man animal conflict.pptx

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to the negative interactions between people and wild animals, with consequences for both people and their resources and wildlife and their habitats.
As the country is a fast developing economy and among most populous countries with around 17% of the world's human population, the protected area landscapes are not untouched of human presence.

High rate of human population growth put the wilderness areas under threat due to increasing interference, deforestation, fragmentation of natural habitats and expansion of agricultural lands in the forested landscapes.

As human settlements expand and protected areas become conservation islands surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, the negative interaction between human and wildlife species, particularly large mammals, increases.
The Indian leopard is reclusive by nature. But of late it is increasingly venturing into the human habitation because of dwindling prey base, habitat loss and poaching.
In states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, tea gardens of Assam, Western Ghats and in the suburbs of Bengaluru, Mumbai and Guwahati.
The cat, Panthera pardus fusca, declared an endangered species.
Poaching, in fact, is emerging as a key threat to its existence.
About 200 leopards are killed by poachers every year.
Maximum incidents of human-leopard conflict have been witnessed in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
Human-Rhesus monkey conflicts : Monkeys have cultural, scientific and economic significance, on the other hand they have become a big nuisance as on today.
The monkeys are leaving forests and are constantly migrating to urban, semi urban and rural areas.
Because of their shrinking habitat, and availability of delicious and easy food in urban areas.
The human-monkey conflict management includes use of bioacoustics that produce distress noise and to scare away the monkeys, Immunocontraceptive vaccines, sterilization to control their population growth and protecting agriculture crops and orchards with live/appropriate fencing etc.

1. Department of Zoology and Environmental science LACHOO MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Topic- Human and Wildlife conflict Submitted to : Dr. Yogita Chhangani Associate Professor Department of Zoology & Environment Science Submitted by : Pooja Soni M.sc Z oology 1 st S emester

2. ETHOLOGY – The study of animal behavior is termed as ethology. It is the sum total of all the ways in which an organism reacts to its environment. ANIMAL BEHAVIO U R – All the ways animals interact with other organism or the response of an organism to a stimulus and the physical environment.

3. Human–wildlife conflict   (HWC)  refers to the negative interactions between people and wild animals, with consequences for both people and their resources and wildlife and their habitats. (IUCN 2020) World wide fund for nature defined it as- Any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts o n human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. INTRODUCTION Any condition that arises where the behavior of one (either people or wildlife) is unacceptably disadvantageous to the other. It has been in existence for as long as wild animals and humans have co -existed and shared the same resources.

4. Human and wildlife conflict in India As the country is a fast developing economy and among most populous countries with around 17% of the world's human population, the protected area landscapes are not untouched of human presence. High rate of human population growth put the wilderness areas under threat due to increasing interference, deforestation, fragmentation of natural habitats and expansion of agricultural lands in the forested landscapes. As human settlements expand and protected areas become conservation islands surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, the negative interaction between human and wildlife species, particularly large mammals, increases.

5. The situations are no better outside protected areas, as humans continue to encroach natural habitats and become prone to conflicts. The impacts are often huge. People lose their crops,livestock, property, and sometimes their lives. The animals, many of which are already threatened or endangered, are often killed in retaliation or to 'prevent' future conflicts.

6. Causes of Human-Animal Conflict Deforestation Loss of Habitat Decline in Prey Injured or Old Animal Growing Human Population

7. Impact of Human-Animal Conflict Crop Damage Animal Deaths (even extinction) Loss of Human Life Injuries to People Injuries to Wildlife Livestock Depredation Loss of Resources

8. Measures to prevent Human-Animal Conflict Creating more Protected Areas and buffer zones . Steps must be taken to enhance the safety of people and wildlife and to create mutual benefits of coexistence. Local communities can also participate in devising measures to reduce this conflict. The concerned authorities must devise a strategy and action plan to reduce human-wildlife conflict at a national level. Before camping, hiking, or venturing into natural areas, learn about the animals that you might encounter.

9. Conflict of Rhesus Monkey Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammalia Order- Primates Suborder- Haplorhini Infraorder - Simiiformes Family- Cercopithecidae Genus- Macaca Species- M.mulatta

10. CHARACTERS Habitat- Their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans. They adapt well to human presence, and form larger troops in human-dominated landscapes than in forests. Behavior- These are diurnal animals,and both arboreal and terrestrial. They are quadrupedal and when on the ground,they walk digitigrade and plantigrade. Feeding- They are mostly herbivorous,feed on fruits,seeds,buds,roots,barks, and cereals. They also eat termites,grasshoppers,ants,beetles,etc.

11. CONFLICT WITH MAN Human-Rhesus monkey conflicts : Monkeys have cultural, scientific and economic significance, on the other hand they have become a big nuisance as on today. The monkeys are leaving forests and are constantly migrating to urban, semi urban and rural areas. Because of their shrinking habitat, and availability of delicious and easy food in urban areas. The human-monkey conflict management includes use of bioacoustics that produce distress noise and to scare away the monkeys, Immunocontraceptive vaccines, sterilization to control their population growth and protecting agriculture crops and orchards with live/appropriate fencing etc.

12. The future management strategies could include oral contraceptives which can be fed with food, though their effectiveness is limited to only zoos. Himachal Pradesh (HP), which is the most affected due to Rhesus macaque, has resorted to sterilizing Rhesus. Himachal Pradesh Forest Department (HPFD) is well convinced with the success of monkey sterilization programme and is set to sterilize most of Rhesus population of the state.

13. Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Class- Mammalia Order- Carnivora Suborder- Feliformia Family- Felidae Subfamily- Pantherinae Genus- Panthera Species- P.pardus C onflict of Leopard

14. CHARACTERS Habitat -It has largest distribution of all wild cats.Occuring in rainforests and savanna that is grassland,woodlands and riverine forests. Behavior- The leopard is a solitary and territorial animal. Adults associate only in the mating season. Females continue to interact with their offspring even after weaning. Feeding- It is carnivores animals.  They produce a number of vocalisations, including growls, snarls, meows and purrs.

15. CONFLICT WITH MAN The Indian leopard is reclusive by nature. But of late it is increasingly venturing into the human habitation because of dwindling prey base, habitat loss and poaching. In states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, tea gardens of Assam, Western Ghats and in the suburbs of Bengaluru, Mumbai and Guwahati. The cat, Panthera pardus fusca, declared an endangered species. Poaching, in fact, is emerging as a key threat to its existence. About 200 leopards are killed by poachers every year. Maximum incidents of human-leopard conflict have been witnessed in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

16. In Uttarakhand, around 200 cases of leopard attacks on humans are reported annually. Leopard of Rudraprayag killed more than 125 people; the Panar Leopard was thought to have killed more than 400 people. Both were shot by Jim Corbett. The spotted devil of Gummalapur killed about 42 people in Karnataka, India. In retaliation, a large number of leopards have been killed by bullets, poisoning and using snares. Lethal control and Permanent captivity are two suggested solutions .

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