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1. Readingsin Philippine
History

2. Chapter 1: Introduction toHistory
LearningObjectives:
•To understand the meaning of history as an academic
discipline and to be familiar with the underlying
philosophy and methodology of thediscipline.
•To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and
philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical
narratives.
•To examine and assess critically the value of historical
evidences andsources.
•To appreciate the importance of history in the social and
national life of the Philippines.

3. Definition and SubjectMatter
•The study of the past.
•History was derived from the Greek word
Historia (knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation).
•This term was then adapted to Latin where it
acquire a new definition; Historia became
known as the account of the past of a person or of a
group of people through written documents and
historicalevidences.

4. •The Latin meaning stuck until the early parts of
the twentieth century, making History an
important academicdiscipline.
•It became the Historian’s duty to write about
the lives of important individuals like monarch’s,
heroes, saints, andnobilities/nobles.
•History was also focused on writing about wars,
revolutions, and other importantbreakthroughs.

5. What Counts asHistory?
•Traditional historians lived with the mantraof
“No document, nohistory”.
•> This means that unless a written document
can prove a historical event, then it cannot be
considered as a historicalfact.

6. •Giving premium to written documents essentially
invalidates the history of other civilizations that do
not keep written records. (Ex. Peasant families and
Indigenous Groups who were not given much
thought about being registered to government
records)
•Does the absence of written documents about them
mean that they were people of no history or past?
Did they even exist? This loophole was recognized by
historians who started using other historical
sources, which may not be written but just asvalid.

7. OralSource
•Oral source or oral data are testimonies handed
down to us by word of mouth from one generation
to another overtime.
•According to Janvansina “oral tradition are all
testimonies concerned past which are transmitted
from one generation toanother”.
•A few examples of these are Oral Traditions in
forms of epics and songs, artifacts, architecture,
andmemory.

8. •History thus became more inclusive and started collaborating
with other disciplines as its auxillarydisciplines.
•With the aid of Archaeologists, historians can use artifacts
from a bygone era to study ancient civilizations that were
formerly ignored in history because of lack ofdocuments.
•Linguists can also be helpful in tracing hisorical evolutions,
past connections among different groups, and flow of cultural
influence by studying language and the changes it has
undergone.
•Even Biologists and Biochemists can help through
analyzing genetic and DNA patterns of humansocieties.

9. Importance of History
1.Studyinghistoryisimportantbecauseitallowsusto
identifyourselvesinthelargerpast,andrecognizethat
weareshapedbyhistoricalprocesses.
2.Historyalsogivesusinvaluablelessonsfromthepast
thatcanhelpusunderstandthepresentandprepare
forthefuture.
3.Historyisaneyeopenertounderstandourculture,
languageandsociety.
4.Historymayarousepatriotic,humanitariannaturein
people

10. Branches of History
•PoliticalHistoryisthenarrationoftheevolutionofthe
politicalrelatedmattersofthepast.Thisbranchofhistory
dealswiththeanalysisofpoliticalleaders,ideas,events,
movements,activitiesandsoon,alongwiththemakingof
governmentpolicies(constitutionsetc).
•Militaryhistoryreferstowarfare,strategies,battles,
weapons,andcombatpsychology.The"newmilitaryhistory“
sincethe1970shasbeenmoreconcernedwithsoldiersthan
withgenerals,withpsychologyratherthantacticsandwith
thewiderimpactofwaronsocietyandculture.

11. Branches of History
•DiplomaticHistoryisthebranchofhistorythatfocuses
onthestudyofinternationalrelationsbetweennations
(betweenstates).Thishistorytendstobemoreconcerned
withthehistoryofdiplomacyandtheideasofdiplomacy
andmuchmore
•CulturalHistoryisthebranchofhistorythatdealswith
thetraditionsandculturalinterpretationofthepast.Itisa
studyofvariousfacetsofhumanandhistory.Simply,
culturalhistoryrecordsandinterpretsvariouspastevents
involvinghumanbeingslikeliterature,sport,and
entertainmentandmuchmore

12. Branches of History
•SocialHistoryfocusesonthestudyofvarioussocietal
normslikewaysofliving,standard,customs,disciplines,
statusandsoonofthepeople,alongsidethedemography.
Simply,itisabranchofhistorywhichlooksatthelived
experienceofthepast.Today,socialhistoryisotherwise
calledtheNewSocialHistory
•EconomicHistoryisthebranchofhistorythatfocuseson
thestudyofeconomiesaswellaseconomicalphenomenaof
thepast.Simply,thestudyofthepatternoftheproduction,
consumptionalongsideindustry,marketandsoon
concerningthepast,economichistoryaimstounderstand
thehistoricaleventsoftheeconomicalprocesses

13. Branches of History
•IntellectualHistoryaimstounderstandtheideas
(ideologyandphilosophy)byunderstandingthepolitical,
cultural,intellectual,andsocialcontextofthepast.
Intellectualhistoryisaboutthehuman(historians)actions
andhowtheydevelopedhistory.
•Environmentalhistoryisthestudyofhumaninteraction
withthenaturalworldovertime.Environmentalhistory
tendstofocusonparticulartimescales,geographical
regionsorkeyissues.

14. Historyand Story
•History:unaccountable,morefactual,non-fiction,
academic,itreallyhappened.
•Story:imaginary,fiction,narrative,itoftendidn’treally
happen
Buttherearemomentswherehistory,whichisnotcountable,
andstory,whichiscountable,actuallycanbethesamething,
andthisiswhenthereareanecdotes,anecdotesorbiographies,
documentaries,orhistoricalmovies.

15. Questions and Issues inHistory
Questions RegardingHistory
•What isHistory?
•Why study History?
•History forwhom?
•All of these questions can be answeredby
Historiography (It is the history ofhistory.)

16. History Vs.Historiography?
•History -object of the study is the past, the
events that happened in the past, and the causes
of suchevents.
•Historiography –object of study is history
itself. (How was a certain historical text written?
Who wrote it? What was the context of its
publication? What particular historical method
was employed? What were the sourcesused?”

17. •In Historiography we do not just get to study
historical facts, but we are also provided with the
understanding of the facts and the historian’s
contexts.
•Historiography is important to someone who
studies history because it teaches the student to
be critical in the lessons of history presented to
them.

18. History Has Played Various Roles in thePast
•States use history to unite a nation. It can be used
as a tool to legitimize regimes and a forge of sense of
collective identity through collectivememory.
•Lessons from the past can make sense of thepresent.
•Lessons of past mistakes can help people to not
repeatthem.
•Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to
keep their good practices to moveforward.

19. School of Thoughts Relating toHistory
1. Positivism (18th –19thcentury)
•
•
•Aschoolofthoughtthatrequiresempiricaland
observableevidencebeforeonecanclaimthata
particularknowledgeistrue.
It entails an objective means of arriving at a
conclusion.
Positivist Historians are expected to be
objective and impartial not just in their
arguments but also on their conduct of historical
research.

20. 2.Postcolonialism
•A school of thought that emerged in the early
20
th
century when formerly colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating their identities
and understanding their societies against the
shadows of their colonialpast.

21. Postcolonial history looks at two things in writinghistory:
A.First is to tell the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that of colonial
discourse andknowledge.
B.Second is to criticize the methods, effects, and idea
ofcolonialism.
•Postcolonialism history is therefore a reaction and
an alternative to the colonial history that colonial
powers created and taught to theirsubjects.

22. History and theHistorian
•If history is written with agenda or is heavily influenced
by the historian, is it possible to come up with an
absolute historicaltruth?
•Is history an objective discipline? If it is not, is it still
worthwhile tostudy?
•Indeed, an exact and accurate account of the past is
impossible for the very simple reason that we cannot go
back to the past. Historians can only get to access
representation of the past through historical sources
andevidences.

23. What is the job of theHistorian?
“Facts cannot speak forthemselves.”
•The historian’s job is to seek and interpretfacts.

24. •It is the job of the historian to give meaning to
these facts and organize them into timelines,
establish causes, and writehistory.
•Meanwhile, the historian is not a blank paper
who mechanically interprets and analyzes
present historical fact. He/she is a person of
his/her own who is influenced by his own
context, environment, ideology, education, and
influences among manyothers.

25. Factors that may influence theHistorian
1.Self-context
2.Environment
3.Ideology
4.Education

26. DeceptionCases in the Philippine History
•The hoax Code of Kalantiaw is one of the most
scandalous case of deception in thePhilippines.
•The code was a set of rules contained in an epic,
Maragtas, which was allegedly written by a certain
Datu Kalantiaw. The document was sold to the
National Library and was regarded as an important
precolonial document until 1968, when american-
historian William Henry Scott debunked the
authenticity of the code due to anachronism and lack of
evidence to prove that the code existed in the
precolonial Philippinesociety.

27. •Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a
decorated World War II soldier who led a
guerilla unit called “Ang Maharlika” This was
widely believed by students of History and
Marcos had war medals to show. This claim,
however was disproven when historians
counterchecked Marcos’ claims with the war
records of the UnitedStates.