Mango malformation

mango malformation: its causes and control

1. MANGO MALFORMATION ITS CAUSES AND CONTROL

2. Mango B. Name: Mangifera indica L. Family : Anacardiaceae Chromosome No.: 2n = 4x = 40 Origin : Indo-Burma Inflorescence: Branched panicle bearing both male and hermaphrodite flowers Fruit type : Drupe Known as: King of fruits, Bathroom fruit, National fruit of India

3. Introduction Mango is a popular, nutritional tropical fruit, which are now one of the most important fruits crops in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Hiuen Tsang was the first foreigner to bring Mango to the notice of the outside world. Beginning in the 16th Century, mangoes were gradually distributed from India to other tropical countries in Asia such as the Philippines, Indonesia, China and Thailand. Bose, T.K., Vol-1

4. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION Mango is believed to be originated from tropical rain forests of South-East Asia . The genus contain 69 spp. in all but almost all the edible cv. belongs to the single species Mangifera indica which originated in the Indian subcontinent (Mukherjee,1949) . The name Mangifera was given for the first time by Bontius in 1658.

5. AREA & PRODUCTION Total Area: 2.263 m ha Total Production: 19.687 m MT Productivity: 8.699 MT/ Ha Max area: Andhra Pradesh (0.332 m Ha) Max Production: Uttar Pradesh (4.540 m MT) Max Productivity: Uttar Pradesh 17.1 MT/Ha (2016-17 NHB data base)

6. Mango Malformation It is a disorder in mango in which deformation of vegetative and floral tissues takes place. Mango malformation disease causes abnormal flower and leaf development, resulting in reduced plant growth and fruit yield. Caused by fungus- Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans ( Marasas et al ., 2006). Malformation is the most threatening malady that causes great economic loss and limits the mango production in India and among tropical and subtropical countries around the globe. Floral malformation, in contrast to vegetative one, is very virulent and can cause the loss of the entire crop. Affected panicles either do not set fruit or abort fruit shortly after they have set; yields can be reduced by as much as 50-80%.(Kumar et al ., 2011) It was first reported by Watt in 1891 Darbhanga district of Bihar.

7. Types of malformation Vegetative Malformation Floral Malformation

8. Vegetative Malformation Is more commonly found on young seedlings. It is characterised by disrupting of apical growth resulting in several small flushes. Quite short internodes at the apical ends of various branches. These shoots bear small leafy structures. The multi-branching of shoot apex with scaly leaves is known as “Bunchy Top.” The malformed seedlings, becomes remain stunted and die.

9. Floral malformation Affected flower stems or panicles are thickened and highly branched, producing up to three times the normal number of flowers. The flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear fruit. There are often high numbers of male flowers compared with perfect flowers. Panicles may also form dwarfed and distorted leaves instead of flowers.

10. SIGNIFICANCE Malformation is the most threatening malady that causes great economic loss and limits the mango production in India and tropical -subtropical countries. Floral malformation, in contrast to vegetative one, is very virulent and yields can be reduced by as much as 50-80%. The damage per affected tree may vary from 50-80% and in severe cases the loss may be almost total.

11. Contd.. Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh where almost 50% plants were affected, whereas in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu the incidence was hardly 10%. A disorder causing deformation and blackening of the panicles and swelling of vegetative buds with gall formation is reported for the first time from Florida.

12. Symptoms Abnormal, compact development of shoots and flowers are common signs of mango malformation disease. Both normal growth and mango malformation disease–affected growth may be present on a plant at the same time. Shoots Growing points such as leaf and stem buds produce misshapen shoots with short internodes and brittle leaves. The leaves are significantly smaller than those of healthy plants and re-curve towards the stem giving a squat, bunchy-top appearance. Shoot damage occurs in mature trees but symptoms are particularly serious for young plants, which become severely stunted.

13. Disease cycle Malformed inflorescences and vegetative growth serve as sources of pathogen conidia, which reach infection sites by at least three different routes: (i) aerial dissemination via wind (ii) via contaminated bud mites ( Aceria mangiferae ) or (iii) via infected host materials that fall into the funnel-like structure of the apical buds. Conidial germination and infection can occur with at least 2 hours of wetness and temperatures between 5-41°C, but is accelerated between 15-30°C and wetness >3 hours. After host penetration, the pathogen colonizes buds but not subtending tissue.

14. Diseases cycle

15. Abiotic Factors Temperature: The low temperature at the time of flowering was correlated with the intensity of malformation. The incidence of disease is most severe in northwest region of India where mean temperature during flowering remains between 10-15°C. It is mild where corresponding temperature is 15-20°C, sporadic at 20-25°C.

16. Micronutrient: The micronutrient deficiency, particularly iron and zinc and copper has been associated with the cause of malformation. Ethylene As some of the symptoms of mango malformation resemble with those of ethylene effects. Higher the level of ethylene, higher the infestation of mango malformation.

17. Low temperature stress ethylene and not  Fusarium , might be responsible for mango malformation Mango cultivars Ethylene ( pM g −1  FW min −2 ) Malformed/ healthy **/ns Malformed Healthy Bombay green 60.48 28.56 2.11 ** Mallika 76.02 18.18 4.18 ** Chausa 81.90 25.20 3.25 ** Amrapali 50.86 18.48 2.75 ** Dushehri 147.00 41.37 3.55 ** cd at 1% = 12.44, cd at 5% = 8.75, ** = significant, ns = non significant. Levels of endogenous ethylene content in healthy and malformed vegetative tissues of mango ( Mangifera indica  L.) cultivars. Results are the means of two independent experiments each with three replicates. Ansari et al. (2013) GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR

18. Malformin : The presence of malformin like substances in fully grown malformed panicles has been reported. The stem and root of malformed vegetative seedlings contain higher level of malformin as compared to healthy seedlings.

19. INTEGRATED DISEASES MANAGEMENT PHYSICAL METHOD 1) Pruning: Pruning the malformed branches and application of capton (0.1%) help in controlling the disease. 2) Diseased plant should be destroyed. 3) Use of disease free planting material.

20. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Trichoderma viride , T. virens , T. harzianum are used against malformation. Best result was obtained from T. harzianum followed by T.virens & T. viride .

21.  Per cent reduction of  F. moniliforme  var.  subglutinans  against different  Trichoderma  spp. Where F1, F4, F10, F11, F18 are five different  isolates of  F.moniliforme  var.  subglutinans  isolated from different locations Kumar et al. (2012) CISH, Luchnow

22. CHEMICAL CONTROL The application of NAA 100-200 ppm, at flower bud differentiation stage reduce the malformation. Spraying of 500 ppm ethrel in February was highly effective in reducing floral malformation. Application of cyclohexamide at 250 ppm is effective. Deblossoming at bud burst stage, spraying of 200 ppm NAA was reported to be very effective in controlling malformation.

23. Contd.. Spraying 1000 ppm placlobutrazol prior to FBD, during the first week of October. GA 3 @ 30ppm reduced incidence of malformation when sprayed at pre bloom stage.

24. TREATMENTS Healthy panicles % Malformed panicles % Partially malformed panicles % Light malformed panicles % Paclobutrazol Doses To (Control) 76.43 21.00 3.46 5.37 T1 (Paclobutrazol @ 2.5g/tree 83.57 16.89 2.39 2.55 T2 (Paclobutrazol @ 5g/tree 87.27 14.25 1.98 2.16 T3 (Paclobutrazol @ 7.5g/tree 84.64 14.64 2.25 2.35 Singh et al. (2011) College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh Effect of various doses of paclobutrazol on incidence of mango malformation

25. Integration of prochoraz -Zn and sanitation treatments Freeman et al. (2014)  The Volcani Center , Bet Dagan, Israel Management of mango malformation disease based on a novel strategy of timing of fungicide applications combined with sanitation

26. Treatment % severity before treatment (2003) % severity after treatment (2005) % decrease over previous years count (2005 over 2003) Clipping 15 cm 40.55 27.56 29.37 Clipping 30 cm 63.33 37.41 40.92 Clipping 45 cm 68.42 27.02 60.50 Clipping 15 cm + benomyl spray 75.58 50.90 32.65 Clipping 30 cm + benomyl spray 54.21 27.33 49.58 Clipping 45 cm + benomyl spray 70.85 20.99 70.37 Benomyl spray 61.37 49.33 19.61 Control 87.75 86.84 1.03 Effect of clipping at various distances behind the panicles and chemical spray on severity of mango malformation Iqbal et al. (2011) University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Management of mango malformation through physical alteration and chemical spray

27. Screening of mango ( Mangifera indica ) germplasm for identification of sources resistant to mango malformation Usha et al. (2019) IARI, New Delhi Mango varieties having extent of Mango Malformation <10%

28. POTENTIAL OF FUSARIUM MANGIFERAE AS AN ETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF MANGO MALFORMATION Sr. No. District % Tissue infection Mean A. alternata F. equiseti F. mangiferae F. pallidoroseum 1. Bahawalpur 0.00 1.33 35.33 1.33 7.59 2. Khanewal 0.00 0.00 60.66 0.00 12.13 3. Multan 3.33 0.00 46.00 4.66 10.79 4. Muzaffargarh 0.00 0.00 19.33 0.00 3.86 5. T.T. Singh 2.00 1.33 41.33 4.00 9.73 Fungi associated with malformed tissues of mango collected from five districts of the Punjab. Sr. No. Fungus Tissue Infection % 1. F. mangiferae 40.53 2. F. pallidoroseum 1.99 3. A. alternata 1.06 4. F. equiseti 0.53 Iqbal et al. (2010) University of Sargodha, Pakistan

29. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH FLORAL MALFORMATION IN MANGO Constituents Organ Dashehari Chausa Healthy Malformed Healthy Malformed Reducing sugars Leaf 3.70 3.00 3.95 3.40 Stem 3.40 2.70 3.25 3.00 Panicle 4.45 4.00 4.85 4.20 Non-reducing sugars Leaf 1.38 1.18 1.73 1.43 Stem 1.10 0.55 0.75 0.33 Panicle 0.93 1.00 0.80 0.65 Total sugars Leaf 5.08 4.18 5.68 4.83 Stem 4.50 3.25 4.00 3.33 Panicle 5.38 5.00 5.65 4.85 Acid hydrolysable polysaccharides and total carbohydrates remained at higher levels in leaves, stems and panicles of malformed shoots as compared to healthy ones in both the cultivars. The total nitrogen did not show much change while the reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars remained at lower levels in leaves, stems and panicles of malformed shoots as compared to healthy ones in both the cultivars.

30. Acid hydrolysable polysaccharides Leaf 10.26 12.26 11.16 12.52 Stem 25.20 26.19 21.60 26.19 Panicle 18.00 18.80 17.10 19.08 Total carbohydrates Leaf 15.34 16.44 16.84 17.35 Stem 29.70 29.44 25.60 29.52 Panicle 23.38 23.80 22.75 23.93 Total nitrogen Leaf 1.90 1.80 1.60 1.55 Stem 1.15 0.90 1.10 1.05 Panicle 1.85 1.80 1.85 1.80 C/N ratio Leaf 8.07 9.13 10.52 11.19 Stem 25.82 32.71 23.27 28.11 Panicle 12.63 13.22 12.30 13.29 Amount of various fractions of carbohydrate and total nitrogen in different parts of healthy and malformed shoots of mango after fruit-bud differentiation, expressed as % dry weight. Pandey et al. (1977) IARI, New Delhi

31. Consistent association of fungus Fusarium mangiferae Britz with mango malformation disease in Pakistan Area Percent recovery from each cultivar Mean of district Aman Dusehri Malda Late Chaunsa Fajri Anwar Rataul Shujabad 91.66 75.00 83.33 78.33 100.00 85.66 Vehari 100.00 65.00 41.66 71.66 100.00 75.66 Layyah 100.00 76.66 38.33 68.33 95.00 75.66 Rahm Yar Khan 83.33 58.33 33.33 70.00 88.33 66.66 Faisalabad 66.66 50.00 45.00 43.33 100.00 60.99 Mean of cultivars 88.33 64.99 48.33 66.33 96.66 Recovery of F. mangiferae from malformed tissues of five local cultivars obtained from five mango growing areas of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Iqbal et al. (2011) College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

32. References NHB DATABASE 2016-17 Mukherjee, S.K., 1949. The mango and its relatives.  Sci. Cult ,  15 : 5-9. Singh, V.K., Singh, A.K., Singh, J.N. and Singh, V.K., 2011. Effect of various doses of paclobutrazol on incidence of mango malformation.  Indian Journal of Horticulture ,  68 (4): 561-563. Marasas , W.F.O., Ploetz , R.C., Wingfield , M.J., Wingfield , B.D. and Steenkamp , E.T., 2006. Mango malformation disease and the associated Fusarium species.  Phytopathology ,  96 (6): 667-672. Kumar, P., Misra , A.K. and Modi , D.R., 2011. Current status of mango malformation in India.  Asian Journal of Plant Sciences ,  10 (1): 1. Kumar, P., Misra , A.K., Modi , D.R. and Gupta, V.K., 2012. Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma species against mango malformation pathogens.  Archives of phytopathology and plant protection ,  45 (10): 1237-1245. Freeman, S., Maymon , M., Biton , A., Levin, A.G. and Shtienberg , D., 2014. Management of mango malformation disease based on a novel strategy of timing of fungicide applications combined with sanitation.  Crop Protection ,  61 : 84-91. Iqbal , Z., Akhtar , N., Ghazanfar , M.U., Shehzad , S.M., Ahmad, S., Asif , M., Yasin , M. and Pervez, M.A., 2011. Management of mango malformation through physical alteration and chemical spray.  African Journal of Agricultural Research ,  6 (7): 1897-1901. Iqbal , Z., Pervez, M.A., Saleem , B.T., Ahmad, S., Dasti , A.A. and Saleem , A., 2010. Potential of Fusarium mangiferae as an etiological agent of mango malformation.  Pakistan Journal of Botany ,  42 (1): 409-415.

33. Usha , K., Singh, O.P., Yadav , A., Deepak, N.G., Singh, B. and Sharma, D.K., 2019. Screening of mango ( Mangifera indica ) germplasm for identification of sources resistant to mango malformation.  INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ,  89 (2): 327-332. Ansari, M.W., Bains , G., Shukla , A., Pant, R.C. and Tuteja , N., 2013. Low temperature stress ethylene and not Fusarium , might be responsible for mango malformation.  Plant physiology and biochemistry ,  69 : 34-38. Pandey , R.M., Rao , M.M. and Pathak , R.A., 1977. Biochemical changes associated with floral malformation in mango.  Scientia Horticulturae ,  6 (1): 37-44. Iqbal , Z., Hameed , S., Akhtar , N., Pervez, M.A., Ahmad, S., Yasin , M., Asif , M., Dasti , A.A. and Saleem , A., 2011. Consistent association of fungus Fusarium mangiferae Britz with mango malformation disease in Pakistan.  African Journal of Biotechnology ,  10 (27): 5286-5290.

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