Make in India, Golden Quadrilateral & Alternate Fuels: The Tri-Engine of India’s Economic Growth

This Class 12 CBSE Economics project explores India’s transformation into a self-reliant, globally competitive economy through three key growth engines — Make in India, Golden Quadrilateral, and Alternate Fuels.

It presents a multidisciplinary analysis linking macroeconomic indicators, infrastructure development, and energy transition, supported by real data, charts, and government initiatives such as PM Gati Shakti, PLI Scheme, FAME-II, and National Biofuel Policy.

The project examines:

Industrial growth and employment under Make in India

Economic impact of Golden Quadrilateral on trade, logistics, and connectivity

The rise of Ethanol, CNG, EVs, and Green Hydrogen in India’s sustainability journey

Featuring economic data tables (2020–25), comparative insights, and policy updates, this project aligns with Class 12 CBSE Macroeconomics & Indian Economic Development curriculum and highlights India’s roadmap toward Vision 2030 – Green, Competitive, and Connected India.

1. ; coer
UA or coll No PU
Mme au pe Tumed

The‘V' and*L'on th
that claimed Mist

i
RME

2. Ge

A| bis 5 to ces pu ha
| nn’ E G Sn Mabe to India,
5 Gros to
San under tho my ON
cad

Re My erignol. and MAX Me quiet
& CBSE_ Cuieulum

|| Teacher's Sénat ©

25 Er ait

3. ae thanks tomy parents and monies ben thea

= Aditya path.

4. £
E
8
3

5. This project Ah: tical llos of
Brass Sigi min

She xe À ‘alewaic fuel Coiofuls CNG, EN
ethanol) Sn aia oil a at_depende: Sr pain
Climate change, and. Gnd. (eakring, quon oa

Sho en ud

{m ema
ar ra gains in legis ici

Pin ronda À
mane ares in me re EA Maceo” (E
Je rear

6. |

Part E Introduction & Study Framework
© Introduction to Make in india and National infrastructure
Initiatives
© Rationate and Need for study
* Objectives of the study
* Research Questions & Hypotheses:
* Scope and Limitations
* Methodology
* Literature Review and Policy Context -

* Make in India, PLI, Alternate Fuels, Golden Quadrilateral

Part II: Policy & Macro Economic Analys

Im + Policy Architecture: Make in ndia, PLA, and Energy
A
+ Macroeconomis indloatore & Manufacturing

Performance
+ GVA, GFOF, exports, imports, employment trends
+ Balance of Payments and Foreign Investment Analysis

+ Oilimport savings, FDI, CAD, capital account

dynamics

7. Part It: Alternate Fuels € Sectoral Case Studies
Alternate Fusts - Types, Adoption, and Importance

CNG, EVs, Hydrogen, Ethanol Blending; economic &
environmental relevance

Macroeconomic Linkages of Alternate Fuels

Forex savings, CAD reduction, employment, industrial growth
Sectoral Case Studies - Electronics, Automobiles, EVs, CNG &

Ethanol Programs

Part IV: Infrastructure, Logistics & Transport Corridors

* Golden Quadrilateral - Project Overview, Implementation,

and Connectivity
+ Cost-Benefit Analysis of Ga
Truck speed, travel time, accident reduction, logistics
efficiency
Comparative Economic Impact of GQ and Other Corridors
Infrastructure & Logistics: PM Gati Shakti and LPI

Improvements

8. Part V:

Sustainability & Global Competitivenes

Sustainal
t Dilly & Groen Manufacturing Initiatives
* Slobal Competitivens

ess Benchmarking
© SWOT Analysis =

Make in India, Alternate Fuels & GQ Combined|

Findings & Policy Lessons

© Analysis and Discussion
}* Findings of the study

|” Recommendations and Way Ahead
+ Conclusion

Part VII:

Annexures & Supplementary Data
© Annexure A: Multi-Year Macro Indicators, BoP, PL,
Employment, Trade, Ol imports, EV Sales, Ethanol Blending =
© Annexure B: Golden Quadrilateral Map + Truck speed
Comparison
+ Annexure C: Tables (Cost-Benefit, Forex Savings, Trade
Efficiency)
+ Annexure D: Glossary of Terms (CAD, GVA, FDI, EV, CNG, PL,
Lpi)

| Lt Annexure E: Charts & Figures (Labeled & Numbered)

=)

8 Part VI: Bibliography

9. Inlsoduction &
tudy k SOME Or
:Intsoduction
MAkE IN INDIA and

RE rare

towards beaming. a psn
ran. au

Indias
Toss en. a
en India , louched in At 2014, ara una ©

oe a gal eches ond. en eu ie

E this akon Wi mr
+ cia ao Ca ny er ard

ite
em Gah Stabhi one rosraping leg cannostivily,

10. À skzaining Me

à feux annually.

Jegiica cs qxe 13-14% d GDP, cmd to à
OECD ceunkriss, wducing expert cembotitivencss

o Jnhmkucture pasjocks Biko the Golden Quadrilalezal.

Pose altwady reduced tauel time by. 40° ond legals
cs by 41 et GOP.

To la India's ase gu Fajactery, itis
sento to study, Make in India wun),
on forks (onwxgy),and. Golden a

Cnbasuckne) togethon

11. a Objectives
of the Study

To Gnalyee tne macroecenonio eutesma ol Make
in Tie

To un = we e alla ala in seducit
= tds ny

assess the ecenemio grexeth. & imbad e Gadan
en and. lega xaleuns =

To examinatre cocteral cow atudion of elıckens,
aukomobiles|EV's, CG, and elhandl

To benchmask Indie glekal cempuitivenz in Manulachuum,
and injaswetuxe

To provide policy secemmondatiens fer autainabte
guausih

12. Donc

4 R
nz

E
2

E es foe aia Wowaud Iris manulacksin. A
i = Do FL aches toast padron. errpents, and EDI de
infla ? Ss

= (an
ee Ad zuduro eu impots,

À — Hoo hos te Golden Quadulaleal infisd
À - Fans nen

5) — fo infaakwsctoxe ancl onongy seems
competitiveness ? vid en

HD yt

13. > Covess 204-|5 to 2024-25

> focus en Manulackuirg indicnles, BoP,
alleanak buds & GQ

> Tan dato et OSA, RBI, NITL
Rayeg, PIG

Limitations:
> Reliance eh secendary data
> Some dato is peuuisonal Lempleymin))
> form pagjecks (Ce Fy-25-26
= ve beyond. 2

OO

@
i
DG)

14. 2 MoSA, RET, PIB. NITI Rayıg MeitY
ANIICATORS 2 GVA, GFCE, expodslimposs, FDL fosex

TOUS, < Time series analysis, Cow tudio
REPRORCH 3 Combinatico ef quantita dala
analysis + Soieral core suction

Fogmulas > impo Kara ch QUE
used sola co

A y oO
LOT ay
ado Stamm — Sate Ai x 100

By

15. Golden Quadrilaeml = 5,846 km cennecking Delhi,

(2001-

+ Litexatuse
L a

PL] &
ia Uncontises linked to eutquk in

Atlexnale fuls &

DR)

M pm Gal Shakti &
(ES

D

Aengthen

25 Pusrily sachen,
akteatt FOI Colt llei in deln.
USA do)

olorkrenics , dukemebides , tecckilay
dxenes, phaxma.

NITI_Rayeg's ethane) xeadmap
(aor He by 2005 265, E
Policy, Natienal Hydregen Mixe

Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkakas cut
q todo.

nibiod. lanning,
Vigas a vail) be

ED

16. Analysis

= Poli icy Aachitectués
Make in India, PL, Energy

> Make in India © Gual Tonulachrung hal vien fou
en elichenics , mebilan, automelioy

D
45) © PLI Schomos © E 1.46 lakh caose, insaiment , 1
lakh crore production 12+ lakh fa

kangikien © (22. in 2023),
A eae 23),
Asa | juga, CNG Male erfnuisn

17. > Macso£conomic
Indicatoës 2 Pom

Mulk-Yeos Ts ends (2014-2000) :
Sxganiged. manuıkackuurg emftsymant ore
ED Equity Tan USE E

DR

18. a
si

mE

me

N

Pay

Sewice Forex
Exfots Roue

» Balance
Ad FRAG Zest

WE Ey 2014-15
ME E 2020-9)
BE 2073-04

208838889

TOOTS OTSA ee

Yo
fF

19. it Hesnate 8
TYPES & IMPORTA
® eee biodiesel]

> Elhanol Wording reacted 19% un 0093 3
Ange 20% by 025-6 [NIT Rayeg |

> four doing el $48 annually ren reduced Cudo
hai

> Provides tale danand fe sugorcara| maize. formar,

Biodumel & Biogas fun nen- edible cil as, arial)
poste — suhlher’ AY across

20. D en
? ENG atatiens exchandad (ram _400 (2014) to § 700+ (2028)

> Deth's NG Hansen cick penticulale peluticn by,
20 % CTERI,

@ Hectic Vehicles (Ev)
> Solo» crersed 12M units in FY23 CEIAN data)

> Target 3 30% fonckahen by 2080 undo FAME Il
et a Aukady)

> Linked to Make in dia wa dematio bay and
anambly hreduchen

@ Wydsogen
> Naheral Hydregen Mae (202) touched pill geh QE
a anit me Oe

21. = Macao economic Linkages
Y &Htesnate Fue

| Indicates | 204 | 2023 | 2000(r) Immei
OÙ Imbost 82% | 857 | <70%
Dehendence

Ethanol Blending | 27 | 127 | 20% |

TEV salu (mn) 10:08 | 12

TG bs (mn) 108 05 | Run &
Green ‘bs (mn ns

CAD &foex &

fkexnoke fus reduce cade imper bill,
ture. CRD debi

) \ ad eHand gu gmuled OS Millian
Elegir = pa 0 9003

22. Reducos ei nied dahandene (ES. vas

Biol cunle domard bo cua, boostirg
farm incemg.

Enccueaga dema, EVA tuleny ocean

23. : Sectosal Case u
Electtonics @ Mobiles
10 Indio PR]

Hlectsonics Pocduchsn 1-9 lakh exer (2014) >
11-3 lakhesosel202S)

Mobile manufackving 3 2 (204) > 3o(2025)

uns

y 2 21900 cue (2014) > =D lakh come [ESO]
az SP lakh jets created in mobile secker
Indio is the 2d largest mobile producer inthe nd.

“Yeas | Mobile Exports | Glecteenica Expos

ion 1,50 3800
2018 y! 40,000
140000
327000

24. a
cml Sgniticanty to

Shdicoder

Melo the weld
ipl sera toga

GDP, enchants ds Ey

© Global Rank
fo Peaduction

© _ Socken mew
MES

© EV Ropisteations

o EV own
o PL want

2 milisnMD) > 28 millien (2003-24)
US$ 240 billion

US 35 bilien — [£y:24]
56.75 lakh vs rep 2095] G i
AE Lan (6125) us 94810612248
TIERE come cuiloy,
\ömillien + 44,000 (Ey PI

25. The Ethanol Blend BP)
India's Ln anes ae al noe Das
Sugaroane Aou, anna octo quon en tongs

Trdicatey | D (Gut Grey)
Le Seusings SFALOCO crew sued
o Blending Targa: \21. (2023) 3 20% (2028)

À © Ethanol Production
© Suge? Trusty Infact | round Pal, famila C

Emission Ridudien 10:5 millien tonne CO.
2 GHG copados syed (6729)

26. ed. Natural. Gas CNG) Vos. te carl Vo Trias clin
ily Strategy Tis we Ma cut wban palaien and ire
egiatica qiciensy in trar

\ndicatoy Dia

SA 26 miso (OF) > 75 malito $

o Guam 498 dice
© Annual Solos
City Gos Statiens 6500 + efiovakenal CNG gates

Benahks Reduced Nelken in meo dy +
E en E

27. Ws
olde
GOES ten)

Ais ene el India’s london Inpatsuctuse peach, launched in 2001
under the NHODP(Natend Highsays Dash ect and complied
cennech DELHI, MUMBRL,

und 2012 - Quilt bythe NHAL, if
CHENNALKOLKATR Ins a neh eh SG Rin 6 highsays

Key Highights
o COST « 6000 cone
o CONERAGE * 18 states, 4 mekos, 1S majosciltes, Pot fours

ROSE ? Reduce those Hine, tnst Indaba md,
Areta peo coral lez

28. city tau duced by 80-40%
Get Deihi-Mumbai jana cut rem 24 + bu to
1-14

rudd eal At. AGOP 3
Smooth tends sound vB 800 Creo annual in fuel.

Distsics naar GA sain 2% high GDP gra)
ancy 3
Tuts Ui Sunk Tapar, Garbalere ad

25 mil direct & indirect ¿os cuted dung E
œnkucke and in allied ne

air tanhed à Donato cut polo. by 90-25%

2 Weak toch & Chonmai aude iy quid quero C
(perk mankak acosa

Boosted les do Saiten, Ra, \oarauı,
Puri

29. 6000 crore,

Maintenance Cost | 2 3000 se jure

Lard Roquislicn Mgr delay in dale Ll BREE
Cost Over run Tifaken in vet! [corra pices
IS Funds diverted (rem atin pa:

Did you Kec?
o De soa log ate GO Fords 40 y

A NESE

30. Bow 60 Pero Irma
25 bol 55 kml 41204.
48 wa 28

14d tor,

219000 0%] | race
gm ya

Baxaline 150
100

Redbcad by
“ICh

31. Cossidos|
Ex

ES)
> Goidan Zn | sie
Quad GQ) 2019
=) > Bronatrala Dor [um |55
Riga | ei db

:

I IT

32. Efficient infmhuchure and Indios ©
econemio gue, ita a cng. oe dad
¡ONO +
O guarra mr ea.
Yeas Trdic'e LPI Rank | Key Indicators

Ee E E A equ cs

India impreved 16 ¿anta in year, lacking (ater ina,
= peta

> © en Gati Shakti (2021)
+ d nue
Chace $ en loja acne

EIS ON)

) Real himo prejeck tacking 3 a ao

= RT TEN Ge

33. CAT Unified Lapin sear Platja)
Muse > a) A on
o nae
Ragoulcoma > + Dao. duen

dorision making len huh
> oder custery clognan ter imbexb
> Rodurad doing ak hens € texminals

© Post Eco &Turnareund Timo.
indicater babe ajar — | offer xaleıns

5 hope jes | 4 days <2doys
ee ee
ae

WO OGG TOT

34. os

35. V2 Sostainabiltty

& Global Competitiveness

« Sustainability 2
Geen Manufacturing
4nitiatives

Sustainable _indiutsaligatien means remsting induabial
ouh. tol is sesousce - + OKAMA
y a sce - elkicient:, enswenmanlalty,

today, wsiheut compremiáing. futuro ua
= lanos Brut tides Bann, Delano ond Trade
ng GRD une Ib rducad 16 tulle

Aenna a) CO) emissions Haugh a
er

Gisculas frenan © Po pao ande a and

D Cline a 20 mane
ue entités (EPR)

36. A Ren
Key Géeen Initiatives in India

Anitiakive Laura ue

_ PR
(A
ado)

ER
dard

Eu)
ae ee
Fr Knien

Sport Ghes | MoHUA,
Mission. 2015

DODO DG ARA A O

37. N yey
Traditional, _
GEL. Ge
Modal cat

FOSSIL

FUEL -

INTENSE

Rontsatle

nena nic

Resource: a

Crudo,

Vero ade.

38. Lay,

Ö,CKOLCHBICH

IT

)
)
)
)

C Indias Poogiess in Sustainable
anufactosing

o Roncal Froggy, Aba: e sis:
o Bw 2 India noo Tob 5
Manuackoring a Den

Sole module
okey

o «Green Hyde SO scduchión & 5
es min be ». by 2000,
cankng 6 eos

de
pa GOGDAOGAG
OC

39. Benchmasking

/ (ountey Toye diate Bali

14:21. Targa 25%,
apni

Maku pal
hub E

Korea
Vietnam

40. Strengths
> Green eng adefition $ works thisd lanas RE rod.
= Stsong infsastwuctuse fu

(edknesses

= High cafital sequisemons

> Thay in land, Slow roles
> \bonialle ¿uy chain fos Liofuls.
Oppostunities

E Bucoming oistal EU manulaekwing | > Feuign camlen inEV E
2 - plein th. quan aly tuts: tic) ruwnal

y {> Commodity Pica Auca

DDC
OS DE

Inseats

41. VI 2 Analysis, Findings.

& Policy Lessons

Key Theme Gaourd Reality Economic Lans
2[Make in India anim comm | Boosts IVA
te ty ik Osmakic Vale
3 Athi, Forcenn no, dile) ond
me take iPhena in raduow (met
3 Tail Nadi \eabage
He =
y ? Alecnaie Fudls 12 thane Tie
7 dslandirg > wind Goeth
2 eee 3300 cue oer
2 Cyrene in FJD
D
5 | veduc DL-Mum Mubinni
3 De lnkexal | ie hema8bs-283 alo, a
3 (GO | Truck sentaba down

42. Ethanol Sed fenyx + cunkedl
sural jets

S lah nao dr ake in

KAUM cae

GQ aid regional India Doch hy,
E = Non (ie
| sou MSME chun
Gest
Baker CAD & RP CRD à lo
OFf. ane:
{eux xno

S650 dl.

odia ru gfebelly coaeitive |

a

43. © Rec datlons
and Way Abe

Tri:
guest ene ers Bo ingen rohen, gan

> (BUA Rabi Ecosse + Demonio gence O eo

Tala Raso) can ie 28000
cua D imbperks by 2080
5 Jrukid tydregen chualens,
in Gujant ond Tamil Nodu
Gre puojecied to reduce
SO million tomas ef CO» yearly
2 The Yue ne
i

i wit cut Fuck ide
Me by Meaty 20%

E eee sit) vecalienall
WAklu'é) can train million
wea Im EV's and xenasnlde

5 Sram Fo wb MUR ad gt
rie

44. Indias anse loud- ce g
tab tea tL can esr Q : Cest A0UiCO -
The tod Mako lo India, Atlemale Fu, and tho S

don thi - be J
oe sustainability a ne ae &

he in India.
Habits a heme 3
Áttedngte fuels gave

_Lneiy Indepenk '

= JOmillion + 2030

45. Vil 2 Annexuzes
= acgo indicatoës,
Bof Bar Eee EV Sales

1

pra Do 2D DIN HS
: y

Jeass >

46. y 26.

Golden Quadzilatexal
Se “Speed Compasision,

50. ®

SEN OCW

Ve
> Bibliogaapty

> MoSPl (202
om

ne

BOL

51. A

(

LN a
ayaaudı,
o NA Fa
a)
D