
2.134



0.127
0.127



1.510
0.950



m
3
m
3











Density of steel 78.5
q/cm
-Steps 30
�
�
x 0.254 x 0.203
0.254 0.773 m
3

b) Normal Staircase
-Inclined Portion

1

2.794

0.914

0.127

0.324

m
3

-Steps 11
�
�
x 0.229 x 0.254 0.229 0.073 m
3

Total 3.630 m
3

c) RCC Staircase Slab- @0.8% 1 (3.630 x 0.8)/100 x 78.5 2.280 q
9. Openings Chaukhat
 Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
 Horizontal
 Vertical


2 x 1
2 x 2

14x1
14x2


1.219
2.134

0.914
2.134


0.102
0.102

0.102
0.102


0.076
0.076

0.076
0.076


0.019
0.066

0.099
0.463


m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

27. P a g e | 26

A Report of Major project Quantity Estimate Estimated By: Suman Jyoti

S.N PARTICULARAS OF ITEM NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
 Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"
 Horizontal
 Vertical
 Ventilation (V2) of 3'0"x 21'8"
 Horizontal
 Vertical

3 x 1
3 x 2

14x2
14x4

2 x 2
2 x 3

6 x 2
6 x 2


1x12
1 x 3

0.762
2.134

1.829
1.372

1.219
1.372

0.914
0.914


0.660
6.604

0.102
0.102

0.102
0.102

0.102
0.102

0.102
0.102


0.102
0.102

0.076
0.076

0.076
0.076

0.076
0.076

0.076
0.076


0.076
0.076

0.018
0.099

0.397
0.596

0.038
0.064

0.085
0.085


0.061
0.154

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3

m
3
m
3


m
3
m
3


Total 2.244 m
3

10. Panel Shutter
-Door(D) of 4'0"x7'0"
-Door (D1) 3'0"x7'0"
-Door (D2) 2'6"x7'0"
-Window(W1) of 6'0"x4’6"
-Window(W2) of 4'0"x4’6"
-Ventilation (V1) of 3'0"x 3'0"

2
14
3
14
2
6

2.057
2.057
2.057
1.524
0.990
0.762

1.067
0.762
0.610
1.219
1.219
0.762

----------
----------
----------
----------
----------
----------

4.390
21.944
3.764
26.008
2.414
3.484

m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2
m
2

Total 62.004 m
2

28. P a g e | 22

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
1.8 Comments and Conclusion
We should adopt design is easiest and the estimated cost of the building was done to
make most economical to being purposed building comfortable, safe and durable. All Design
Criteria like Norms, Specification, and Legal policies are follow while designing of Buildings.

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Chapter Two
Water Supply and Sanitary

2.1 Overview of Water Supply:
2.1.1 Water Supply:
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities commercial organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is
covered separately. It is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in
the water industry, commonly a public utility, of water resources of various qualities to
different users.
2.1.2 Methods of water supply:
a. Continuous System
-If the water is supplied to the consumer for all 24hrs from a system.
Advantages: Water is available in every time, We get fresh water every time, Adequate
water anytime for fire-fighting.
Disadvantages: More wastage of water, large volume wastage during leakage.
b. Intermittent System
-If water is supplied to the consumer’s only during fixed hours of a day.
Advantages: Useful in the place where sufficient quantity is not available, Repairing
can be done during non-supply hours, leakage does not cause large lost.
Disadvantages: No sufficient supply of water, Consumer has to be alert during
distribution time, large no. of valves are required to maintain this system.
2.1.3 General Importance of Water:
 No life can exist without water.
 It is as essential for life as air is.
 Two- third of human body is constituted of water.
 Provides luxuries and comforts to human beings.
2.1.4 Objectives of Water Supply:
 To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers/ community.
 To supply water in sufficient quantities.
 To supply water at convenient points and timings.
 To supply water at reasonable cost to the users.
 To encourage personal and house hold cleanliness of users.
2.1.5 Water and its necessity for Life
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. It is one of the basic survival
needs of living things. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no
water, there would have not been life on earth. Apart from drinking people need water for
plenty of other uses.
In adjacent to this, our hygiene is also highly related with that of the liquid called
substance called H2O (Water). It is uncommon to wash our face or body with other liquids

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such as gas or alcoholic drinks. So water did not have any other competitor in keeping our
hygiene, beauty, healthiness and much more.
Still water is needed to grow plants and it is also the dominant facilitator on supplying
and donating the released oxygen and help us being able to breath clean and comfy air. And
still again water is the potential source of power.
There are two main water supplies that we can access water from; surface and ground.
Surface water supply includes water from the lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams. These
water bodies are formed from direct rain, runoffs and springs. Ground water is taken out deep
from the ground. Source of water in different parts of the world may comprise of springs,
lakes, seas, rivers, and small ponds as well.

2.1.6 Various work of water supply:


2.2 Overview of Sanitary System:
2.2.1 Defination Terms:
a) Sanitary: Sanitary is a relating to the conditions that affect hygiene and health,
especially the supply of sewage facilities and clean drinking water. Sanitary refers more
especially to conditions affecting health or measures for guarding against infection or disease:
to insure sanitary conditions in preparing food.
b) Sanitation: Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy,
especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.
c) Sanitary Engineering: It is the branch of public health and environmental
engineering which studied about scientific and methodical collection, conveyance, treatment
and disposal of waste material so that environment can be protected from pollution and public
health can be protected from injurious substances.
2.3 Sewers:
Sewers are underground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to the point of discharge.

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2.3.1 Design criteria of sewers:
As sewage contains 99.9% liquid and 0.1% solid, its design is similar to water supply
pipe but the flow takes places under gravity. The following are the design criteria of
sewers:
a. Sewage quantity:
Determine the quantity of sanitary and storm sewage considering suitable design
period and future population. Normally, 25-30 years is considered for design period.
Population forecast as describe in water supply in water supply engineering and
estimated quantity of sanitary and storm sewage is done as described in sanitary
engineering.
b. Sewerage System:
Separate, combined and partially separated system is required to select. Generally
separate system is considered in the design. For separate system design is done
separately for �
�?????? and �
��. For partial separate system, storm water only from roof,
pavement and yards, are with �
�?????? in one sewer and other storm water is drained
separately.
c. Type and shape of sewer:
The closed type of sewer is used for sanitary sewage and may be open for storm flow.
Generally, circular shape sewer is used for closed sewer and rectangular sewer is used
for open sewers.
d. Sewer size range:
Sewer size should not be less than 15cm diameter but recommended is ϕ = 20cm. The
maximum available size is 3m.
e. Sewer gradient:
The sewer gradient are selected as per site condition. The minimum gradient should
be such that self-cleansing velocity is achieved and maximum gradient should be such
that velocity is does not exceed to non-scouring velocity. Minimum gradient should
be 1:100 (1%) and maximum gradient should be 1:20 (5%).
f. Sewer are design to flow to 2/3 full as pick or maximum discharge. The sufficient
free board is used in open storms drains.
g. Self-cleansing Velocity:
It is the minimum velocity at which solid particles will remain in suspension without settling
at bottom of sewer. The designed velocity of flow should not be less than self-cleansing
velocity of peak flow. It is normally 0.6 to 0.9 m/s for separate system and 0.75 m/s for
combined system. Self-cleansing velocity is found by Shield’s Formula:
??????
� = √
� �
�
(??????
�−�).�.??????� in m/s �ℎ���,
K = A dimensionless constant depends upon characteristics of solid and taken as 0.04 to 0.8.
f = Darcy’s friction factor taken as 0.03.
??????
?????? = Specific gravity of solids in sewage ranges 1.2 to 2.65.
�� = diameter of solid particles in sewage in meter.
Self-cleansing velocity of different diameter of sewers are:-
S.N Sewer diameter (cm) Self-cleansing Velocity (m/s)
1. 15-25 1.00
2. 30-60 0.75
3. > 60 0.60

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2.4 Septic Tank
It is a tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to
decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a soak away.
A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for wastewater treatment
through the process of biological decomposition and drainage. Septic tanks allow a safe
disposal of wastewater and hence are widely popular in areas that have a poor drainage
system or are off the mains sewage network.
2.4.1 Construction Procedure:
 It is a rectangular in plan with minimum width of 0.75 meter, length usually 2-4
times the breadth.
 For smaller tanks liquid depth of 100 cm is provided for large tanks it may be up
to 180 cm, free board of 0.3 m to 0.45 m is provided.
 Single elbow or T-Shaped outlet pipe is provided.
 The baffle wall is usually placed 30 cm from the inlet pipe and remains 15 cm
above and 30 cm below the liquid level.
 Usually RCC slab with C.I manhole cover is provided.
 Ventilation pie is provided for taking out the foul smells. It is usually 7.5 – 10 cm
diameter of A.C or C.I.
2.4.2 Design criteria of Septic Tank:
 Detention Time (t) = 1-3 days
 Adopt Breadth (B) = 0.75 – 4 meter
 Depth (D) = 1 - 1.8 meter
 Free Board (F.B) = 0.3 – 0.45 meter.

�
�
= 2 – 4
 Volume (V) = ??????
� +??????
� +??????
�
where,
??????
� = Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage (Q * E)
??????
� = Volume of sludge digestion (0.0425 * N)
??????
� = Volume of storage of digested sludge (�??????
� * N )

Time Duration 6 months 1 year 2 years 3 years
�??????
�

0.0283

0.0490

0.0708

0.0850

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

2.4.3 Elevation of
Septic tank

2.4.4 Design of Septic tank for 5 users where sewage flow is 350 liquid per capita day.
Assume necessary data.
Given,
Rate of sewage Flow = 350 lpcd
Assume, Sludge is cleaned 2 in years.
Now,
Volume of settling/ sedimentation of sewage, ??????
� = No. of users x rate of sewage flow /1000
??????
� = 5 x 350/1000 = 1.75 m
3

Volume of sludge digestion, ??????
� = 0.0425 x N
??????
� = 0.0425 x 5 = 0.2125 m
3

Volume of storage of digested sludge, ??????
� = ??????�
?????? * N (�??????
� = 0.085)
??????
� = 0.085 x 5 = 0.425 m
3

Total effective Volume (V) = ??????
� + ??????
� + ??????
� = (1.75 +0.2125 + 0.425) =2.388 m
3

Here,
Provide depth as 1-1.8m
Take depth (d) = 1.5 m
Area (A) =
??????
??????
=
2.388
1.5
= 1.592m
2

Taking, L = 2B
Now, L x b = A
2B x B = 1.592

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B = √
�.���
�
=0.892>0.75 �??????,????????????.
L = 2B = 2 x 0.892 = 1.784 m
Provide Free Board (F.B) = (0.3 to 0.45)
Take, 0.4 m
Then overall depth (D) = 1.5 + 0.4 = 1.9 m
Thus, Provide a Septic Tank of Size = (1.784m x 0.892m x 1.9m) for 5 users.

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2.5 Soak Pit:
A soak pit or seepage pit is generally circular and it allows effluent from septic tank to
percolate in the soil. Soak pit can be used when ground water table in 2 m below surface. It
is not suitable if soil is thick clay or solid rock. It is economical, stable and high efficient.
The main purpose of soak pit is to dispose the septic tank effluent by absorption in the
surrounding soil.
2.5.1 Construction Procedure:
 Soak pit may be lined or unlined. Unlined pit is filled with bricks, stone aggregates
and sand. So cover is not necessary. But in lined soak pit, is empty inside. But
filled with sand, gravel, aggregate outside and cover is required.

2.5.2 Design Criteria of Soak Pit:
 Dimeter = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
NOTE: Ground water table should be at 2m below the base of soak pit.
 I =
���
√�

Where,
I = maximum rate of effluent application in l/m
2
/day
t = percolation rate in min/cm.
 Area =
�
??????


2.5.3 Design of Soak pit for 5 users of 350 liquid per capita day (lpcd) rate of
sewage flow. Assume necessary data.
Given,
Rate of sewage Flow (Q) = 350 lpcd
No. of users (N) = 5
We have,
I =
���
√�

Assume, t = 25 min/cm
i.e. I =
���
√��
26 l/m
2
/day
Now, A =
�
??????
=
����
��
= 67.308 m
2
(where Q = 350 x 5 = 1750 l/day from septic tank)
Provide Depth = 1 m to 2.5 m
Take depth = 2.0 m
Area (A) = πd
2
/4
67.308 = π x d
2
/4
Thus, d = 9.25 m
Diameter is Criteria = 0.9 m to 3.5 m
So, adopt 3 soak pit of 3.5 m
Diameter of Soak pit = 3.5m

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti


Fig. (b) Plan of Septic tank

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`

Fig. (b) Plan of Soak Pit

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
Council for Technical Educational and Vocational Training (CTEVT)
QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT
Location: Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
Gothatar, Kathmandu
Observer: Group D
Estimated by: Suman Jyoti

S.N PARTICULARAS OF
ITEM
NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
1.
a)
Earthwork in Excavation
Septic Tank

1

2.46

1.63

1.75

7.017

m
3
L = 1.66+0.4=2.46, B = 0.83+0.4=1.63
H = 0.30+1.20+0.05+0.20 = 1.75 m
b) Soak pit lower portion 2
??????
4
x 3.9
2
0.20 4.778 m
3
D = 3.5 + 0.20+ 0.20 = 3.9
c) Soak pit up to 2m depth 2
??????
4
x 4.5
2
2.00 63.617 m
3
D = 3.5+0.2+0.2+ 0.15+0.15+0.15+0.15
Total 75.412 m
3

2.
a)
Cement Concrete 1:3:6
Floor and Foundation

1

2.46

1.63

0.20

0.802

m
3


b) Sloping Floor 1 (1/2 x 1.66 x 0.1) 0.90 0.075 m
3

Total 0.877 m
3

3.

a)

1st Class Brickwork 1:4
mortar in Septic Tank.
Long Wall
-1
st
Step
-2
nd
Step



2
2



2.26
2.06



0.30
0.20



0.60
0.95



0.814
0.783



m
3
m
3


L = 1.66+0.30+0.30 = 2.26
L = 1.66+0.20+0.20 = 2.06
H = 1.2+0.05+0.30-0.60 = 0.95
b) Short Wall
-1
st
Step
-2
nd
Step

2
2

0.83
0.83

0.30
0.20

0.60
0.95

0.299
0.315

m
3
m
3

Total 2.211 m
3

4.

a)
b)
2
nd
Class Brickwork 1:6
mortar in Soak Pit
-Upper Portion
-Lower Portion


4
4


π x 3.7
π x 3.7


0.2
0.2


0.5
0.2


4.650
1.860


m
3
m
3

Total Q = 6.510 m
L = π, D = 3.5+0.1+0.1 = 3.7m
Here, D = 20/2 = 10 cm = 0.1m

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti


S.N PARTICULARAS OF
ITEM
NO LENGTH
(m)
BREADTH
(m)
HEIGHT
(m)
QUANTITY

UNIT REMARKS
5. 2
nd
Class Dry Brickwork
for Soak Pit

4

π x 3.7

0.2

2

18.598

m
3


6.
a)
Pre-Cast R.C.C Work
Roof cover slab for Septic
Tank


1


2.060


1.230


0.075


0.190


m
3

L = 1.66+0.2+0.2 = 2.06 m
B = 0.83+0.2+0.2 = 1.23 m
b) Roof cover slab soak pit 2
??????
4
x 3.9
2
0.075 7.168 m
3
D = 3.5+0.2+0.2 = 3.9 m
c) Baffle wall in Septic tank 1 0.930 0.040 0.450 0.017 m
3
L = 1.66+0.2+0.2, B = 0.83+0.2+0.2
D = 0.30+0.15 = 0.45 m
Total 7.375 m
3

7.

a)
b)
12 mm thick 1:3 cement
Plaster work
Long Wall
Short Wall


2
2


1.66
0.83


----
----


1.500
1.500


4.980
2.490


m
2
m
2


Total 7.470 m
2

8.

20 mm thick Cement
Plaster

1

1.660

0.830

----

1.378

m
2

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

Chapter Three
Highway
3.1 Introduction
Road is an important infrastructure for development. It occupies a pivotal position in the growth
of developing countries.
The advantage becomes particularly evident when planning the communications
system in hilly regions & sparsely populated areas. Road transport offers quick & assured
deliveries, a flexible service free from fixed schedules, door to door service, permits simpler
packing, has a high employment potential etc. The safe, efficient and economic operation of a
highway is governed to a large extent by the care with which the geometric design has been
worked out. Geometric design includes the design elements of horizontal & vertical alignment,
sight distance, X-section components, lateral & vertical clearances, control of access, etc. The
general guide-lines in selecting the alignment & locating route are:
 Should handle the traffic most efficiently & serve inhabited localities.
 Should have minimum Gradients & curvature, necessary for terrain.
 Should involve least impact on the environment.
 Should be located along the edge of properties. In case of hill road,
 Should attain change in elevation by adopting ruling gradient in most of length.
 Should avoid unstable hill features & areas prone to landslides.
 Should avoid steep terrain.
 Should avoid hair-pin bends.
 Should align preferably on the side of hill exposed to sun during winter.
 Should avoid deep cuttings & costly tunnels.
 Should develop alignment to suit obligatory points like passes, saddles, valleys,
crossing points of major rivers.
In short, road should be short, easy, safe and economic as far as possible. Roads are specially
prepared ways between different places for the use of vehicles, people & animals. In countries
like Nepal, where there are less chances of airways& almost negligible chances of waterway, roads
form a major part of the transportation system. Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration in saying
that the roads have an almost importance.
3.2 Road Pavement
Pavement:
Pavement is the artificially covered surface of a public through-fare or sidewalk. The primary
function of pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil, that will bear
travel.
A road pavement or surface is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to
sustain vehicular or for traffic, such as a road or walkway.
3.2.1 Types of Pavement:
Pavement can be divided into 3 major parts:

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1. Flexible Pavement: Wheels loads are transported by grain to grain contact of aggregate
through granular structure. The flexible pavement having less flexural strength acts like
a flexible sheet. Flexible pavement consists of number of layers. For exe. Bitumenious
Road.
2. Rigid Pavement: Wheel loads are transport to subgrade soil by flexural strength of
pavement which act as a rigid plate. For exe. Cement Concrete Road.
3. Composite Pavement: A thin layer of flexible pavement over rigid pavement. It is an
Ideal pavement with most durable characteristics.
3.2.2 Functions of Pavement Structures:
a) Surface Coarse
Surface coarse is a layer directly in contact with traffic load and generally contains
superior quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt
concrete.
Following are the functions of surface coarse:
- It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage etc.
- Also, it prevents the entrance of surface water into the underlying layers.
- It most be tough to resist the distortion under traffic and provide a smooth and skid
resistance riding surface.
- To protect the entire base and sub-grade from weakening effect of water.
b) Base Coarse
The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface coarse and
provides additional load distribution and contributes to sub-surface drainage. It may
composed of crushed stone, crushed slag and other untreated or stabilized material.
c) Sub-base Coarse
It is the layer of material beneath base coarse having primary function to provide
structural support, improve drainage and reduced the movement of fines from sub-grade
of pavement.
d) Sub-grade Coarse
The top soil or sub-grade is the layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stress from
layers above. It is essentials that at no time soil sub-grade is over-stress. It should be
compacted to desireable density near optimum moisture content. (OMC)
3.2.3 Elements of Road Pavement:
a) Camber: Camber is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the
transverse direction to drain off rain water from road surface. The objectives of
providing camber are:
 Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads
 Sub-grade protection by proper drainage
 Quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety
b) Gradient: In terms of the vertical alignment of a road, one of the primary design
parameters is gradient. The slope of the grade between two adjacent Vertical Points of
Intersection (VPI), typically expressed in percentage form as the vertical rise or fall
along the center line of road

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
c) Super elevation: To counter-act the effect of centrifugal force and reduce the
tendency of vehicle to overturn and to skid laterally outwards, pavement outer edge is
raised with respect to inner edge. Thus, providing a transverse slope is known as Super
elevation. It is represented by “e”.
3.3 Curves:
Curves are generally used on highways and railways where it is necessary to change the
direction of motion. A curve may be circular, parabola or spiral and is always tangential to two
straight directions. Circular curves may be simple, compound, & reverse.
1. Simple Circular Curves:
A simple circular curve is the curve, which consists of a single arc of a circle. It is tangential
to both the straight lines. The elements of simple circular curves are tangent length, external
distance, length of curve, length of long chord, mid-ordinate. The notations used are back
tangent, forward tangent, point of intersection, point of curve, point of tangency, external
deflection angle, normal chord, sub chord etc. The sharpness of the curve is either designated
by its radius or by its degree of curvature. Setting out of curves can be done by two methods
depending upon the instrument used.
i) Linear method: In this method, only a chain or a tape is used. Linear methods are
used when a high degree of accuracy is not required and the curve is short.
ii) ii) Angular method: In this method, an instrument like Theodolite is used with
or without chain or tape. Before a curve is set out, it is essential to locate the tangents,
point of intersection, point of curves and point of tangent.
1. Vertical Curves:
A vertical curve is used to join two intersecting grade lines of railways, highways or other
routes to smooth out the chainage in vertical motion .The vertical curve contributes to the
safety, increase sight distance , give comfort in driving and have a good appearance. A grade,
which is expressed as percentage or 1 vertical in N horizontal, is said
to be upgrade or + ve grade when elevation along it increases, while it is termed as
downgrade or -ve grade when the elevation decreases along the direction of motion.
The vertical curves may be of following types:
 Summit curve: It is formed when an upgrade followed by a downgrade, an upgrade
followed by another upgrade, a down grade followed by another down grade.
 Valley curve: It is formed when a down grade followed by an upgrade, an upgrade
followed by another upgrade, a down grade followed by another down grade. In vertical
curve all distance along the curve are measured horizontally and all offsets from the
tangent to the curve are measured vertically. The methods for setting out vertical curve
are:
 The tangent correction method
 Elevation by chord gradient method
 Co-ordinate method
We can use the tangent correction method for setting of curve.
2. Transition Curves:
Transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight line and a circular
curve. While the vehicle moves on the straight line of infinite radius to the curve of finite radius,
the passenger feels uncomfortable and even the vehicle may overturn. This is due to the causes
of the centrifugal force couple with the inertia of the vehicle .To avoid these effects , a curve of
changing radius must be introduced between the straight and the circular curve, which is known
as the transition curve. The main functions of the transition curve are as follows:

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
 To accomplish gradually the transition curve from the tangent to the circular curve, so
that the curvature increased gradually from zero to a specific value.
 To provide a medium for the gradual introduction or change of required super elevation.


3.4 Equipment required:
The equipment used in the survey of road alignment were as follows:
 Theodolite with Tripod Stand
 Tape/ Chain
 Auto Level with Tripod Stand
 Ranging rod
 Staff/Stadia Rods
 Pegs/Arrows and Hammer
 Prismatic Compass with Stand.
 Marker or Enamel

3.5 Norms (Technical Specifications):
Recci alignment selection was carried out of the road corridor considering permissible gradient,
obligatory points, bridge site and geometry of tentative horizontal and vertical curves.
The road setting horizontal curve, cross sectional detail in 20m interval and longitudinal
profile were prepared.
While performing the road alignment survey, the following norms were strictly followed:
 The road had to be designed starting at the side of Bridge and ending Near tower 3
 If the external deflection angle at the I.P. of the road is less than 3°, curves need not be
fitted.
 Simple horizontal curves had to be laid out where the road changed its direction,
determining and pegging three points on the curve - the beginning of the curve, the
middle point of the curve and the end of the curve along the centerline of the road.
 The radius of the curve had to be chosen such that it was convenient and safe i.e. not
less than 12 m radius.
 The gradient of the road had to be maintained below 8%.
 Cross sections had to be taken at 20 m intervals and at the beginning, middle and end
of the curve, along the centerline of the road - observations being taken for at least 3m
and 6m on either side of the centerline. If undulations are there then section at that
place should be taken.
 The amount of cutting and filling required for the road construction had to be
determined from the L-Section and the cross sections. However, the volume of cutting
had to be roughly equal to the volume of filling.

Design parameters:
The design standards are adopted according to Nepal road standard. The design parameters are
as follows:
S.N Design Parameters Adopted Values
1 Type of Road Two lane Black topped
2 Minimum radius in horizontal curve (m) 15
3 Maximum gradient (%) 12
4 Minimum gradient (%) 1

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A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
5 Side slope of cutting 1:1
6 Side slope of embankment 1:1.5


3.6 Methodology:
1. Reconnaissance:
First of all reconnaissance were done by walking through the purposed road alignment,
where the actual alignment of road has to be run. After this pegging was done on the
proper position for instrument station for traversing ensuring that the preceding and succeeding
pegs were visible and simultaneously pegs were marked.
2. Horizontal Alignment:
The locations of the simple horizontal curves were determined carefully considering
factors like the stability of the area, enough space for the turning radius, etc. The I.P.s was fixed
so that the gradient of the road at any place was less than 7%. After determining the I.P.s for
the road, theodolite was stationed at each I.P. and the deflection angles measured. The distance
between one I.P. and another was measured by two way taping.
The horizontal curves were set out by angular methods using theodolite at I.P. and tape.
Horizontal alignment is done for fixing the road direction in horizontal plane. For this, the
bearing of initial line connecting two initial stations was measured using compass. The interior
angles were observed using Theodolite at each IP and then deflection angles were calculated.
Deflection angle = (360 or 180) - observed angle







Fig: Simple circular horizontal curve
Where,
BC: Beginning of curve
EC: End of curve
MC: Midpoint of curve
IP: Apex distance
If +ve, the survey line deflects right (clockwise) with the prolongation of preceding line and
deflects left if –ve (anti-clockwise). The radius was assumed according to the deflection angle.
Then the tangent length, EC, BC, apex distance along with their chainage were found by using
following formulae,
Tangent length (T L) = R x tan (/2)
Length of curve (L.C) = 3.142 x R x /180
Apex distance = R x 1/ (Cos (/2)-1)
Chainage of BC = Chainage of IP – Tangent Length
Chainage of MC = Chainage of BC +Length of Curve/2
Chainage of EC = Chainage of MC + Length of Curve/2
The BC and EC points were located along the line by measuring the tangent length
from the apex and the points were marked distinctly. The radius was chosen such that the
tangent does not overlap. The apex was fixed at the length of apex distance from IP along the
line bisecting the interior angle.
R
Tangent Length, BC1IP = R Tan /2
Apex distance, IPMC1= R(sec/2-1)
Length of chord, BC1MC1EC1=2RSin/2

IPBC= IPEC: Tangent length
 : External deflection angle
R: Radius of curve



E
O
B
I

45. P a g e | 38

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
3. Topographic survey
Topographic survey of road corridor was done by taking the deflection angle at each point
where two straight roads meet. The chainage of intersection point, tangent point and middle
points were also taken by linear measurements and applying formula. The staff readings of
each of these points were also taken. The staff points were chosen at every change of slope,
important feature, existing electrical pole etc.
4. Vertical Alignment
Vertical profile of the Road alignment is known by the vertical alignment. In the L-section of
the Road alignment, vertical alignment was fixed with maximum gradient of 12 %. According
to Nepal Road Standard, the minimum gradient of road is about 1% so as to facilitate the flow
of drainage to specified direction. However the maximum of 12% was taken wherever not
possible.
5. Leveling:
The method of fly leveling was applied in transferring the level from the given T.B.M. to all the
I.Ps. The R.L. of beginnings, mid points and ends of the curves as well as to the points along the center
line of the road where the cross sections were taken, are taken by tachometry.
 The R.L. of the B.M. near the college gates of MAMTS was given to be 1352m.
 The method of fly leveling was applied in transferring the level from the given B.M.
to all the I.Ps, beginnings, mid points and ends of the curves as well as to the points
along the center line of the road where the cross sections were taken.
 After completing the work of one way leveling on the entire length of the road, fly
leveling was done making a closed link for check and adjustment.
 The difference in the R.L. of the B.M. before and after forming the loops is less than
25√ k mm, where k is the total distance in km.

6. Longitudinal section:
For the longitudinal section of the road the staff reading was taken at the interval of every 20m
along the centerline of the road. Besides, these staff readings at beginning of the curve, ending
of the curve and apex were also taken. The RL of each point were calculated. For the
longitudinal section of the road the staff reading was taken at the interval of every 20m along the
centerline of the road.
 The staff readings at beginning of the curve, ending of the curve and apex were also taken.
 The RL of each point were calculated.
 The profile was plotted on the graph at the horizontal scale of 1:1000 and vertical scale of
1:100; chainage of each point along the horizontal direction and RL in the vertical direction.

7. Cross-section:
Cross section was run at right angles to the longitudinal profile at 20 m interval on either side
up to 10m distances wherever possible. For this, staffs reading of respective points were taken
using theodolite.
 Cross section was run at right angles to the longitudinal profile on either side up to 6m distances
wherever possible.
 The change in the slope was directly measured using the staff intercept made by the horizontal
tape i.e. the stepping method.
 Cross-section was plotted on graph where
-Horizontal scale =1:500
-Vertical scale =1:200

46. P a g e | 39

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
3.7 Calculation:
Distance measurement Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT – 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018-April-02
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
S.N Station Distances (m) Total
length
Mean
length
Error
(m)
Precision Remarks
From To
1. ????????????
0 ????????????
1 5.730+8.810 14.540
14.541

0.002

1 in 7270.5

????????????
1 ????????????
0 7.160+7.382 14.542
2. ????????????
1 ????????????
2 8.210+9.316+11.244+15.5
70+10.542+11.770

66.652


66.647


0.010


1 in 6664.7

????????????
2 ????????????
1 10.380+12.500+7.840+13.
320+9.362+13.240
66.642
3. ????????????
2 ????????????
3 7.350+10.582 17.932
17.936

0.003

1 in 5978.7

????????????
3 ????????????
2 8.780+9.160 17.940

4.
????????????
3 ????????????
4 7.782+13.160+7.700+9.05 37.692
37.690

0.004

1 in 9422.5

????????????
4 ????????????
3 12.32+7.88+10.838+6.65 37.688
5. ????????????
4 ????????????
5 5.630+5.000 10.630
10.628

0.004

1 in 2657.0

????????????
5 ????????????
4 6.258+4.368 10.626
6. ????????????
5 ????????????
6 11.202+13.700+9.476 34.378
34.374

0.009

1 in 3819.3

????????????
6 ????????????
5 8.634+14.255+11.480 34.369
7. ????????????
6 ????????????
7 11.250+12.924+15.420 39.594
39.596

0.004

1 in 9899.0

????????????
7 ????????????
6 13.368+12.250+13.980 39.598

8.
????????????
7 ????????????
8 14.670+8.786+9.260+14.6
00+12.686+9.940+10.672

80.614


80.606


0.016


1 in 5037.9

????????????
8 ????????????
7 11.350+9.32+12.350+10.6
80+14.258+8.660+13.980

80.598
9. ????????????
8 ????????????
9 9.778+6.084+10.660+10.7
72+9.682

46.976


46.960


0.032


1 in 1467.5

????????????
9 ????????????
8 7.320+10.430+8.846+10.5
62+9.786

46.944
10. ????????????
9 ????????????
10 6.242+10.318+9.520 26.080
26.076

0.008

1 in 3259.5

????????????
10 ????????????
9 8.742+9.150+8.180 26.072
11. ????????????
10 ????????????
11 12.980+11.600 24.580
24.582

0.004

1 in 6145.5

????????????
11 ????????????
10 10.356+14.228 24.584
12. ????????????
11 ????????????
12 11.494+15.494+14.714 41.702
41.692

0.020

1 in 2084.6

????????????
12 ????????????
11 13.242+14.680+13.760 41.682
13. ????????????
12 ????????????
13 9.122+8.254+12.410 29.786
29.784

0.005

1 in 5956.8

????????????
13 ????????????
12 10.450+10.346+8.985 29.781
14. ????????????
13 ????????????
14 7.840+8.780+12.554+8.89
6+9.142+6.602

53.814


53.835


0.043


1 in1252.0

????????????
14 ????????????
13 11.750+6.085+10.364+8.9
76+7.752+8.930
53.857
15. ????????????
14 ????????????
15 10.340+7.770 18.110
18.102

0.016

1 in 1131.4

????????????
15 ????????????
14 9.354+8.740 18.094

16.
????????????
15 ????????????
16 10.900+6.400 17.300
17.297

0.006

1 in 2882.8

????????????
16 ????????????
15 8.384+8.910 17.294
17. ????????????
16 ????????????
17 7.260+10.620+10.660 28.540
28.536

0.008

1 in 3567.0

????????????
17 ????????????
16 9.772+8.260+10.500 28.532
18. ????????????
17 ????????????
18 7.240+9.990 17.230
17.224

0.012

1 in 1435.3

????????????
18 ????????????
17 7.242+9.976 17.218
19. ????????????
18 ????????????
19 9.136+10.78+11.116+8.68 39.712
39.713

0.002

1 in 19856

????????????
19 ????????????
18 12.35+8.670+6.354+12.34 39.714

20.
????????????
19 ????????????
20 10.270+9.970+8.0+12.586 40.826
40.815

0.022

1 in 1855.2

????????????
20 ????????????
19 11.23+9.640+7.954+11.98 40.804

47. P a g e | 40

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

Distance measurement Sheet

MAJOR PROJECT – 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018-April-02
Booker:- Sujan Shiwakoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
S.N Station Distances (m) Total
length
Mean
length
Error
(m)
Precision Remarks
From To
21. ????????????
20 ????????????
21 8.712+7.630+12.200 28.542
28.536

0.012

1 in 2378.0

????????????
21 ????????????
20 10.638+8.242+9.650 28.530
22. ????????????
21 ????????????
22 7.342+10.8+8.142+11.712 37.996
37.994

0.004

1 in 9498.5

????????????
22 ????????????
21 6.24+8.65+13.232+9.870 37.992
23. ????????????
22 ????????????
23 15.674+14.422+8.100+12.
890+16.670

67.756


67.752


0.008


1 in 8469.0

????????????
23 ????????????
22 13.242+14.138+10.452+1
5.360+14.556

67.748
24. ????????????
23 ????????????
24 10.910 10.910
10.913

0.006

1 in 1818.8

????????????
24 ????????????
23 10.886 10.916
25. ????????????
24 ????????????
25 16.860+7.450+6.676+12.4
50+13.530+9.102+7.136

73.204


73.195


0.018


1 in 4066.4

????????????
25 ????????????
24 15.234+10.864+8.752+14.
240+12.864+11.232

73.186
26. ????????????
25 ????????????
26 6.504+5.494+7.182+7.524
+8.51+8.642+9.496+5.018

58.370


58.367


0.006


1 in 9727.8

????????????
26 ????????????
25 4.326+5.684+8.646+7.39+
10.648+7.654+8.546+5.47

58.364
27. ????????????
26 ????????????
27 12.370+10.962+9.656+12.
344+15.840

61.172


61.168


0.009


1 in 6796.4

????????????
27 ????????????
26 13.632+12.354+8.694+11.
755+14.728

61.163

48. P a g e | 41

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Sabina Dhungana Date:- 2017- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar,Kathmandu)

Distance
BS

FS
Distance
Height of
Instrument

RL

Remarks
T M B T M B
TBM 4.0 0.244 0.264 0.284 ------- ------- ------- ------- -------------- 1375.000
1 4.0 1.330 1.310 1.290 1.384 1.364 1.344 4.0 1374.736 1373.372
2 4.3 1.441 1.419 1.398 1.354 1.330 1.304 5.0 1374.682 1373.352
3 0.9 1.298 1.291 1.289 1.472 1.454 1.438 3.4 1374.771 1373.317
????????????
0 ------- ------- ------- ------- 1.243 1.233 1.224 1.9 1374.608 1373.375
????????????
0 1.9 1.243 1.233 1.224 ------- ------- ------- ------- 1374.608 1373.375
1 5.9 1.142 1.113 1.083 1.121 1.102 1.084 3.7 1374.619 1373.506
2 5.2 1.280 1.254 1.228 1.294 1.269 1.245 4.9 1374.604 1373.350
TBM ------- ------- ------- ------- 0.364 0.398 0.431 6.7 -------------- 1375.002
Total 26.2 29.6
Here,
Total loop distance (k) = 55.8m= 0.0558km
Error 1375.002-1375.000 = 0.002 m = 2 mm
Precision = 25√?????? = 25√0.0558 = 5.90 mm

49. P a g e | 42

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
ROAD ALIGNMENT SHEET (ROAD SURVEY SHEET)
Observer:-Suman Jyoti Date:- 2017- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar,Kathmandu)
IP Distance
between
IP (m)
Radius of
Horizontal
Curve (m)
Stati
on
Deflection
Angle (⧍)
Tangent
length
(R tan(⧍/2))
Length of
Curve
((πR⧍)/180)
Mid-ordinate
R(1-cos(⧍/2))
Apex distance
R(sec(⧍/2)-1)
Chainage of BC
(IP-T)
Chainage of MC
(BC+L/2)
Chainage of EC
(BC+L)

Remarks
??????�
�−??????�
� 14.541 15 m ??????�
� 63°25'10'' 9.268 m 10.603 m 2.240 m 2.632 m 05.273 m 10.575 m 15.876 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 66.647 25 m ??????�
� 12°11'10'' 2.669 m 5.317 m 0.141 m 0.142 m 70.586 m 73.245 m 75.903 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 17.936 12 m ??????�
� 51°59'40'' 5.852 m 18.890 m 1.214 m 1.350 m 85.318 m 94.413 m 104.208 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 37.690 15 m ??????�
� 63°16'10'' 9.240 m 16.564 m 2.229 m 2.618 m 126.806 m 135.088 m 143.370 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 10.628 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
??????�
�−??????�
� 34.374 15 m ??????�
� 42°54'00'' 5.890 m 11.231 m 1.116 m 1.116 m 173.242 m 178.858 m 184.473 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 39.596 30 m ??????�
� 05°36'00'' 1.467 m 2.932 m 0.036 m 0.036 m 216.712 m 218.178 m 219.644 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 80.606 15 m ??????�
� 57°32'20'' 8.236 m 15.060 m 1.850 m 2.112 m 290.547 m 298.077 m 305.607 m
??????�
�−??????�
� 46.960 12 m ??????�
� 48°12'20'' 5.368 m 10.096 m 1.046 m 1.146 m 338.963 m 344.011 m 349.059 m
??????�
�−??????�
�� 26.076 10 m ??????�
�� 99°06'00'' 11.729 m 17.296 m 3.512 m 5.413 m 358.038 m 366.686 m 375.334 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 24.582 12 m ??????�
�� 53°27'20'' 6.042 m 11.196 m 1.282 m 1.435 m 382.145 m 387.743 m 393.341 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 41.692 12 m ??????�
�� 52°45'50'' 5.952 m 11.050 m 1.240 m 1.395 m 423.039 m 428.564 m 434.089 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 29.784 20 m ??????�
�� 19°12'40'' 3.380 m 6.700 m 0.284 m 0.280 m 454.541 m 457.891 m 461.241 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 53.835 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
??????�
��−??????�
�� 18.102 15 m ??????�
�� 49°07'50'' 6.856 m 12.860 m 1.350 m 1.492 m 522.942 m 529.372 m 535.802 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 17.297 12 m ??????�
�� 30°20'30'' 3.254 m 6.355 m 0.418 m 0.433 m 542.989 m 546.167 m 549.344 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 28.536 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
??????�
��−??????�
�� 17.224 20 m ??????�
�� 52°11'00'' 9.794 m 10.930 m 2.038 m 2.270 m 582.056 m 587.521 m 592.986 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 39.713 25 m ??????�
�� 31°19'20'' 7.010 m 6.560 m 0.928 m 0.963 m 615.895 m 619.175 m 622.455 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 40.815 12 m ??????�
�� 49°27'40'' 5.527 m 10.360 m 1.100 m 1.212 m 650.733 m 655.913 m 661.093 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 28.536 12 m ??????�
�� 29°40'00'' 3.170 m 6.213 m 0.400 m 0.414 m 680.932 m 684.039 m 687.145 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 37.994 16 m ??????�
�� 26°52'00'' 3.821 m 7.503 m 0.438 m 0.450 m 718.148 m 721.900 m 725.651 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 67.752 10 m ??????�
�� 38°13'10'' 3.465 m 6.670 m 0.551 m 0.583 m 786.117 m 789.452 m 792.787 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 10.913 10 m ??????�
�� 48°44'10'' 4.529 m 8.506 m 0.890 m 0.978 m 795.706 m 799.959 m 804.212 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 73.195 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- --------------
??????�
��−??????�
�� 58.367 30 m ??????�
�� 49°28'00'' 13.819 m 25.900 m 2.752 m 3.030m 917.426 m 930.376 m 943.326 m
??????�
��−??????�
�� 61.168 ----------- ---- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
Total Length of setting out of road alignment = 1024.559 m i.e. 1.025 km

50. P a g e | 43

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:-Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Sabina Dhungana Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
L C R
??????�
� ------- 0+000 --------- 1.202 ----------------- ----------------- 1373.375
------- 0+05.273 --------- ----------------- 1.370 ----------------- 1374.577 1373.207 ��
�
3 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.350 ----------------- 1373.227
6 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.415 ----------------- 1373.162
------- --------- 2.2 ----------------- 0.920 ----------------- 1373.657
------- Building ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Building
0+10.575 --------- ----------------- 1.354 ----------------- 1373.223 ��
�
3 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.414 ----------------- 1373.163
6 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.230 ----------------- 1373.347
------- --------- 3 ----------------- 1.202 ----------------- 1373.375
------- --------- 6 ----------------- 1.102 ----------------- 1373.475
------- 0+15.876 --------- ----------------- 1.400 ----------------- 1373.177 ??????�
�
3 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.400 ----------------- 1373.177
6 --------- --------- ----------------- 0.905 ----------------- 1373.672
------- --------- 2 ----------------- 1.465 ----------------- 1373.112
------- --------- Bushes ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Bushes
------- 0+35.876 --------- ----------------- 1.521 ----------------- 1373.056 ??????�
�+ 20
2 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.422 ----------------- 1373.155
3.4 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.425 ----------------- 1373.152
------- --------- 2 ----------------- 1.501 ----------------- 1373.076
------- --------- 3.5 1.055 ----------------- 1.535 1374.097 1373.042
??????�
� ------- ??????�
� --------- ----------------- 0.865 ----------------- 1373.232
------- 0+55.876 --------- ----------------- 1.358 ----------------- 1372.739 ??????�
�+ 40
`

51. P a g e | 44

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:-Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
L C R
2 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.325 ----------------- 1372.772
3.7 --------- --------- ----------------- 1.086 ----------------- 1373.011
------- --------- 2 ----------------- 1.339 ----------------- 1372.758
------- --------- 3.28 ----------------- 0.928 ----------------- 1373.169
??????�
� ------- ??????�
� --------- 1.161 ----------------- 1.855 1373.403 1372.242
------- 0+70.586 ------- ----------------- 1.098 ----------------- 1372.305 ��
�
3 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.050 ----------------- 1372.353
6 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.195 ----------------- 1372.208
------- --------- 0.5 ----------------- 1.081 ----------------- 1372.322
------- --------- Wall ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
------- 0+73.245 ------- ----------------- 1.180 ----------------- 1372.223 ��
�
3 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.166 ----------------- 1372.237
6 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.185 ----------------- 1372.218
------- --------- 0.5 ----------------- 1.155 ----------------- 1372.248
------- --------- Wall ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
------- 0+75.903 ------- ----------------- 1.174 ----------------- 1372.229 ??????�
�
3 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.126 ----------------- 1372.277
6 --------- ------- ----------------- 0.916 ----------------- 1372.487
------- --------- 2 ----------------- 1.453 ----------------- 1371.950
------- --------- Wall ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
------- 0+85.318 ------- ----------------- 1.298 ----------------- 1372.105 ��
�
2 --------- ------- ----------------- 1.067 ----------------- 1372.336
bildg --------- ------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- Building
------- --------- 3 ----------------- 1.261 ----------------- 1372.142

52. P a g e | 45

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:-Sabina Dhungana Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
L C R
5 ----------------- 1.190 ----------------- 1372.213
0+94.413 ----------------- 1.455 ----------------- 1371.948 ��
�
2 ----------------- 1.608 ----------------- 1371.795
4 ----------------- 2.215 ----------------- 1371.188
3 ----------------- 1.354 ----------------- 1372.049
6 ----------------- 1.356 ----------------- 1372.047
??????�
� ??????�
� ----------------- 1.515 ----------------- 1371.888
0+104.208 ----------------- 1.526 ----------------- 1371.877 ??????�
�
2 ----------------- 1.498 ----------------- 1371.905
4 ----------------- 1.329 ----------------- 1372.074
------- --------- 3 ----------------- 1.475 ----------------- 1371.928
------- 6 1.291 ----------------- 1.444 1373.250 1371.959
0+126.806 ----------------- 1.304 ----------------- 1371.946 ��
�
3 ----------------- 1.256 ----------------- 1371.994
6 ----------------- 1.130 ----------------- 1372.120
2 ----------------- 1.396 ----------------- 1371.854
4 ----------------- 1.462 ----------------- 1371.788
??????�
� ??????�
� ----------------- 1.281 ----------------- 1371.969
0+135.088 ----------------- 1.491 ----------------- 1371.759 ��
�
3 ----------------- 1.360 ----------------- 1371.890
6 ----------------- 1.345 ----------------- 1371.905
3 ----------------- 1.180 ----------------- 1372.070
6 ----------------- 1.051 ----------------- 1372.199

53. P a g e | 46

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:-Manoj Budhathoki Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Rise
Fall
RL Remarks
L C R
0+143.370 1.679 1371.571 ??????�
�
3 1.489 1371.761
6 1.301 1371.949
2 1.660 1371.590
4 1.235 1372.015
??????�
� ??????�
� 1.340 1.665 1372.925 1371.585
0+173.242 1.332 1371.593 ??????�
�+ 20
3 1.312 1371.613
6 1.302 1371.623
2 1.423 1371.502
4 1.243 1371.682
??????�
� ??????�
� 1.127 1.422 1372.630 1371.629
0+178.858 1.001 1371.658 ��
�
2 0.972 1371.635
3 0.995 1371.458
2 1.172 1370.993
4 1.637 1371.590
0+184.473 1.040 1371.399 ��
�
2 1.231 1371.557
4 1.073 1371.659
2 0.971 1371.255
5 1.375 1371.629

54. P a g e | 47

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Sujan Siwakoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+290.547 1.308 1371.322 ??????�
�
2 1.170 1371.460
6 1.683 1370.947
3 1.317 1371.313
7 1.537 1371.093
0+310.547 1.632 1370.998 ??????�
� + 20
2 1.532 1371.098
5 1.519 1371.111
2 1.652 1370.978
4 1.689 1370.941
0+216.712 0.722 1.594 1371.758 1371.036
2 0.588 1371.170
Wall
3 0.860 1370.898
5 0.968 1370.790
0+ 0.819 1370.939
??????�
� ??????�
� 0.819 1370.939
1 0.790 1370.968

obstruct

3 0.856 1370.902
6 0.912 1370.846

55. P a g e | 48

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:-Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Sujan Shiwakoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+219.644 0.750 1371.008 ??????�
�
2 0.678 1371.08

Obstruct

3 0.850 1370.908
5 1.018 1370.740
0+239.644 1.350 1370.408 ??????�
� + 20
2 1.298 1370.460
4 1.080 1370.678
2 1.443 1370.315
5 1.478 1.778 1371.458 1369.980
0+259.644 1.302 1370.156 ??????�
� + 40
2 1.122 1370.336
4 0.778 1370.680
3 1.478 1369.980
7 1.268 1370.190
0+290.547 1.255 2.000 1370.713 1369.458 ��
�
3 1.071 1369.642
6 1.075 1369.638
3 1.308 1369.405
6 1.372 1369.341
??????�
� ??????�
� 1.192 1369.521
0+298.077 1.162 1369.551 ��
�

56. P a g e | 49

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Rupa Rokka Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
2 1.180 1369.533
3.6 1.215 1369.498
3 1.491 1369.222
6 1.292 1369.421
0+305.607 1.188 1369.525 ??????�
�
2 1.442 1369.271
2.9 1.661 1369.052
3 1.243 1369.470
7 1.170 1369.543
0+325.607 1.474 1369.239 ??????�
� + 20
1.75 1.253 1369.460
Shutter 1370.713
3 1.289 1369.424
5 0.852 1.362 1370.203 1369.351
0+338.963 1.189 1369.014 ��
�
2 1.125 1369.078

Building

2 1.039 1369.164
4 0.642 1369.561
??????�
� ??????�
� 1.161 1369.042
�+344.011 1.216 1368.987 ��
�
2 1.266 1368.937

57. P a g e | 50

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Rupa Rokka Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
4 0.989 1369.214
2 0.857 1369.346
3 0.791 1369.412
0+349.059 1.362 1368.841 ??????�
�
2 1.367 1368.836
4 1.386 1368.817
1 1.335 1368.868
3 0.797 1369.406
0+358.038 1.600 1368.603 ��
�
2 1.764 1368.439
4 1.673 1368.530


3 1.660 1368.543
7 1.825 1368.378
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.947 2.035 1369.115 1368.168
0+366.686 1.076 1368.039 ��
�
2 1.167 1367.948
4 1.124 1367.991
2 1.036 1368.079
4 0.772 1.004 1368.111
0+375.334 1.855 1367.028 ??????�
�
1 1.973 1366.910
3 2.224 1366.659

58. P a g e | 51

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Suman Jyoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
1 1.586 1367.297
5 1.049 1367.834
0+382.145 1.679 1.263 1369.299 1367.620 ��
��
3 1.715 1367.584
6 1.874 1367.425
2 1.681 1367.618
4 1.560 1367.739
0+387.743 1.674 0.930 1370.043 1368.369 ��
��
2 1.399 1368.644
4 1.178 1368.865
2 1.879 1368.164


4 2.066 1367.977
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.565 1368.478
0+393.341 1.370 1368.673 ??????�
��
2 1.187 1368.856
2.8 1.016 1369.027


2 1.615 1368.428
3.5 1.914 1.604 1370.353 1368.439
0+413.341 1.313 1369.040 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.132 1369.221

Building

2 1.775 1.290 1370.838 1369.063

59. P a g e | 52

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Sabina Dhungana Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
3.5 1.374 1369.464
0+423.039 1.521 1369.317 ��
��
2 1.453 1369.385
3.3 1.093 1369.745
3 1.506 1369.332
6 1.403 1369.435
????????????
�� ??????�
�� 1.248 1369.590
0+428.564 1.291 1369.547 ��
��
2 1.231 1369.607
3.4 0.924 1369.914
3 1.078 1369.760


5.8 0.832 1370.006
0+434.089 0.943 1369.895 ??????�
��
1 0.931 1369.907
2.3 0.900 1369.938
1 0.924 1369.914


2.4 0.513 0.784 1370.567 1370.054
0+454.541 1.467 1369.100 ��
��
1 1.540 1369.027
2.4 1.785 1368.782
2 1.420 1369.147
3.6 1.486 1369.081

60. P a g e | 53

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Rupa Rokka Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+457.891 1.686 1368.881 ��
��
1.4 2.079 1368.488

Obstruct
1370.567
2 1.557 1369.010
4.8 1.554 1369.013
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.946 1.759 1369.754 1368.808
0+461.241 1.383 1368.371 ??????�
��
1 1.474 1368.280
2 2.784 1366.970
3 0.892 1368.862
5 0.875 1368.879


0+481.241 1.231 1368.523 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.499 1368.255
4 1.535 1368.219
2 1.176 1368.578
3 1.204 1368.550


0+501.241 1.678 1368.076 ??????�
�� + 40
2 1.375 1368.379
4.8 1.701 1368.053
2 1.542 1368.212
3 1.784 1.578 1369.960 1368.176
??????�
�� 1.830 1368.130

61. P a g e | 54

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Sujan Shiwakoti Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+522.942 1.509 1368.451 ��
��
3 1.596 1368.364
6 1.942 1368.018
2 1.663 1368.297

Obstacles
1369.960
0+529.372 1.268 1368.692 ��
��
2 1.292 1368.668
4.8 1.392 1368.568
2 1.280 1368.680
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 3 1.989 1.410 1370.539 1368.550
0+535.802 1.435 1369.104 ??????�
��
2 1.386 1369.153
3 1.441 1369.098
2 1.461 1369.078
3.2 1.538 1369.001
0+542.989 1.105 1369.434 ��
��
2 1.106 1369.433
fall 1370.539
2 1.191 1369.348
4 1.242 1369.297
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.850 1368.689
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.501 0.961 1371.079 1369.578

62. P a g e | 55

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Manoj Budhathoki Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+546.167 1.563 1369.516 ��
��
1 1.555 1369.524
Fall 1371.079
2 1.556 1369.523
5 1.231 1369.848
0+549.344 1.441 1369.638 ??????�
��
1 1.505 1369.574
Fall 1371.079
2 1.441 1369.638
5 1.220 1369.859
0+569.344 1.380 1369.699 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.350 1369.729
3 1.121 1369.958
2 1.451 1369.628
3.55 1.254 1369.825
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.773 1.511 1370.341 1369.568


0+582.056 1.233 1369.108 ��
��
2 0.470 0.751 1370.060 1369.590
Rise
2 1.054 1369.006
4 1.242 1368.818
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 2.141 1367.919

63. P a g e | 56

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+587.521 2.165 1367.895 ��
��
2 2.171 1367.889
3 2.427 1367.633
2 2.169 1367.891
5 0.887 1.501 1369.446 1368.559
0+592.986 1.612 3.220 1367.838 1366.226 ??????�
��
2 1.495 1366.343

building
2 1.635 1366.203
4 0.762 1.339 1367.261 1366.499
0+602.986 1.263 3.035 1365.489 1364.226 ??????�
�� + 10
2 1.121 1364.368

building
2 1.265 1364.224
4 0.840 1.554 1364.775 1363.935
0+615.895 2.050 1362.725 ��
��
2 1.980 1362.795
5.5 1.648 1363.127
2 2.042 1362.733
5 1.778 1362.997
0+619.175 1.310 2.650 1363.435 1362.125 ��
��
2 1.283 1362.152

64. P a g e | 57

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
5 1.218 1362.217
2 1.177 1362.258
3.6 1.454 1361.981
0+622.455 1.689 1361.746 ??????�
��
2 1.920 1361.515
5 2.364 1361.071
2 1.398 1362.037
3.5 1.690 1361.745
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.807 1.266 1362.976 1362.169
0+642.455 1.242 1361.734 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.264 1361.712
4 1.221 1361.755
2 1.141 1361.835
3 1.492 1361.484
0+650.733 1.430 1361.546 ��
��
2 1.397 1361.579
4 1.370 1361.606
2 1.020 1.714 1362.282 1361.262

building

0+655.913 0.913 1361.369 ��
��
1.6 0.901 1361.381
2.6 0.905 1361.377

65. P a g e | 58

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
2 1.060 1361.222
2.9 1.103 1361.179 ****
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.881 1360.401
0+661.093 1.062 1361.220 ??????�
��
1.2 1.040 1361.242
Wall
2 0.514 0.746 1362.050 1361.536
0+680.932 2.153 1359.897 ��
��
1.5 2.365 1359.685
Wall
3 0.990 2.360 1360.680 1359.690


0+684.039 1.006 1359.674 ��
��
2 1.834 1358.846

Building 1360.68
2 1.002 1359.678
4 1.186 1359.494
??????�
��

??????�
�� 0.996 1359.684
0+687.145 1.928 1358.752 ??????�
��
2 2.305 1358.375
4 2.621 1358.059
2 1.289 1359.391
5 0.600 1.078 1360.202 1359.602

66. P a g e | 59

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+707.145 1.500 1358.702 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.894 1358.308
3 2.115 1358.087
2 1.436 1358.766
3 0.690 1.318 1359.574 1358.884
0+718.148 1.512 1358.062 ��
��
1 1.456 1358.118
Tent
2 1.481 1358.093
wall
0+721.900 1.256 1.628 1359.202 1357.946 ��
��
1.45 1.360 1357.842
2 1.240 1357.962

Building

??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.180 1358.022
0+725.651 1.286 1357.916 ??????�
��
1.30 1.421 1357.781
2 1.356 1357.846

Building

0+745.651 1.675 1357.527 ??????�
�� + 20
2 1.871 1357.331
wall

67. P a g e | 60

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
2 1.619 1357.583
3 1.431 1357.771
0+765.651 0.715 2.542 1357.375 1356.660 ??????�
�� + 40
2 1.651 1355.724
5 2.031 1355.344
2 0.701 1356.674
2.7 0.624 1356.751
0+786.117 1.801 1355.574 ��
��
2 1.800 1355.575
wall


2 1.875 1355.500
0+789.452 0.869 1.936 1356.308 1355.439 ��
��
2 0.979 1355.329
5 1.361 1354.947
2 0.795 1355.513
??????�
��

??????�
�� 0.756 1355.552
0+792.787 1.041 1355.267 ??????�
��
2 1.132 1355.176
5 1.362 1354.946
2 1.556 1354.752
3 1.170 1355.138
0+795.706 1.130 1355.178 ��
��

68. P a g e | 61

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
3 1.351 1354.957
6 1.419 1354.889
2 1.091 1355.217
4 0.756 1355.552
0+799.959 1.375 1354.933 ��
��
2 1.457 1354.851
4 1.495 1354.813
2 0.856 1355.452

Building

??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.121 1355.187
0+804.212 1.484 1354.824 ??????�
��
3 1.571 1354.737
6 1.571 1354.737
1 1.210 1355.098

Building

0+824.212 0.955 2.595 1354.668 1353.713 ??????�
�� + 20
3 0.881 1353.787
4 0.449 1354.219
2 0.881 1353.787
3 0.792 1353.876
0+844.212 2.115 1352.553 ??????�
�� + 40
3 0.776 1.589 1353.855 1353.079

69. P a g e | 62

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
6 0.785 1353.070
2 1.361 1352.494
4 1.641 1352.214
0+864.212 1.509 1352.346 ??????�
�� + 60
2 1.452 1352.403
4 0.974 1352.881
2 1.633 1352.222
4 1.581 1352.274
0+884.212 1.872 1351.983 ??????�
�� + 80
2 1.845 1352.010
Wall


2 2.006 1351.849
3 1.396 2.607 1352.644 1351.248
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.541 1352.103
0+904.212 0.620 2.725 1350.539 1349.919 ??????�
��+100
2 0.635 1349.904
3 0.422 1350.117
3 0.910 1349.629
6 0.805 1349.734
0+924.212 1.205 1349.334 ??????�
��+120
3 1.391 1349.148
6 1.082 1349.457

70. P a g e | 63

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
3 1.141 1349.398
6 1.060 1349.479
0+917.426 1.235 1349.304 ��
��
3 1.441 1349.098
5 1.395 1349.144
3 1.074 1349.465
5 0.691 1349.848
0+930.376 1.275 1349.264 ��
��
3 1.435 1349.104
6 1.550 1348.989
3 0.665 1349.874


4 0.475 1350.064
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 0.670 1349.869
0+943.326 1.375 1349.164 ??????�
��
3 1.684 1348.855
6 1.740 1348.799


0.5 0.402 1.050 1349.891 1349.489
0+963.326 1.355 1348.536 ??????�
�� + 20
3 1.405 1348.486
6 1.090 1348.801
2 1.901 1347.990

Building

71. P a g e | 64

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Profile and Cross-Section Sheet
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- April-08
Booker:- Anita Chapagain Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Station Distances BS IS FS Height of Instrument RL Remarks
L C R
0+983.326 2.055 1347.836 ??????�
�� + 40
3 2.000 1347.891
4 1.985 1347.906
3 2.500 1347.391
6 2.060 1347.831
??????�
�� ??????�
�� 1.945 1347.946





3.8 Estimation of Road(Cut/Fill)
Formation Width (B) = 10 m
Side Slope for cutting/Excavation, (p:1) = 1.5:1
Side slope for Filling/Embankment, (s:1) = 2:1

72. P a g e | 65

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage 0+000 0+5.273 0+10.575 0+15.876 0+35.876 0+55.876 0+70.586 0+85.318 0+94.413 0+104.208
R.L of G.L 1373.375 1373.207 1373.223 1373.117 1373.056 1372.739 1372.305 1372.105 1371.948 1371.877
R.L of F.L 1373.375 1373.205 1373.202 1373.100 1372.910 1372.510 1372.305 1372.088 1372.050 1371.960
Depth Cut 0 0.002 0.021 0.017 0.146 0.229 0 0.017
Fill 0 0 0.102 0.083

Chainage 0+126.806 0+135.088 0+143.370 0+173.242 0+178.858 0+184.473 0+204.473 0+216.712 0+239.644 0+259.644
R.L of G.L 1371.946 1371.759 1371.571 1371.658 1371.399 1371.322 1370.998 1371.036 1370.408 1370.156
R.L of F.L 1371.710 1371.690 1371.560 1371.320 1371.315 1371.985 1371.160 1371.036 1370.682 1370.320
Depth Cut 0.236 0.069 0.011 0.338 0.084 0
Fill 0.663 0.162 0 0.274 0.164

Chainage 0+290.547 0+298.077 0+305.607 0+325.607 0+338.963 0+344.011 0+349.059 0+358.038 0+366.686 0+375.334
R.L of G.L 1369.458 1369.551 1369.239 1369.239 1369.014 1368.987 1368.841 1368.603 1368.039 1367.028
R.L of F.L 1369.650 1369.600 1369.950 1369.332 1368.960 1368.795 1368.625 1368.702 1368.106 1367.880
Depth Cut 0.054 0.192 0.216
Fill 0.192 0.049 0.711 0.093 0.099 0.067 0.852

73. P a g e | 66

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage 0+382.145 0+387.743 0+393.341 0+413.341 0+423.039 0+428.564 0+434.089 0+454.541 0+457.891 0+461.241
R.L of G.L 1367.620 1368.369 1368.673 1369.040 1369.317 1369.547 1369.895 1369.100 1368.881 1368.371
R.L of F.L 1367.620 1367.920 1368.160 1368.970 1369.317 1369.298 1369.220 1368.920 1368.890 1368.820
Depth Cut 0 0.449 0.513 0.070 0 0.249 0.675 0.180
Fill 0 0 0.009 0.449

Chainage 0+481.241 0+501.241 0+522.942 0+529.372 0+535.802 0+542.989 0+546.167 0+549.344 0+569.344 0+582.056
R.L of G.L 1368.523 1368.076 1368.451 1368.682 1369.104 1369.434 1369.516 1369.638 1369.699 1369.108
R.L of F.L 1368.523 1368.900 1369.205 1369.296 1369.400 1369.500 1369.508 1369.638 1367.975 1366.900
Depth Cut 0 0.008 0
Fill 0 0.824 0.754 0.614 0.296 0.066 0 1.724 2.208

Chainage 0+587.821 0+592.986 0+602.986 0+615.895 0+619.175 0+622.455 0+642.455 0+650.733 0+655.913 0+661.093
R.L of G.L 1367.895 1366.226 1364.226 1362.725 1362.152 1361.746 1361.734 1361.456 1361.369 1360.401
R.L of F.L 1366.450 1366.000 1365.200 1364.080 1363.750 1363.530 1361.734 1361.306 1361.080 1360.798
Depth Cut 1.445 0.226 0 0.15 0.289
Fill 0.974 1.355 1.598 1.784 0 0.397

74. P a g e | 67

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage 0+680.932 0+684.039 0+687.145 0+707.145 0+718.148 0+721.900 0+725.651 0+745.651 0+765.651 0+786.117
R.L of G.L 1359.897 1359.674 1358.752 1358.702 1358.062 1357.946 1357.916 1357.527 1356.660 1355.574
R.L of F.L 1359.840 1359.675 1359.540 1358.750 1358.300 1358.208 1358.104 1357.190 1356.386 1355.574
Depth Cut 0.057 0.337 0.274 0
Fill 0.001 0.788 0.048 0.238 0.262 0.188 0

Chainage 0+789.452 0+792.787 0+795.706 0+799.959 0+804.212 0+824.212 0+844.212 0+864.212 0+884.212 0+904.212
R.L of G.L 1355.439 1355.267 1355.178 1354.933 1354.824 1353.713 1352.553 1352.346 1351.983 1349.919
R.L of F.L 1355.392 1355.204 1355.100 1354.820 1354.608 1353.585 1352.553 1351.886 1351.265 1350.596
Depth Cut 0.047 0.063 0.078 0.113 0.216 0.128 0 0.460 0.718
Fill 0 0.677

Chainage 0+917.426 0+924.212 0+930.376 0+943.326 0+963.326
R.L of G.L 1349.304 1349.334 1349.264 1349.164 1348.536
R.L of F.L 1350.106 1349.925 1349.225 1349.285 1348.536
Depth Cut 0.039
Fill 0.802 0.591 0.121 0

75. P a g e | 68

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

1. Zero Pass lies between 85.318 to 94.413 m chainage Fill
Cut
9.095 - x
9.095
0.102
0.017
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.017
??????
=
0.102
9.095− ??????


0.017x9.095 – 0.017� = 0.102�
?????? = 1.300 m
2. Zero Pass lies between 104.208 to 126.806 m chainage Fill
Cut
22.598 - x
22.598
0.083
0.236
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.083
=
22.598− ??????
0.236


0.236� = 0.083x22.598 – 0.083�
?????? = 5.880 m

76. P a g e | 69

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

3. Zero Pass lies between 178.858 to 184.473 m chainage Fill
Cut
5.615 - x
5.615
0.663
0.084
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.084
??????
=
0.663
5.615− ??????


0.084x5.615 – 0.084� = 0.663�
?????? = 0.631 m
4. Zero Pass lies between 325.607 to 338.963 m
chainage Fill
Cut
13.356 - x
13.356
0.093
0.054
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.093
=
13.356− ??????
0.054


0.054� = 0.093x13.356 – 0.093�
?????? = 12.775 m

77. P a g e | 70

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

5. Zero Pass lies between 349.059 to 358.038 m chainage Fill
Cut
8.979 - x
8.979
0.099
0.216
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.216
??????
=
0.099
8.979− ??????


0.216x8.979 – 0.216� = 0.099�
?????? = 6.157 m
6. Zero Pass lies between 382.145 to 387.743 m chainage Fill
Cut
5.598 - x
5.598
0.00
0.449
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.0
=
5.598− ??????
0.449


?????? = 0.449 m

78. P a g e | 71

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti


7. Zero Pass lies between 454.541 to 457.891 m chainage Fill
Cut
3.350 - x
3.350
0.009
0.180
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.180
??????
=
0.009
3.350− ??????


0.180x3.350 – 0.180� = 0.009�
?????? = 3.190m
8. Zero Pass lies between 542.989 to 546.167 m
chainage Fill
Cut
3.178 - x
3.178
0.066
0.008
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.066
=
3.178− ??????
0.008


0.008� = 0.066x3.178 – 0.066�
?????? = 2.834 m

79. P a g e | 72

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

9. Zero Pass lies between 549.344 to 569.344 m chainage Fill
Cut
20 - x
20
1.724
0.000
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.00
??????
=
1.724
20− ??????


?????? = 1.724 m
10. Zero Pass lies between 582.056 to 587.821 m
chainage Fill
Cut
5.765 - x
5.765
2.208
1.445
x


Use Similar Triangle,
??????
2.208
=
5.765− ??????
1.445


1.445� = 2.208x5.765 – 2.208�
?????? = 3.485 m

80. P a g e | 73

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
11. Zero Pass lies between 592.986 to 602.986 m chainage Fill
Cut
10 - x
10
0.974
0.226
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.226
??????
=
0.974
10− ??????


0.226x10 – 0.226� = 0.974�
?????? = 1.883 m
12. Zero Pass lies between 622.455 to 642.455 m
chainage Fill
Cut
20 - x
20
1.784
0.000
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
1.784
=
20− ??????
0.0


?????? = 1.784 m

81. P a g e | 74

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

13. Zero Pass lies between 655.913 to 661.093 m chainage Fill
Cut
5.18 - x
5.180
0.397
0.289
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.289
??????
=
0.397
5.180− ??????


0.289x5.180 – 0.289� = 0.397�
?????? = 2.182 m
14. Zero Pass lies between 661.093 to 680.932 m
chainage Fill
Cut
19.839 - x
19.839
0.397
0.057
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.397
=
19.839− ??????
0.057


0.057� = 0.397x19.839 – 0.397�
?????? = 17.348 m

82. P a g e | 75

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti



15. Zero Pass lies between 680.932 to 684.039 m chainage Fill
Cut
3.107 - x
3.107
0.001
0.057
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.057
??????
=
0.001
3.107− ??????


0.057x3.107 – 0.057� = 0.001�
?????? = 3.053 m
16. Zero Pass lies between 725.651 to 745.651 m
chainage Fill
Cut
20 - x
20
0.188
0.337
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.188
=
20− ??????
0.337


0.337� = 0.188x20 – 0.188�
?????? = 7.162 m

83. P a g e | 76

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti

17. Zero Pass lies between 884.212 to 904.212 m chainage Fill
Cut
20 - x
20
0.677
0.718
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.718
??????
=
0.677
20− ??????


0.718x20 – 0.718� = 0.677�
?????? = 10.294 m
18. Zero Pass lies between 924.212 to 930.376 m
chainage Fill
Cut
6 .1 6 4 - x
6 .1 64
0 .5 91
0 .0 39
x

Use Similar Triangle,
??????
0.591
=
6.164− ??????
0.039


0.039� = 0.591x6.164 – 0.591�
?????? = 5.782 m

84. P a g e | 77

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
19. Zero Pass lies between 930.376 to 943.326 m chainage Fill
Cut
1 2 .9 5 - x
1 2.95
0 .1 21
0 .0 39
x

Use Similar Triangle,
0.039
??????
=
0.121
12.95− ??????


0.039x12.95 – 0.039� = 0.121�
?????? = 3.156 m

85. P a g e | 78

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0 + 000 0.000 0.000
0.001 1.5 0.010002 5.273 0.0527
0 +5.273 0.002
0.0115 1.5 0.115198 5.302 0.6107
0+10.575 0.021
0.019 1.5 0.190542 5.301 1.0100
0+15.876 0.017
0.0815 1.5 0.824963 20.0 16.499
0+35.876 0.146
0.1875 1.5 1.927734 20.0 38.554
0+55.876 0.229
0.1145 1.5 1.164665 14.71 17.132
0+70.586 0.000
0.0085 1.5 0.085108 14.732 1.2538
0+85.318 0.017
0.0085 1.5 0.085108 1.30 0.1106
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.051 2.0 0.5152 8.605 4.4334
0+94.413 0.102
0.093 2.0 0.9473 9.795 9.2788

86. P a g e | 79

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+104.208 0.083
0.042 2.0 0.4235 5.880 2.4904
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.118 1.5 1.2008 16.718 20.0764
0+126.806 0.236
0.1525 1.5 1.5598 8.282 12.9189
0+135.088 0.069
0.040 1.5 0.4024 8.282 3.3326
0+143.370 0.011
0.1745 1.5 1.7906 29.872 53.4910
0+173.242 0.338
0.211 1.5 2.1767 5.616 12.2248
0+178.858 0.084
0.042 1.5 0.4226 0.631 0.2666
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.332 2.0 3.54044 4.984 3.5404
0+184.473 0.663
0.413 2.0 4.4711 20.0 4.4712
0+204.473 0.162
0.081 2.0 0.8231 12.239 0.8231

87. P a g e | 80

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+216.712 0.000
0.137 2.0 1.4075 22.932 1.4075
0+239.644 0.274
0.219 2.0 2.2859 20.0 2.2859
0+259.644 0.164
0.178 2.0 1.8434 30.903 1.8433
0+290.547 0.192
0.1205 2.0 1.2340 7.53 1.2340
0+298.077 0.049
0.38 2.0 4.0888 7.53 4.0888
0+305.607 0.711
0.402 2.0 4.3432 20.0 4.3432
0+325.607 0.093
0.0465 2.0 0.4694 12.775 0.4693
Zero pass 0.000 0.000
0.027 1.5 0.2710 0.581 0.2710
0+338.963 0.054
0.123 1.5 1.2526 5.048 1.2526
0+344.011 0.192
0.204 1.5 2.1024 5.048 2.1024

88. P a g e | 81

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+349.059 0.216
0.108 1.5 1.0974 6.157 1.0974
Zero pass 0.000 0.000
0.0495 2.0 0.4999 3.931 0.4999
0+358.038 0.099
0.083 2.0 0.8437 8.648 0.8437
0+366.686 0.067
0.4595 2.0 5.0172 8.648 5.0172
0+375.334 0.852
0.426 2.0 4.6229 6.811 4.6229
0+382.145 0.000
0.000 2.0 0.0000 0.449 0.0000
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.2245 1.5 2.3206 5.149 2.3206
0+387.743 0.449
0.481 1.5 5.1570 5.598 5.1570
0+393.341 0.513
0.2915 1.5 3.0424 20.0 3.0424
0+413.341 0.070
0.035 1.5 0.3518 9.698 0.3518

89. P a g e | 82

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+423.039 0.000
0.1245 1.5 1.2682 5.525 1.2683
0+428.564 0.249
0.462 1.5 4.9401 5.525 4.9401
0+434.089 0.675
0.4275 1.5 4.5491 20.452 4.5492
0+454.541 0.180
0.090 1.5 0.9122 3.190 0.9122
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.0045 2.0 0.0450 0.160 0.0450
0+457.891 0.009
0.229 2.0 2.3948 3.350 2.3948
0+461.241 0.449
0.2245 2.0 2.3458 20.0 2.3458
0+481.241 0.000
0.412 2.0 4.4594 20.0 4.4595
0+501.241 0.824
0.789 2.0 9.1350 21.701 9.1350
0+522.942 0.754
0.684 2.0 7.7757 6.430 7.7757

90. P a g e | 83

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+529.372 0.614
0.455 2.0 4.9640 6.430 4.9640
0+535.802 0.296
0.181 2.0 1.8755 7.187 1.8756
0+542.989 0.066
0.033 2.0 0.3322 2.834 0.3322
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.004 1.5 0.0400 0.344 0.0401
0+546.167 0.008
0.004 1.5 0.0400 3.177 0.04002
0+549.344 0.000
0.000 1.5 0.0000 1.724 0.000
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.862 2.0 10.1060 18.276 10.1061
0+569.344 1.724
1.966 2.0 27.3903 12.712 27.3903
0+582.056 2.208
1.104 2.0 13.4776 3.485 13.4776
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.723 1.5 8.015 2.280 18.272

91. P a g e | 84

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+587.821 1.445
0.835 1.5 9.3958 5.165 48.5295
0+592.986 0.226
0.113 1.5 1.1492 1.883 2.16385
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.487 2.0 5.3443 8.117 43.3799
0+602.986 0.974
1.1645 2.0 14.3572 12.909 185.3360
0+615.895 1.355
1.4765 2.0 19.1251 3.28 62.7303
0+619.175 1.598
1.691 2.0 22.629 3.28 74.2229
0+622.455 1.784
0.892 2.0 10.5114 1.784 18.7522
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.000 1.5 18.216
0+642.455 0.000
0.075 1.5 0.7584 8.278 6.2783
0+650.733 0.150
0.219 1.5 2.2619 5.18 11.7168

92. P a g e | 85

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+655.913 0.289
0.145 1.5 1.4815 2.182 3.2327
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.198 2.0 2.0584 2.998 6.1711
0+661.093 0.397
0.198 2.0 2.0584 17.348 35.7092
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.028 1.5 0.2812 2.491 0.7004
0+680.932 0.057
0.028 1.5 0.2811 3.053 0.8584
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.0005 2.0 0.0050 0.054 0.00027
0+684.039 0.001
0.3945 2.0 4.2562 3.106 13.2199
0+687.145 0.788
0.418 2.0 4.5294 20.0 90.5889
0+707.145 0.048
0.143 2.0 1.4708 11.003 16.1843
0+718.148 0.238
0.250 2.0 2.625 3.752 9.8490

93. P a g e | 86

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+721.900 0.262
0.225 2.0 2.3512 3.751 8.8196
0+725.651 0.188
0.094 2.0 0.9576 7.162 6.8588
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.1685 1.5 1.7276 12.838 22.1787
0+745.651 0.337
0.3055 1.5 3.1949 20.0 63.899
0+765.651 0.274
0.137 1.5 1.3981 20.466 28.6146
0+786.117 0.000
0.0235 1.5 0.2358 3.335 0.7865
0+789.452 0.047
0.055 1.5 0.5545 3.335 1.8494
0+792.787 0.063
0.0705 1.5 0.7124 2.919 2.0796
0+795.706 0.078
0.0955 1.5 0.9686 4.253 4.1198
0+799.959 0.113
0.1645 1.5 1.6856 4.253 7.1688

94. P a g e | 87

A Report of Major Project Prepared By: Suman Jyoti
MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+804.212 0.216
0.172 1.5 1.7643 20.0 35.2875
0+824.212 0.128
0.064 1.5 0.6461 20.0 12.9229
0+844.212 0.000
0.23 1.5 2.3794 20.0 47.587
0+864.212 0.460
0.589 1.5 6.4103 20.0 128.2076
0+884.212 0.718
0.359 1.5 3.7833 10.294 38.9455
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.339 2.0 3.6198 9.706 35.1342
0+904.212 0.677
0.739 2.0 8.4822 13.214 112.0843
0+917.426 0.802
0.697 2.0 7.9416 6.786 53.8918
0+924.212 0.591
0.296 2.0 3.1352 5.782 18.1279
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.0195 1.5 0.1956 0.382 0.0747

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MADAN ASHRIT MEMORIAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Kageshwori Manahara, Kathmandu
Estimation of Road Survey
MAJOR PROJECT- 2018
Observer:- Suman Jyoti Date:- 2018- August-27
Booker:- Group D Location:- MAMTS (Gotahatar, Kathmandu)
Chainage Depth (D) Mean Depth (D m) Side Slope Area, A = BD m + SDm
2
Length Quantity
Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+930.376 0.039
0.0195 1.5 0.1955 3.156 0.6172
Zero Pass 0.000 0.000
0.0605 2.0 0.6123 9.794 5.9970
0+943.326 0.121
0.0605 2.0 0.6123 20.00 12.2464
0+963.326 0.000


Total ∑Cut = 922.948 ∑Fill =2313.257

Thus, Earthwork for Road work is;
Total Cutting, ∑Cut = 922.948 m
3
Total Filling, ∑Fill =2313.257 m
3

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3.9 Comments and Conclusion:
Survey of the road alignment was done to make most economical, comfortable, safe and durable. Extra care is taken to avoid any soil erosion and
any other ecological damage. Vertical and horizontal curves are set according to Road design standards for comfort and other factors. While setting
the road alignment, it should be kept in mind that the minimum IP points should be taken as far as possible and deflection angles should be
minimum as far as possible. The task was challengeable and tough due to the high altitude along the route.
In spite of the different kinds of obstacles in the field, our group was successful in completing the fieldwork as well as the office work in time. In
the field, we had spent quite some time discussing the route of the road and also in designing the curves, which led to good results, The grade
change was very sharp which created nuisance in working with the Auto Level Moreover, after performing this road alignment survey, we were
able to build up our confidence in designing roads at difficult terrain taking factors like economy, convenience and its use into consideration.

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Chapter Four
Irrigation
4.1 Introduction
An Irrigation is the artificial process of supplying water to the soil for the proper growth of
Plant and Crop. In other words, the artificial application of water to the land for supplementing the
naturally available moisture in the root zone of the soil for the purpose of increasing the agricultural
productivity is termed as Irrigation.
4.2 Scope of Irrigation
 Yield of crops can be increased by irrigation even in the period of low Rainfall.
 Optimum use of water is possible by irrigation to obtain maximum output.
 Farmers can grow two or more crops, if irrigation of water is assured throughout the year
which adds to their prosperity.
 It adds to the revenue of the country, when water tax is taken from farmers for supplying
water.
 Irrigation water may be used as a source of domestic and industrial water supply.
 Irrigation makes the country self-sufficient in food by improving the production.
 Protection from famine, nutrition of population.
 It increase the value of land.
 It increase the ground water table.
 It can generated hydro-electricity and other similar plant.
 Deep and long irrigation canal can be used for navigation purpose.
4.3 Methods of irrigation
IRRIGATION METHODS

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4.4 Headwork
The works which are to be constructed at the head of the canal in order to divert the river water
towards the canal or to store the river water, so as to ensure a continuous regulated supply of water,
are known as Headwork.
In other word, Headwork is a civil engineering term for any structure at the head or diversion point of
a waterway. It is smaller than a barrage and is used to divert water from a river into a canal or from a
large canal into a smaller canal.
4.4.1 Components of Headwork:
Divide Wall
It is an embankment constructed in the river, U/S of the weir. Its axis is kept at right angles to the axis
of the weir. The embankment is protected from all the sides with the help of stone or concrete blocks.
The divide wall separates weir from under sluices. It extends a little U/ S of canal regulator and on D/S
end up to loose protection of the under sluices. It may be made of concrete or masonry, with top
width of 1.5 m to 3m.

Fish Ladder:
Fish ladder is a fish pass provided along the divide wall to enable migrating fishes to move
from U/S to D/S and D/S to U/S direction, in different seasons. Fish ladders are provided on
all such works which hinder their movements. Fish ladder is always located along the divide
wall as some water always remains here.

Canal Head Regulator:
It is a masonry or concrete structure, constructed at the head of the canal taking-off from the river. It
is constructed U/S of the under sluices and located in one bank. Its alignment is kept at angle varying
from 90° to 120° with the axis of the weir. The head regulator consists of a number of spans separated
by piers and each span is fitted with a steel gate which can be moved up or down in the grooves made
in the piers, with the help of either manual labour or winches. In old regulators, the spans used to be
quite small, but the modern trend is to use larger spans of 8 to 18 m.

Under Sluice:
These are openings provided in the body wall of weir or barrage whose function are:
-Transportation of the deposited silt in front of the head regulator at the upstream side
to the downstream. Thus, preventive the bed silt entry into the canal.
-Creating a clear, un-obstructed river channel at the head regulator.
-Reducing the maximum flood level.

Still Pocket: It is the pond created by divide wall to store water which helps to deposition of silt and
regular flow of water into the canal.

Silt Excluder:
Silt excluder are those works which are constructed on the bed level of the river upstream of the head
regulator. The clear water enters the head regulator and silted water enters the head regulator and
silted water enter the silt excluder. In this type of work the silt is removed from the water before it
enters the canal.


Silt Ejector:

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Silt ejector are also called silt extractors. These are devices which extract the silt from the canal water
after the silting water has traveled a certain distance in the off-taking canal. These works are
constructed on the bed level of canal and a little distance downstream from the head regulator. Silt
ejectors are constructed in the form of settling basin.

River training work:
River training works are required near the hydraulic structure in order to ensure the smooth flow of
water in the river. It also helps to fixed the width of river. In the construction of head works following
river training structure are constructed:
i)Guide Bond: This is also known as Bell’s bond. It is constructed parallel to the flow of river near the
hydraulic structure. The main functions are:
-Protection of hydraulic structure from the impact of water.
-Controlling and regulating the flow of water near the hydraulic structure.
ii)Marginal Bond: These are earthen embankments or masonry wall constructed to the river along the
banks. They are located near the divergent head works and the main function of marginal bond is to
control the flood and prevent submerged of land and canal behind the hydraulic structure.

4.4.2 Sketch of Headwork

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4.5 Typical Headwork Structure

4.5.1 Aqueduct
When the HFL of the drain is sufficiently below the bottom of the canal such that the drainage water
flows freely under gravity, the structure is known as Aqueduct.
 In this, canal water is carried across the drainage in a trough supported on piers.
 Bridge carrying water
 Provided when sufficient level difference is available between the canal and natural and canal
bed is sufficiently higher than HFL.




Fig: Aqueduct

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4.5.2 Syphon Aqueduct
In case of the siphon Aqueduct, the HFL of the drain is much higher above the canal bed, and
water runs under syphonic action through the Aqueduct barrels.
The drain bed is generally depressed and provided with pucci floors, on the upstream side, the
drainage bed may be joined to the pucca floor either by a vertical drop or by glacis of 3:1. The
downstream rising slope should not be steeper than 5:1. When the canal is passed over the
drain, the canal remains open for inspection throughout and the damage caused by flood is rare.
However during heavy floods, the foundations are susceptible to scour or the waterway of drain
may get choked due to debris, tress etc.
The structures that fall under this type are:
 Super passage
 Canal siphon or called syphon only

Fig: Syphon Aqueduct

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4.5.3 Super Passage:
The hydraulic structure in which the drainage is passing over the irrigation canal is known as super
passage. This structure is suitable when the bed level of drainage is above the flood surface level of
the canal. The water of the canal passes clearly below the drainage
 A super passage is similar to an aqueduct, except in this case the drain is over the canal.
 The FSL of the canal is lower than the underside of the trough carrying drainage water. Thus,
the canal water runs under the gravity.
 Reverse of an aqueduct

4.5.4 Falls:
Irrigation canal are constructed by some permissible bed slopes, so that there is no silting and scouring
in the canal bed. But it is not always possible to run the canal at the desired bed slope through-out
the alignment. Sometimes the ground surface may very step where bed level cannot be maintained.
It requires excessive earthwork in filling to maintain the slope. In such a case, vertical drops or falls
are provided to avoided excessive earthwork in filling. Such vertical drops are called canal falls.

4.6 Canal Lining:
Canal lining is the process of reducing seepage loss of irrigation water by adding an impermeable layer
to the edges of the trench. Seepage can result in losses of 30 to 50 percent of irrigation water from
canals, so adding lining can make irrigation systems more efficient.
Types of Canal Lining
 Reinforced Cement Concrete lining:
 Plain Cement Concrete Lining:
 Prefabricated Cement Concrete Lining:
 Shotcrete Lining:
 Brick or Tile Lining:
 Asphalt Concrete Lining:
 Stone Slab Lining:
 Soil-Cement Lining:
 Compacted / Stabilized Earth Lining:
 Exposed Membrane Lining:
 Buried Membrane Lining:

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Major Project Photos

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