manage trainin for carbon credit and environemnt.ppt

crea and manager training

1. Decarbonising Agriculture
Soils and Crops
Dr.Brajendra
Principal Scientist, Soil Science
ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India

2. •With longer summers, extreme winters, wildfires, rising sea levels, heatwaves and other calamitous
events, the impact of climate change is evident. Despite low per-capita emissions (1.8 tonnes
CO2), India is the third-largest emitter globally, emitting a net 2.9 gigatonnes of carbon-dioxide
equivalent (GtCO2) every year as of 2019. India will be exposed to a range of adverse climate
outcomes — rising sea levels, groundwater scarcity, extreme weather patterns (heat waves,
droughts, extreme rainfall and so on), fall in crop production and a rise in health hazards.. a
scenario of extreme climate-led disruption and economic loss.
•The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
tells us that global emissions need to be reduced by 43% within this decade for us to have a
fighting chance of limiting global temperature rises to within 1.5° C.
•Net zero refers to a state wherein the emissions of greenhouse gases by a country are offset by
absorption, or removal, through futuristic technologies, so that the net emissions from the country
are zero.
•Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced at COP26 that India would reach net-zero emissions by
2070. India has also set for itself, reducing total projected carbon emissions by an additional 1
  
billion tonnes. India has the potential to create 287 gigatonnes of carbon space for the world. In the
LoS scenario, India could reduce annual emissions from a historical trajectory of 11.8 GtCO2 to 1.9
GtCO2 by 2070, a 90% reduction in economic emissions intensity compared with 2019. It can
reach 0.4 GtCO2 by 2050 in the accelerated scenario, with a potential to get to its net-zero-by-2070
How then can India realize the promise of its green transformation ? Net zero?

3. Worldwide Climate and Carbon Credit
Initiatives
•The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) developed a carbon
credit proposal
 to reduce worldwide carbon emissions in a 1997 agreement known as the Kyoto
Protocol. The agreement set binding emission reduction targets for the countries that signed it.
Another agreement, known as the Marrakesh Accords, spelled out the rules for how the system
would work.
•The Kyoto Protocol divided countries into industrialized and developing economies. Industrialized
countries, collectively called Annex 1, operated in their own emissions trading market. If a country
emitted less than its target amount of
 hydrocarbons, it could sell its surplus credits to countries that
did not achieve its Kyoto level goals, through an
 Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement
(ERPA).
 
•The separate Clean Development Mechanism for developing countries issued carbon credits
called a Certified Emission Reduction
 (CER). A developing nation could receive these credits for
supporting sustainable development initiatives. The trading of CERs took place in a separate
market.
•The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ended in 2012 .
 The U.S. had already
dropped out in 2001.
•The Paris Climate Agreement
•The Kyoto Protocol was revised in 2012 in an agreement known as the Doha Amendment, which
was ratified as of October 2020, with 147 member nations having “deposited their instrument of
acceptance.

4. •More than 190 nations signed on to the
 Paris Agreement of 2015
, which also sets
emission standards and allows for emissions trading.
 The Paris Agreement, also
known as the Paris Climate Accord, is an agreement among the leaders of more than
180
 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit the global temperature
increase to below 2 degrees Celsius (36 degrees Fahrenheit) above preindustrial
levels by the year 2100.
•The Glasgow COP26 Climate Change Summit
•Negotiators at the summit in November 2021 inked a deal that saw nearly
200
 countries implement Article 6 of the 2015 Paris Agreement, allowing nations to
work toward their climate targets by buying offset credits that represent emission
reductions by other countries. The hope is that the agreement encourages
governments to invest in initiatives and technology that protect forests and
build
 renewable energy technology infrastructure to combat climate change.14
•Several other provisions in the accord include zero tax on bilateral trades of offsets
between countries and canceling 2% of total credits, aimed at reducing overall global
emissions. Additionally, 5% of revenues generated from offsets will be placed in an
adaptation fund for
 developing countries to help fight climate change. Negotiators
also agreed to carry over offsets registered since 2013, allowing 320 million credits to
enter the new market.

5. •One way to mitigate climate change is by
 reducing their carbon
emissions. This can be done through a practice called carbon offsetting
or decarbonising. Decarbonizing refers to the process of reducing
carbon emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
•The process of decarbonizing agriculture involves reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and transitioning towards more sustainable farming
practices. Soils can decarbonise agriculture. Conservation agriculture
can contribute to decarbonizing agriculture by reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, increasing carbon sequestration in soil, and improving
the overall sustainability of agricultural systems. Carbon Farming,
Conservation Agriculture, Agroforestry, Composting,
•Decarbonization will be a journey as low-carbon technologies and
climate actions can mitigate the impacts of climate change.
•decarbonising requires a collaborative effort between governments,
businesses, and individuals. It is a complex process, but it is essential
for mitigating the impacts of climate change and transitioning to a more
sustainable future. It is essential to take action to decarbonize
agriculture, as it is not only critical for mitigating the impacts of climate
change, but it also has the potential to increase the resilience of
agricultural systems and improve food security.
Decarbonising then , How?

6. •Decarbonising agriculture refers to the process of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the
agricultural sector. Agriculture is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with estimates
suggesting that it accounts for around 25% of total emissions. Decarbonising agriculture is therefore an
essential part of any strategy to tackle climate change.
•Decarbonising agriculture will require a combination of policy interventions, technological innovations, and
changes in farming practices. However, it is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating
the impacts of climate change
•Decarbonising refers to the process of reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
•Agricultural lands (lands used for agricultural production, consisting of cropland, managed grassland and
permanent crops including agro-forestry and bio-energy crops) occupy about 40- 50% of the Earth’s land
surface. The carbon footprint value represents the total amount of greenhouse gases, typically measured in
equivalent units of carbon dioxide (CO2e), emitted directly or indirectly due to human activities, products,
services, or processes. It's a measure used to assess the environmental impact in terms of global warming
potential.
•The carbon footprint value can vary widely based on the specific activity or process being evaluated
•The emission values associated with various agricultural activities refer to the amount of greenhouse gases,
typically measured in equivalent units of carbon dioxide (CO2e), released directly or indirectly from specific
farming practices or processes.
•The emission values associated with various agricultural activities refer to the amount of greenhouse gases,
typically measured in equivalent units of carbon dioxide (CO2e), released directly or indirectly from specific
farming practices or processes.

7. •is complex and varies widely depending on factors like farming practices,
crop types, livestock management, soil conditions, and regional
differences.
•The term "CO2e emissions value" refers to the measurement of carbon
dioxide equivalent emissions. It represents the combined effect of various
greenhouse gases converted into the equivalent amount of CO2 based
on their global warming potential over a specified time frame, usually 100
years.
•As a rough estimate, the average CO2e emissions per unit of yield for
different crops can range:
•Wheat: Around 1.5 to 2.5 tons of CO2e per hectare
•Corn (Maize): Roughly 2 to 3 tons of CO2e per hectare
•Rice: Estimates range from 2 to 4 tons of CO2e per hectare
•Soybeans: Approximately 0.5 to 1.5 tons of CO2e per hectare
•Potatoes: Varies between 2 to 5 tons of CO2e per hectare
•These values can fluctuate based on factors such as the use of fertilizers,
farming techniques (conventional vs. organic), transportation, irrigation
methods, and more. Additionally, some studies might present different
values based on their methodologies and the specific conditions they
considered.
Quantifying the exact carbon footprint in agriculture

8. •Agricultural system emissions account for 21-37 per cent of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
•The carbon footprint in agriculture refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced directly
and indirectly by farming practices and activities. Agriculture contributes significantly to global greenhouse
gas emissions primarily through the release of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide . Several factors
contribute to the carbon footprint in agriculture:
•1. Enteric Fermentation: Livestock, especially ruminants like cattle, produce methane during
digestion, contributing to the agricultural carbon footprint.
•2. Manure Management: Decomposition of manure generates methane and nitrous oxide emissions.
•3. Fertilizer Use: Nitrous oxide emissions result from the application of nitrogen-based fertilizers.
•4. Tillage and Soil Management: Tillage practices and changes in land use can release stored
carbon dioxide from the soil.
•5. Energy Use: Fuel consumption in farm machinery, irrigation, transportation, and processing
contributes to CO2 emissions.
•6. Crop Residue Burning: Burning of crop residues can release carbon stored in plants into the
atmosphere.
•7. Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Conversion of forested land into agricultural land releases
stored carbon and reduces carbon sequestration potential.Conversion of forestland to agriculture land use
leads to a 29-60% decline in soil organic carbon from its initial value.
•An estimated 0.6 to 1.2 Gt C of soil organic carbon sequestration can be achieved globally each year, with
0.4 to 0.8 Gt C year-1 coming from the implementation of advised management techniques on cropland
soils.Soil got tremendous capacity to act as a source or sink of atmospheric CO2, provided how it is
managed.

9. Agriculture is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for
approximately 25% of total emissions. By implementing changes such as Carbon Farming,
Conservation Agriculture, Agroforestry, Afforestation, Reforestation, Farming System Approaches,
Organic Farming, Natural Farming, Eco Agriculture, LEISA, Crop Livestock Integration, Bioenergy
Crops, Regenerative Agriculture, Biodynamic Farming, Mountain Farming, Green Synthesis of
Fertilizers, Cropping System Approaches, Inclusion of Pulses, Drought Management, Fallow
Management, Grassland and Pasture Management, Cropping Systems, Crop Diversification can
bring back overall sustainability of the systems. Monitoring and reporting progress of changes in
growing environment such as DSR, SRI-SCI in rice, growing of biotic and abiotic stress tolerant
cultivars, Biorational and biocontrol agents in agriculture, IPM for controlling pests and many such
practices, can reduce green house gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change,
eventually lowering the carbon footprint.
Agricultural Practices for Decarbonising

10. •An understanding of pristine SOC stocks under natural vegetation prior to conversion to other
uses and the influences of those land uses on carbon loss may determine carbon sequestration
potential. The terrestrial ecosystems contain approximately 3170 gigatons of carbon. Out of this,
nearly 80% (2500 GT) is found in soil in 2 m of soil depth (Lal 2008). The soil is the largest
terrestrial pool of organic carbon, about 1150 Pg (1Pg = 1015 g) in compared with about 700 Pg
in the atmosphere and 600 Pg in land biota (Lal and Kimble,1997). The global potential of soil
organic carbon sequestration is estimated at 0.6 to 1.2 Gt C per year, comprising 0.4 to 0.8 Gt C
year-1 through adoption of recommended management practices on cropland soils, 0.01 to 0.03
Gt C year-1 on irrigated soils, and 0.01 to 0.3 Gt C year-1 through improvements of rangelands
and grasslands (Lal et al., 2007).

11. Renewable Energy:
•Farmers can reduce their reliance on fossil
fuels by using renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, or bioenergy. Solar panels or
wind turbines can be installed on farms to
generate renewable energy. Bioenergy involves
using organic materials such as agricultural
residues, animal manure, and energy crops to
produce energy through processes such as
anaerobic digestion or combustion.

12. Soil Health
•Soil has the capacity to store carbon, and
improving soil health can increase carbon
sequestration. Techniques such as crop
rotation, reduced tillage, cover cropping, and
adding organic matter to the soil can help to
improve soil health and increase carbon
sequestration. Cover crops, for example, can
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and convert it into organic matter, which can
then be incorporated into the soil.

13. The carbon footprint value represents the total amount of greenhouse gases, typically measured in
equivalent units of carbon dioxide (CO2e), emitted directly or indirectly due to human activities, products,
services, or processes. The carbon footprint value represents the total amount of greenhouse gases,
typically measured in equivalent units of carbon dioxide (CO2e), emitted directly or indirectly due to human
activities, products, services, or processes.
Soil types are diverse, and their capacity to sequester or emit CO2 varies accordingly. Here's a general
perspective:
1. Sandy Soils: These soils typically have lower organic matter content and can have a lower
capacity to retain carbon. They might have lower CO2e emissions compared to other soil types, but this can
vary based on land management practices.
2. Clayey Soils: Clay-rich soils tend to have higher organic matter content and better capacity for
carbon retention. However, emissions can still occur based on factors like land use, agricultural practices,
and soil management.
3. Peatlands: These areas have high organic matter content and can store significant amounts of
carbon. However, when disturbed, drained, or converted for agricultural use, they can release substantial
CO2e emissions due to the decomposition of stored organic matter.
4. Loamy Soils: Loam soils are a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, often with good water retention and
fertility. Their CO2e emissions can vary depending on management practices and land use.
Quantifying precise CO2e emissions for different soil types per hectare is challenging due to the complexity
of interactions between soil, vegetation, and land management practices. The emissions or sequestration
rates from a specific soil type depend not only on its inherent characteristics but also on how it's managed,
cultivated, or used.
Overall, soil types alone might not determine CO2e emissions. It's the management practices, land use
changes, and human activities on these soils that significantly influence their carbon balance. Additionally,
some soil types, when managed sustainably, have the potential to sequester more carbon, acting as a
carbon sink and offsetting emissions from other sources.

14. Organic carbon pool in soils of
India and the world
Soil order India World
  0–30cm 0–150cm 0–25cm 0–100cm
  (Pg) (Pg) (Pg) (Pg)
Alfisols 4.22 13.54 73 136
Andisols – – 38 69
Aridisols 7.67 20.3 57 110
Entisols 1.36 4.17 37 106
Histosols – – 26 390
Inceptisols 4.67 15.07 162 267
Mollisols 0.12 0.5 41 72
Oxisols 0.19 0.49 88 150
Spodosols – – 39 98
Ultisols 0.14 0.34 74 101
Vertisols 2.62 8.78 17 38
Total 20.99 63.19 652 1555

15. Nitrogen economy due to inclusion of pulses
in sequential cropping
Preceding pulse
crop
Following
cereal
Fertilizer N- equivalent
(kg N/ha)
Chickpea Maize 60
Chickpea Rice 40
Pigeonpea Wheat 40
Mungbean Rice 40
Urdbean/mungbean Wheat 30
Lentil Maize 30
Fieldpea maize 25
Rajmash Rice 10
Cowpea Rice 40
Cowpea Wheat 43

16. Terrestrial carbon management options
Management of terrestrial C pool Sequestration of C in terrestrial pool
Reducing emissions Sequestering emissions as SOC
eliminating ploughing increasing humification efficiency
conserving water and decreasing irrigation need 
using integrated pest management to minimize the use of pesticidesdeep incorporation of SOC through establishing
deep rooted plants, promoting bioturbation and
transfer of DOC into the ground water
biological nitrogen fixation to reduce fertilizer use sequestering emissions as SIC
offsetting emissions forming secondary carbonates through biogenic
processes
establishing biofuel plantations leaching of bicarbonates into the ground water
biodigestion to produce CH
4
gas 
bio-diesel and bioethanol production 
enhancing use efficiency 
precision farming 
fertilizer placement and formulations 
drip, sub-irrigation or furrow irrigation 
(Adapted from Lal, R. 2008)

17. Agroforestry:
•Agroforestry involves integrating trees into
agricultural systems, which can help to
sequester carbon and improve soil health.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere through photosynthesis and
store it in their biomass and roots. The
roots of trees can also help to stabilize
soil, reducing the risk of erosion and
nutrient leaching.

18. Agro-Pastoral Based Farming System

19. Precision Agriculture:
•Precision agriculture involves using technology such as
sensors and drones to optimize the use of inputs such
as fertilizers and pesticides, reducing emissions
associated with their application. By using precision
agriculture, farmers can apply fertilizers and pesticides
only where they are needed, reducing waste and
emissions.

20. Advantages of agri-horti land
use system in a hillock
S/N Parameters Sole Integration
1. Natural resource utilization Lesser Nutrient
cycling
higher nutrient recycling due to more
redistribution
2. Utilization of land, labour, capital Lesser Higher
3. Form of mixing Specialization Diversity
4. Place of mixing Mainly on-farm May be between farms
5. Weed infestation more Less as less area available
6. Erosion hazards More less
7. Yield advantage low High
8. Advantages due to climatic adversaries Less More
9. Land use factor Less More
10 Income to farmers Less More
11. Cultivation periodical Round the year

21. Bamboo Drip Irrigation System

22. Bamboo Drip Irrigation System

23. Indigenous methods of on farm
water storage structure

24. Mizo method of Pit digging
Traditional ditches
Indigenous methods of terrace making
A B C
E F D
Stone bunds
Earthen bunds

25. How we use soils

26. Decarbonising agriculture requires a combination of policy interventions, technological innovations, and changes
in farming practices. Governments and policymakers can support decarbonisation by providing incentives for
farmers to adopt sustainable practices, investing in research and development, and setting ambitious emissions
reduction targets. It is essential to take action to decarbonize agriculture, as it is not only critical for mitigating the
impacts of climate change, but it also has the potential to increase the resilience of agricultural systems and
improve food security.
•There are several ways to decarbonise agriculture, including:
•Reducing livestock numbers: Livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions,
particularly due to methane produced by cattle. Reducing livestock numbers or shifting towards more sustainable
livestock farming practices can help to reduce emissions.
•Improving soil health: Soil has the capacity to store carbon, and improving soil health through techniques such
as crop rotation, reduced tillage, and cover cropping can increase carbon sequestration.
•Using renewable energy: Farmers can reduce their reliance on fossil fuels by using renewable energy sources
such as solar, wind, or bioenergy.
•Adopting agroforestry practices: Agroforestry involves integrating trees into agricultural systems, which can help
to sequester carbon and improve soil health.
•Adopting precision agriculture: Precision agriculture involves using technology such as sensors and drones to
optimize the use of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, reducing emissions associated with their application.
•Reducing food waste: Reducing food waste can reduce emissions associated with food production and
transport.
Conclusions

27. •The CO2e emissions from black soils, also known as black cotton soils or black earth soils, can vary significantly based on various factors
including land use, management practices, and environmental conditions.
•Black soils are typically rich in organic matter and minerals, characterized by their high fertility and ability to retain moisture. The exact
CO2e emissions per hectare for black soils can depend on several factors:
•1. Agricultural Practices: If used for agriculture, the emissions can be influenced by the type of crops grown, tillage methods
employed, use of fertilizers, and irrigation techniques.
•2. Organic Matter Content: The high organic matter content in black soils can influence the potential for both carbon sequestration
and emissions. Proper soil management that enhances organic matter content can aid in carbon sequestration.
•3. Land Use Changes: Conversion of black soil areas from natural vegetation or forest cover to agriculture or urbanization can
lead to emissions due to disturbance of the soil and reduction of organic matter.
•4. Environmental Conditions: Climate, temperature, and moisture levels in the region where the black soil is located can affect
microbial activity and decomposition rates, thus influencing CO2e emissions.
•Precisely quantifying the CO2e emissions for black soils per hectare is challenging due to the variability in management practices and
environmental factors. However, black soils, with their high organic matter content, have the potential to sequester carbon and mitigate
CO2e emissions, especially when managed sustainably through practices that promote soil health and organic matter retention.
•Determining the precise CO2e emissions per hectare solely due to irrigation is complex as it involves various factors such as energy use,
water source, infrastructure, and management practices.
•The emissions from irrigation can stem from several sources:
•1. Energy Use: Pumping water for irrigation often requires energy, whether it's electricity, diesel, or another fuel source. The
emissions depend on the energy source used. For instance, if the energy is derived from fossil fuels, it can contribute to CO2e emissions.
•2. Water Source: The energy required for extracting water, especially if it involves pumping from deep wells or long-distance
transport through pipelines, can contribute to emissions.
•3. Infrastructure and Equipment: The construction and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, like pumps, pipes, and canals, as
well as the manufacture of equipment, contribute to emissions.

28. •The CO2e emissions per hectare from nitrogenous fertilizers can vary depending on various factors such as
the type and amount of fertilizer applied, agricultural practices, and the efficiency of nutrient uptake by
crops.Nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly synthetic fertilizers like urea, ammonium nitrate, or ammonium
sulfate, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions primarily in two ways:
•1. Direct Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions: Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas emitted from
soils due to the microbial processes that occur when nitrogen fertilizers are applied. The exact amount
emitted depends on factors like soil conditions, temperature, moisture, and the rate and timing of fertilizer
application.
•2. Energy Intensity of Production: The manufacturing process for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers
requires significant energy, usually derived from fossil fuels. The emissions associated with the energy use in
the production process contribute to the overall carbon footprint of nitrogenous fertilizers.
•The CO2e emissions per hectare from nitrogenous fertilizers can vary depending on various factors such as
the type and amount of fertilizer applied, agricultural practices, and the efficiency of nutrient uptake by
crops.Nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly synthetic fertilizers like urea, ammonium nitrate, or ammonium
sulfate, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions primarily in two ways:
•1. Direct Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions: Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas emitted from
soils due to the microbial processes that occur when nitrogen fertilizers are applied. The exact amount
emitted depends on factors like soil conditions, temperature, moisture, and the rate and timing of fertilizer
application.
•2. Energy Intensity of Production: The manufacturing process for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers
requires significant energy, usually derived from fossil fuels. The emissions associated with the energy use in
the production process contribute to the overall carbon footprint of nitrogenous fertilizers.

29. THANK YOU