Manganese deposits of india

Manganese deposits of india

1. Manganese Deposits Of India

2. Contents Introduction Mineralogy Origin of Manganese Ore Deposit Geological Distribution Classification Indian Distribution Mode of Occurrence Uses Conclusion Reference

3. Introduction Manganese (At. No. 25, At. Wt. 54.9380) is the 12 th most abundant element. Mn metal was discovered by a Swedish Chemist J. Gahn in 1774. It is a light metal, silvery grey metallic colour. Commercially exploitable deposits of manganese occur both on the continent and on the floors of present day marine and lacustrine basins. India is recognized as the 4 th largest producer of Manganese ore in the world (2010) with about 5.6 million tonnes of production in a year.

4. Mineralogy Pyrolusite – MnO 2 Psilomelane – Mn 2 O 3 .2H 2 O Braunite – Mn 2 O 3 Wad - MnO Rhondocrosite – MnCO 3 Rhodonite – MnSiO 3 Hausmanite – Mn 3 O 4 Polianite – MnO 2

5. Most I mportant Manganese O res of India Psilomelane Pyrolusite

6. ORIGIN OF MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS Hydrothermal Deposits : Formed by the magmatic hot aqueous solution. e.g .- Manganese deposits of Cuba , Philippines etc. Sedimentary Deposits : Formed by physico-chemical action, deposited from solution derived from the pre-existing manganese bearing minerals. e.g .- Manganese deposits of Russia, Nikopol, Tchialun etc. Residual Concentration Deposits : Formed by secondary concentration, removing gangue minerals from the pre-existing manganese deposits. e.g .- Manganese deposits of Bihar and Orissa of India (Lateralized deposits), Gold coast, Brazil, Egypt and Morocco.

7. ORIGIN OF MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS (CONTD..) Magmatic Deposits : Formed by the magma concentration forming manganese ore deposits usually associated with Kodurite rocks of Andhra Pradesh of India. Metamorphosed Deposits : Formed by the recrystallisation of pre-existing ore-deposits by temperature and pressure. e.g. - Gonditic deposits of Madhya Pradesh, India, Postmasburg of South Africa and Olympic Mountains of Washington, USA. Interaction of Processes : In some areas of the ocean, volcanogenic, biogenic and terrigenous sources, in conjunction, may supply the metal to the basinal water.

8. GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION The Manganese Ore Deposits of India are chiefly confined to pre- cambrian rocks of Peninsular India . Occurs within the rocks of Sausar Series, Aravalli Series(Delhi System) Champaner Series (Aravalli Series), Gangpur Series, Iron Ore Series, Khondalite Series and Dharwar System. Associated rocks of Manganese ore deposits are Gondites, Quartzites, Marbles, Mica- Schists , Phyllites, Limestones, Shales , Bonded Ferruginous Quartzites, Greenstones, Garnetiferrous Quartzites, Garnet Sillimanite Gneiss and Chlorite Schist.

9. CLASSIFICATION: On The B asis Of Mode O f Occurrence & Associated Rocks Gonditic ores are formed from the metamorphosed Manganese sediments in association with Gondites. e.g. Manganese ores of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Koduritic ore are regarded as hybrid rocks formed by assimilation of manganese ore and manganese silicate rocks by an acid igneous magma. e.g. Manganese ores of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Lateritoid ores are formed by metasomatic replacement formed at the surface in association with Dharwarian rocks. e.g. Some deposits of Keonjhar (Orissa) and Sandur (Karnataka).

10. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION 1. Karnataka 2. Orissa 3. Maharashtra 4. Madhya Pradesh

11. Manganese Deposits Of Karnataka Major Deposits : Shimoga , Chitradurga, Chikmagalur , Tumkur, Karwar , Bellary, North Kanara , Bijapur and Dharwar Districts. The Primary Manganese Ore Deposits are of Archaean Age . The ores are of Lateritoid type and the deposits are associated with limestones, schistose grits, and ochery-schists of the Shimoga -Chitradurga schist belt of Dharwar group. The Manganese minerals of the deposits are Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Wad and some Limonite . The Manganese ores contain 30-45% of Mn , 10-20% Iron (High) and 0.025% Phosphorous (low).

12. Manganese Deposits Of Orissa Major Manganese producing area : Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Bolangir , Kalahandi & Koraput district. Smaller occurrences : Sambalpur, Rairakhol , Ganjam districts. Ore bodies occur as lenticular or irregular masses Pyrolusite is the main ore mineral with traces of cryptomelane. Koraput , Kalahandi & Bolangir districts: Khondalite suite of Eastern Ghats group. Sundargarh: Gonditic rocks Sambalpur: Laterites on the metasediments.

13. Manganese Deposits O f Maharashtra Major Manganese producing area: Bhandara, Nagpur & Ratnagiri districts. Mn is present in three different rock types; Associated with Laterite in Satara district. Associated with Precambrian meta sediments in Nagpur. Those present in Kamthi rock formation of Yavatmal district. Ore bodies occur as reefs or lenticular pockets , parallel to the strike direction of enclosing rocks – Gondites, Manganiferous quartzite or Mica schist. Manganese: 45-48%, Silica: 2.5-7.5% and Phosphorus: 0.25-1.5%

14. Manganese Deposits O f M adhya Pradesh Balaghat : associated with metamorphosed Dharwar rocks, representing Gondite type of deposits. Following types are found: I . Lode deposits a). Hypogene or primary deposits. E.g. Braunite is the chief ore mineral b ). Supergene or secondary deposits. E.g. Oxidised braunite deposits I I. Detrital or Boulder ore deposits E.g. Boulders and pebbles of Manganese oxides . Mn : 51.2%, Fe: 4.95%, SiO2: 4.70%, P: 0.056%

15. Mode Of O ccurrence Manganese makes up about 1000 ppm (0.1%) of the Earth’s Crust making it the 12 th most abundant element in the Crust. Sea water has only 10ppm Manganese and Atmosphere contains about 0.01 Mg/m 3 . Manganese Ore occurs in forms like: Massive, C olumnar and Fibrous. e.g. Pyrolusite ii) Botryoidal , stalactitic, reniform and massive. e.g . Psilomelane iii) Massive Earth e.g . Wad. iv) Granular or Massive , e.g . Braunite Nodular deposits occurs as manganese nodules at the sea bottom.

16. USES The Manganese Ores of high purity is used in making Dry Cell Batteries and Chemicals. Mn ore is an important raw material in iron and steel metallurgy. The Sulphide of Manganese is used in manufacture of salts. Manganese salts are also used in photography, and in leather & match industries. Manganese-chloride is used in cotton textile as a bronze dye. Manganese ore is also used as driers for oils, varnish and as a decolouriser in glass industry, carbon monoxide gas masks etc.

17. CONCLUSION India is recognized as the 4 th largest producer of Manganese ore in the world. The Manganese Ore Deposits of India are chiefly confined to pre- cambrian rocks of peninsular India . Karnataka(36.6%) has the main share of reserves, while Orissa continues to be the leading producer of Manganese in India contributing about 36% of the total production. Mining is mainly carried out by open cast, and to a limited extent by underground method. The underground mines are located in Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra operated by M/s. Manganese Ore India Ltd. in the public sector.

18. REFERENCE Books : Umeshwar Prasad, “Economic Geology” CBS Publishers & Distributers. Supriya Roy , “ Manganese Deposits ” Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd . A.K. Sen & P.K. Guha , “Handbook of Economic Geology” Modern Book Agency Pvt. Ltd. Website : www.answer.com www.preservearticles.com www.geologydata.info/mn_deposits.htm www.wikipedia.com

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