Making sense of industry carbon footprints - the role of supply chains and inter-industry demand.
hertwich
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48 slides
Aug 06, 2024
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About This Presentation
Hypothetical extraction as a method of input-output economics is highly useful for analyzing the contribution to environmental footprints of specific industries, corporations, or intermediate products. Here, the method is derived in detail, based on a new paper published in the Journal of Industrial...
Hypothetical extraction as a method of input-output economics is highly useful for analyzing the contribution to environmental footprints of specific industries, corporations, or intermediate products. Here, the method is derived in detail, based on a new paper published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.13522
As an example, results for materials are presented from two additional papers published in Nature Geoscience and Environmental Science & Technology.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00690-8
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05857
Size: 9.43 MB
Language: en
Added: Aug 06, 2024
Slides: 48 pages
Slide Content
Using the hypothetical extraction method to understand the role of materials Edgar Hertwich
Market balance and production balance Hypothetical extraction as removal of transactions Quantity and price model Carbon footprint of materials – results Outline
Supply and Use Tables System Definition 3 Industries Commodity markets E V U Ω System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Ω … value added V … industry supply E … final demand U … intermediate use Pauliuk et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12306
Input-output table System definition Industries Commodity markets Y x Z Θ System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Θ … factors , value added x … total output Y … final demand Z … inter-industry flow 4 Pauliuk et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12306
Input-output table System definition 5 Pauliuk et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12306 Industries Commodity markets System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Θ … factor use by industry x … output by industry Y … final demand for products Z … inter-industry flow of products T … factor use per unit industry output A … product use per unit industry output π … factor price p … product price
Industries Commodity markets Y x Z Θ System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Θ …factor use by industry x … output by industry Y … final demand for commodities Z … inter-industry flow of commodities T … factor use per unit industry output A … commodity input per unit output π … factor price p … product price Industries Commodity markets (a) (b)
Market balance yields Leontief demand -pull model Industries Commodity markets Y x Z Θ System boundary Θ … value added x … total output Y … final demand Z … inter-industry flow matrix Inputs to each commodity market = Outputs from the commodity market 7
Inputs to each commodity market = Outputs from the commodity market Industries Commodity markets System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Θ … factor use by industry x … commodity output by industry Y … final demand for commodities Z … inter-industry flow of commodities T … factor use per unit industry output A … commodity use per unit industry output π … factor price p … commodity price Market balance yields Leontief demand model 8
Industries Commodity markets System boundary Flow vector Flow matrix Θ … factor use by industry x … commodity output by industry Y … final demand for commodities Z … inter-industry flow of commodities T … factor use per unit industry output A … commodity use per unit industry output π … factor price p … commodity price Production/firm/industry balance yields Leontief price model 9 Cost of inputs to each industry = Value of outputs from the industry (I-A)
Production of materials in IO A y T Vector describes input per unit material produced. These are complete inputs. A Leontief demand pull calculation will hence give a complete picture of inputs per unit output. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00690-8
Use of materials in IO A y T Materials are used throughout the economy, including in the production of materials. So how much material is produced? Danger of double counting. What is the net demand for materials? https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00690-8
Hypothetical extraction A * y* T Delete/’extract’ the rows in question. What is production activity without the inputs of the deleted rows?? Impact of the extracted product: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00690-8
Hypothetical extraction as ‘import’ is the volume of production necessary to produce the product(s) of interest (extracted products, target products). final demand for extracted products intermediate demand for extracted products to satisfy final demand for remaining products. A * A o A y * y o T o T *
Production volume to produce ‘imports’ ‘External’ demand for extracted product Market balance for the extracted product A * A o A y * y o T o T *
= = = = ? Series expansion :
Production balance … price vector for goods … price vector for factor inputs T … coefficient matrix of factor inputs … transpose of price vector ( row ) … equal factor costs A * A o A y * y o T o T *
Production balance Production costs of ‘ extracted ’ goods Product costs of remaining goods A * A o A y * y o T o T * Costs of extracted inputs Costs of inputs from the remaining economy
Share of value added from extracted product
Cella (1984) - Linkages Sectioning of the IO table
, Market balance – quantity model H
Leontief inverse in two parts
Cella – Linkages via hypothetical extraction T 1 A 11 y 1 y 2 A 22 T 2
Cella - Linkages T 1 A 11 y 1 y 2 A 22 T 2 Backward linkages Forward linkages Backward linkages Forward linkages
Clemets (1990) - Linkages T 1 A 11 y 1 y 2 A 22 T 2 +i’ Backward linkages Forward linkages Production necessary to produce products 1 Use of products 1 in the production of products 2 for final demand
Zhang et al. (2019) – CO2 emission linkage Based on Duarte et al. (2002) Mixed backward linkage Net backward linkage Mixed forward linkage Net forward linkage
Supply chain impact method T 1 y 2 A 22 T 2 Dente et al. (2018, 2019) and Cabernad et al. (2019)
Production volume of a target sector y 2 A 22 T 2 Cabernad et al. (2019)
Production volume of a target sector .. depends on how many sectors are targeted y 2 A 22 T 2
30 Global Resources Outlook 2024
1. Increasing resources use is the main driver for the triple planetary crises. Extraction & processing of material resources accounts for: >90% of impacts on land-use related biodiversity loss and water stress >55% of GHG emissions up to 40% of particulate matter related pollution . Work by Cabernard et al. All sectors extracted at once.
Results
Increasing share of iron and steel
The first use of materials
Final demand stimulating material use
Final demand by region
Hypothetical extraction and supply chain impact analysis is very useful It can isolate the effect of specific sectors Provides insight into scope 3 emissions; usefulness of footprinting for companies We have to be careful how we interpret the results Conclusions