mango production technology ppt prepared by anjinayya.pptx

mango production technology

1. MANGO 1 By Anjinayya M.Sc Fruit scienc e

2. MANGO Most important fruit crops among the tropical and sub-tropical fruits grown in more than 110 countries. It is the choicest fruit of India and said to be the “King of fruits” also National fruit. 4000 years ago man started the cultivation of mango. It is cultivated in all over the India. From coastal areas to foot hills of Himalayas. It is rich in nutritional values and popularity to which no other fruit crops can match 2

3. HISTORY Ancient literature – mention of this fruits in rock sculptures of Ajantha , Ellora , Bellur and Khazuraho temples. Also in ancient sanskrit scripts like Ramayana, Mahabharata, Charaka Samhita , Amarakosam , Shushrutha samhista . Alexander in 327 BC reported the cultivation of mango in Indus Valley. Hieun stang (632-645 AD) travelled in India more than 10 times. Ibn – Batuta (1325 – 1349) 3

4. Ludovico – di - Varthema (1503-1508 AD) – An Italian traveler described cultivation of mango is his travelogue. Akbar: Popularization of Mango in India “ Lakhibagh ” Orchard having 1 lakh mango trees, it is located at Darbangha , Bihar. “ Ain -e-Akbar” – Biography of Akbar, it shows the mango cultivation in India. 4

5. ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION Origin – South East Asia Primary centre of origin: continental regions of Burma, Thailand,Indochina and Malayan peninsula 2. Secondary centre of origin – Sunda Islands, Java, Sumatra, Philippines. Distribution: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka , Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, Fiji, Tropical Australia, Egypt, Israel, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzenia , south Africa, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Haiti, West Indies.  With respect to India Area: U.P, A.P, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Gujarat, T.N, Kerala, Punjab. 5

6. Popular mango growing belts of India: Murshirabad and malda – West Bengal – Variety – Malda ( Langra ) Malihabad and Saharanpur – Uttar Pradesh – Variety – Dashehari Vishakhapatnam and Chittoor – A. P. – Variety – Banganpally / Benishan Ratnagiri – Maharashtra – Variety – Alphonso Dharwad and Belgaum – Variety – Alphonso 6

7. Uses: Excellent table fruit. The immature and green matured fruits are used for pickling, chutney, Amchur , Murabha . Used for preparation of pulp, juice, jam, squash etc. In Philippines and java the new flesh and tender leaves are used as vegetables. Dried flower is used as medicine for stomach ache. Mango seed oil and mango butter is also prepared. Botanical name : Mangifera indica Family: Anacardiaceae Origin: S-E-Asia Chromosome No.: 2n=40 7

8. Totally 41 species are there under the genus mangifera 1. Mangifera sylvatica 2. M. caloneura 3. M. caesia 4. M. foetida Related species belonging to Anacardiaceae family 1.Cashew nut: Anacardium occidentale commercial fruits belongs to 2.Pistachio nut: Pistacia vera this family 3.Indian Hog plum: Spondias pinnata 4.Chironji: Bachanania latifolia 5.Marking nut: Semicarpous Sp. 8

9. Mangifera species which are reported from India 1 . M. indica 2. M. andamanica 3. M. khasiana 4. M. sylvatica 5. M. comptosperma   Mango is a cross pollinated fruit crop. Houseflies are the major pollinating agents, % of perfect flower varies from 0.74% to 70%. Perfect flower have both Male and Female organs. Rumani is having 0.74% of perfect flower. Langra is having 69.8%. Type of fruit in mango is ‘drupe’ Colour of mango is due to carotenes, anthocyanin and xanthophylls & chlorophyll 9

10. Classification: A. Based on climatic adaptability 1. North Indian cultivars: Amrapali , Dashehari , Langra , Chausa , Mallika 2. East Indian Cultivars: Fazli , Himsagar , Langra , Madhulika , Zardalu Kishen bhog 3. West Indian cultivars: Alphonso, Kesar , Malgoa , Bombay green, Ratna , Sindhu , Pairi 4. South Indian cultivars: Bangalora ( Totapuri ), Banganpalli ( Benishan ) Neelam (Kerala), Manjira , Rumani , Mulgoa , Arka anmol , Mallika , PKM – 1 10

11. B. Based on ripening period 1. Early ripening varieties: Bombay green, Langra 2. Mid ripening varieties: Dashehari , Alphonso 3. Late ripening varieties: Amrapali , Mallika , Neelam , Totapuri , Tommy atkin , Sensation, Irwin, Edward. C. Based on fruit size 1. Very large fruit: >500g – Hathijhool , Fazli (800g to 1500g). Keitt , Haden. 2. Large fruited: (300g to 500g) – Benishan , Totapuri , Mallika , Arka Arun 3. Medium large: (150g-300g) – Dashehari , Langra , Ratna , Sindhu , Alphonso, Bombay green, chausa 4. Small fruited (100-150g) – Amrapali , Ratual 5. Very small (<100g) – Mitli , Gutti , Bhowari Chowras (70g) 11

12. D. Based on fruit utilization 1. Dessert purpose: Alphonso, Kesar , Mallika , Dashehari , Amrapali , Neelam , Totapuri , Benishan . 2. Juice purpose: Raspuri , Malgoa 3. Processing purpose a. Beverage preparation – Amrapali , Safeda , Arka puneet b. Pickles – Appi midi, Konkan runchi , Pulian , Amlette , ashwina c. Nectar – Amrapali , Dashehari , Sahib pasand d. Pulp – Alphonso, Kesar , Totapuri e. Slice – Mallika , Alphonso, Benishan , Totapuri   12

13. E. Based on cultivars suitable for root stock 1. Dwarf rootstock – Kerala dwarf, Vellaikolamban , Totapuri red small 2. Vigorous rootstock – Muvandan , Bappakai , Olur 3. Salt tolerant rootstocks – Kurukkan , Neeleshwar dwarf   F. Germplasm with various traits 1. Dwarfness – Rumani , creeping 2. High yield – Totapuri 3. High sex ratio – Langra , Dashehari , Neelam , Amrapali 4. Large fruit size - Banganpalli , Langra , Mallika , Malgoa 5. Red peel colour – Janardhan pasand , Suvarna Rekha , Vanraj , Tommy atkins , Sensation, Irwin 6. High pulp content : Langra , Dashehari , Pairi , Sindhu , Amrapali , Mallika 7. High TSS (Total soluble solids) Dashehari , Langra , Mallika , Amrapali , Dood pedha 8. High keeping quality – Alphonso, Totapui , Benishan , Kesar 9. Tolerant to malformation – Elaichi , Bhaduran   13

14. Monoembryonic : All the commercial varieties - eg : alphonso , Mallika , Dashehari , Totapuri , Benishan Polyembryonic : Vellaikolumban , Nekkare , olour , Bappakai , Kurukkan , Mylepelian , Muvandan .   Important mango varieties traded in international market: Exported from India – Alphonso , Kesar , Dashehari   Other varieties exported – Haden, Kent, Keitt , Irwin, Zill , Sensation, Tommy atkin .   Mango varieties exported from India : Alphonso , Kesar , Dashehari , Mallika 14

15. Research centers working on Mango: 1. CISH : Central Institute of subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow (U.P) having 633 mango germplasm /mango accessions. 2. IIHR: Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore 3. IARI: Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi 4. FRS: Fruit Research Station, Vengurla (Maharashtra) 297 mango accessions are being maintained. 5. FRS – Sabour , Bihar FRS – Kodur , Andra Pradesh FRS – Sangareddy , A.P., FRS – Taliparambu , Kerala FRS – Ananthrajupet , A.P.   15

16. Clonal selections: 1. Dashehari – 51/ Akshay from Dashehari 2. Red blush – selection from Alphonso 3. Niranjan – Local accession 4. Aishwarya , selection from Alphonso 5. Rosica - only bud mutant variety of mango 6. Paiyur I , selection from Neelam 7. Menaka , selection from Gulabkhas 8. Pusa Surya selection from Eldon 16

17. Promising hybrids of mango: FRS- Kodur 1. Neeluddin : Neelam x Humayuddin 2. Swarna Jahangir : Chennasuvarna rekha x Jahangir   IIHR – Bangalore 1. Arka Aruna : Banganapalli x Alphonso Dwarf and Regular bearer, precautious, medium yields fruits are large with attractive skin colour with Red blush. Free from spongy tissue, suitable for high density planting. 2. Arka Puneet : Alphonso x Banganpally Plants are vigourous , regular, prolific bearer, medium sized fruits, attractive. Free from spongy tissue Excellent keeping quality Free from fruit fly 17

18. 3. Arka Anmol : Alphonso x Janardhan pasand Medium vigourous , regular bearer, good yielder Medium sized fruits, excellent keeping quality Free from spongy tissue   4. Arka Neelkiran : Alphonso x Neelam Regular bearer, medium sized fruit, free from spongy tissue Excellent peel colour Semi vigourous 5. Arka Uday : Amrapali x Arka Anmol Regular, high yield (75-80kg/plant), semi vigorous, medium to big size fruits (235 g), high TSS (24 brix ), Uniform fruit size and better keeping quality 18

19. IARI – New Delhi 1. Mallika (1970) : Neelam x Dashehari Semi vegourous , regular bearer Large fruits with yellow colour , high pulp content Total soluble solids (TSS) is 24° Brix Medium keeping quality   2. Amrapali : Dashehari x Neelam Dwarf, precocious, regular bearing Suitable for HDP (2.5 x 2.5m spacing) Fruits are yellow on ripening Good keeping quality and late maturity   3 19

20. 20 3. Pusa Arunima : Amrapali x Sensation 4. Pusa Pratibha : Amrapali x Sensation 5. Pusa Peetambar : Amrapali x Lal Sundari 6. Pusa Lalima : Dashehari x Sensation 7. Pusa Shreshth : Amrapali x Sensation

21. RFRS – Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurla (M.H) 1. Ratna : Neelam x Alphonso Precocious, moderately vigourous , regular bearer Medium sized fruits with excellent quality Pleasand flavor and attractive colour Free from spongy tissue   2. Sindhu : Ratna x Alphonso Regular bearer, medium sized fruits with appealing colour Good quality High pulp to seed ration, the stones are very thin (30mm) and small and the variety is practically “Seedless” Only variety in Mango which is seedless and small (Rudimentary) 21

22. 3. Konkan Ruchi : Neelam x alphonso Regular, high yielder, large fruits Suitable for pickling   MPKV – Rahuri (M.H) Sai – Sugandha : Totapuri x Kesar   FRS – Sanga reddy ( Telangana ) 1 . Manjeera : Rumanik x Neelam Dwarf, regular and prolific yielder/bearer 2 . AU – Rumani : Rumani x Neelam   22

23. FRS – Kodur 1. Neelgoa : Neelam x Malgoa 2. Neebuddin : Neelam x Himayuddin 3. Neeleshan : Neelam x Benishan   CISH – Lucknow 1. Ambika (CISH-M-1) : Amarapali x Janardhan pasand 2. Arunika : Amrapali x Vanraj 3. CISH-M-2: Dashekari x Chausa Important Varieties Alphonso ( Badami ) A leading commercial variety of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Suitable for humid coastal climate. Having good keeping quality and suitable for table and canning purpose. It is susceptible to spongy tissue and Biennial in bearing.   23

24.   Bangalora : Totapuri /collector A commercial variety of south India and it is regular in bearing. Quality is poor but good keeping quality. It is an early variety and susceptible to stone weevil.   Dashehari : It is an outstanding mid season variety with fibreless pulp Have good keeping quality Suitable for canning and cold storage Alternate bearing, highly susceptible to malformation Benishan / Banganpally : Adopted to arid regions Fruits are medium in size, flattened, fibreless, regular to irregular bearer Good yields and good keeping quality. 24

25. Raspuri / Pairi Commercial variety of south and western India Fruits are medium in size, early variety with alternte bearing   Neelam Cultivated in tamil nadu It is a late variety, regular bearer It has good keeping quality   Langra It is cultivated in N & E It is a midseason variety Poor keeping quality, alternate bearer   Khader : A synonym of Alphonso Best suited for dry regions of north Karnataka Quality is superior, fruits are large in size Mulgoa : A late season variety with good quality fruits Fruits are large in size It is a shy bearer 25

26. Propagation: Sexual methods: By seeds 2. Asexual methods: Grafting Seeds after extraction should be sown within one week to get good germination. The seeds are thoroughly washed and dipped in carbandazim solution (0.1%). The seeds are sown in raised beds stalk end facing upward. The seeds germinate within 15 to 25 days. The seedlings should be transplanted to polybags as the leaves turn coppery to greenish colour . Maintain seedlings in polybag for 1 year and then can be used for softwood grafting 26

27. Grafting: 1. Soft wood grafting: Developed/standardized by Dr. Gunjate (Maharashtra). It is the commercial method of grafting Select pre-cured scion Wedge grafting should be done on 10-12 months old seedling root stock Keep seedlings under mist house (85-90% success) Usually followed in months of June – September   27

28.   2. Epecotyl/stone grafting: Commercially practiced in Maharashtra, Karnataka. This is considered as efficient, economic and rapid method of propagation in mango. Rootstocks used are very young (15-21 days) Select the pre-cured scions Give a cut at epicotyl region. (5 cm above the stone) Followed by wedge grafting It is performed successfully in June-July months. 28

29. 3. Veneer and side grafting: 1 year old root stocks are used  Pre-curing  Success is >85%   4.   Inarching/Approach grafting: The one year old rootstalks are suitable for this method  For the ease of grafting the mother tree should have lower spreading branches. In the absence the raised platforms are prepared to bring scion shoot and stalk together. The bark of 5cm length, 2mm depth is removed by means of sharp grafting knife of both stalk and scion. They are tied together tightly by polythene strip. After 45-60 days of grafting a ‘V’ shaped notch is given half way to both stalk and scion just below the graft union. Leave it for two weeks, after two weeks deepen the notch to ⅔ or ¾ th of thickness of shoot. After two weeks graft is separated. 29

30. Cultivation: Climate: Mango can perform better in both tropical and sub tropical climatic conditions. Temperature: Trees can survive a temperature of 10-45°C Optimum temperature range : 21 to 27°C This crop is sensitive to frost Temperature below O°C leads to unrepairable damage Altitude : Optimum is 600M AMSL, can survive upto 1250m 30

31. Rainfall: Mango grows in area with 25-250cm rain It should be well distributed all over the year Rains during pre-flowering and flowering period leads to delay in flowering or production of vegetative flushes instead of inflorescence Should have to completely stop the irrigation before or on flowering period till fruits are set. Cloudy weather during flowering results in heavy flower drop mainly due to increased hopper population. Occurrence of heavy rain during fruit maturity results in poor quality fruits. High speed winds accompanied by rains during flowering and fruitset results in heavy flower and fruit drops. Temperature affects the flowering time of mango tree. A cool and dry period during winter slows or stops the growth which is essential for induction of flowering. 31

32. Flowering season: South India : November – December – January North India : February – March   Soil: Can be cultivated in wide range of soil ranging from alluvial to lateritic Soil should be well drained 2 to 2.5m depth pH : 5.5 – 7.5 Water logged and rocky soils should be avoided and also black cotton soil should be avoided.   Spacing of mango tree: 8-10m Other conventional spacing 10x10m 9x9m 8x8m upto 12x12m In 12x12m (wider spacing) – 69 plants/ha HDP: Amrapali (dwarf) : 2.5 x 2.5m , 1600 plants/ha.   32

33. For Dashehari : Spacing – 2.5x3.0m (recommended by G.B plant Agricultural University) Practices to control the spreading & height 1. Dehorning: Plants are allowed to grow for 10 year In 11 th year remove the shoots or branches in the tune of 25% to 50% 2. F or HDP we require Dwarfing rootstocks. Those are Vellaikolamban , Olur 3. D warf varieties/ hybrids 4. PGR’s to reduce the growth of tree eg : CCC ( Cycocyn ), Alar  In India hybrids like Amrapali :2.5x2.5 m Sindu : 5x5m Arka Aruna :5x5m 33

34. Pits: For deep soils: 0.5m 3 Shallow soils: 1.0m 3 1. Open the pits prior to monsoon (April & May) and expose the pits to sunlight. 2. Fill the pits with 25kg FYM and 2.5kg SSP, 1kg MOP+Neemcake @1kg. Planting: South India: June – September North India: July – September  Watering: Watering has to be done depending on climatic condition 1. It should be given 2 to 3 days/week up to 2 to 3 years 34

35. Training & Pruning: System: Open center Distribution of sunlight is equal Cut the main stem after a specific height, 4-5 evenly sized branches are retained   Flowering takes place on past/previous season growth So pruning is restricted to removal of criss crossed branches, diseased branches.   If branches are pruned, vegetative flush will increases, the mango will not flower since it flowers terminally.   35

36. Manures and fertilizers: It is evergreen tree Since the tree is large they require large amount of manures and fertilizer Especially C: N ratio goes on reducing so it should be maintained and balanced. If N is less and C is more: Flowering If N is more and C is less : Vegetative growth. Mango is an irregular bearer. 25kg of manure per tree Fertilizer depends upon the age of the plant.   Go on doubling every year up to 10 year From 10 year the NPK should be restricted to 750, 200 and 700g respectively. Age N P K 1 year 75g 20 70 2 year 750 40 140 10 year 750 200 700 36

37. Dosage of fertilizers: 1 st dose: (June – July) – 50% N and K 2 nd dose: (September – October) – remaining 50% N & K, full dose of P   Application of fertilizers: Active root zone in mango is 1.2 – 2.4 m from the base of mango tree The application of fertilizer should be done in active zone. Depth of the ring in active zone is 30 cm Breadth of the ring is 60 – 90cm 37

38. Irrigation: Initial days: 2-3 days interval Irrigation should be completely stopped prior to flowering (2-3 months prior to flowering) In the absence of water the vegetative flushes of mango is converted into flowering buds. Hence it should be preferably dry during fruit bud differentiation (FBD). FBD is usually occurs in a month of Oct – November   Inter cropping: Preferably intercrops are single season crops like vegetables, pulses, cereals. In the initial 5-6 years, intercropping can be done. Fruits as intercrops : Banana, Papaya, Pineapple 38

39. Inter culture: Cultural operation practices during cultivation in young orchards 1. Weeding: Regular weeding should be done Plough the orchard in every 3 months Can cultivate legumes in ploughed spaces   Flowering : Start from December extends up to march Mango bears flower on the terminal shoots 39

40. Flowering in mango is influenced by genetic and environmental factors: The internal factor that governs and controls the entire phenomenon of flowering in mango is the maturity and age of its vegetative growth. The shoots which are about 8-10 months old and cease growing at least 4 months prior to flowering season are capable of producing flower buds Flowering is preceded by the differentiation of flower buds in shoots which finally give rise to fruit. However in some of the regular bearing varieties ( Neelam , Totapuri , Rumani ) the size and maturity of shoots do not play an important role for determining the fruit bud differentiation.   However there are few Indian varities such as Neelam , Totapuri , Rumani which produces flowers twice in a year. When they are grown towares the southern tip of country ( Kanyakumari ) Baramasi and Royal special shows twice or thrice flowering in north Indian condition   40

41. Sex ratio Mango inflorescence produces two type of flowers 1. Male flowers 2. Hermaphrodite/bisexual 1000-6000 per panicle. The percentage of bisexual flowers Benishan : – 3.67% Totapuri :6.61 - 21% Dashehari : 30.6% Neelam : 16.41 – 55.7% Langra : 69.8% Sai Sugandh : 72 % Rumani : 0.74% Spray of NAA@200 ppm at the time of FBD increases bisexual flowering 41

42. Fruit set and development: Mango is known for poor fruit set. % of fruit set varies from 0.001 to 10% The growth curve follows single sigmoid patterns    42

43. Fruit drop: Mango exhibit maximum fruit drop among all the fruit cops (90-99%) There are reports that only 0.01% of pollinated perfect flowers set fruits. Main causes: 1.Lack of pollination 2.Low stigmatic receptivity 3.Defective perfect flowers 4.Unfavorable climatic condition : Rains, wind, cloudiness 5.Incidence of pest and diseases : Mango hoppers, Mealy bugs, Powdery mildew, Anthracnose. 6.Hormonal imbalance in the developing fruits.   43

44.   Control measures: 1.Good orchard management. 2.Application of growth regulators like NAA (25-40ppm). 3.2,4-D @ 10-15ppm or CCC ( Cycocyl ) @ 200ppm 4.These has to be sprayed immediately after fruit set, helps to reduce fruit drop considerably.  44

45. Harvesting and yield: Mango fruits are ready for harvesting in 90-100 days after fruit set. Mature green fruits are harvested and ripened under ambient condition. Manual harvesting of individual fruits with long pole having cutting blade fitted with nylon net to hold the harvested fruits.  45

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47. It is advisable to harvest mango fruits with 1 cm peduncle to avoid rupture of the resin ducts, which results in undesirable blemishes (scars). 47

48. Tapka method: Traditionally followed by farmer to judge maturity when few fruits fall from the tree. Yield: 5 th year : 15-20 fruits 10 th year : 400-600 fruits 20 th year : >1000 fruits Harvesting from 4 th year onwards Pre-cooling should be done by placing the fruits under shade immediately after harvest to remove the field heat. 1. Air cooling: Under the shade or using air providing equipment 2. Hydro cooling: by using cold water 3. Vacuum cooling: under vacuum condition  48

49. Grading: Grouping the fruits into different classes depending upon size, shape and colour . Europian market: Extra class : 551-800g Class I : 351-550g Class II : 200-350g Packing: In Indian markets Wooden crates Bamboo baskets CFB boxes . For export it requires ventilated and partitioned CFB boxes (30x40cm) or two layered CFB boxes. In each boxes 4-5 kgs are packed. 49

50. Ripening: Conventional method: Matured fruits are spread in a room covered with paddy or wheat straw (5-6 days for ripening) Ethrel treatment – Treatment with Ethrel (600-800ppm) Calcium carbide is used to ripe the fruit. Take a little quantity of CaC 2 and add little amount of water in a closed room. The chemical evaporate and create fumes. Dipping of fruits 52-55°C for 5 minutes (hot water treatment)  50

51. Post Harvest Vapour heat treatment (VHT): to control the fruit fly vapors @ 43°C is given in a saturated air for 8 hrs and further holding the fruits at same temperature for next 6 hrs. Waxing and fruit coating: It improves shelf life by decreasing respiration and transpiration wax coating (3-6%) Film wrapping: Fruits are covered with a poly film of 150 gauge. Increases shelf life   51

52. Irradiation: Two pests that are hindering the fruit export are fruit fly and fruit weevil. Irradiation is used to control these pests 300 GY & 150 GY, 300GY: Fruit fly 150GY: Fruit weevil Storage: Optimum temperature is 12-15°C cold storage RH is 85-90% Up to two weeks 52

53. Pests Mango Hoppers Ideoscopus clypelis , Ideoscopus nitidular Symptoms Adults and nymphs suck the sap, tender shoots, leaves and panicle, leads to flower shedding. The panicle becomes dried and fruit setting is reduced. Hopper secrets honey dew on which sooty mould grows on leaves and panicles. Control: Spraying before flowering with carbaryl @ 4g/ litre . Use melathion @ 2ml/ litre OR Monocrotophos @ 1.25ml/ litre OR Phosphomidon @ 0.5ml/ litre It has to be repeated after fruit set 53

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55. Stem borer: Batocera rufomaculata Symptoms: The grubs feed inside the main trunk and branches Adults emerge during July – August Dry excreta emerging from the tunnels helps to identify the pest  Control measures: Cleaning the tunnels and covering with monocrotophos soaked in cotton Apply carbaryl at the rate of 5g/hole and plug with mud or soil Apply kerosene dipped in cotton to the infected portion (crude method) Celphos tablet ( Aluminium phosphate) at the rate of 3gm/hole. 55

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57. Sealer cum healer: IIHR 57

58. Shoot borer Chlumetia transversa The caterpillar’s bores young mango shoots from terminal end and bore down to a depth of 10-15cm resulting in shoot wilting and drying. The incidence is severe in April. Control: Spray carbaryl @ 2g/lit 2-3 times Ekalux @ 0.05% Monocrotophos @ 0.04% at fort night interval (15 days) from emergence of new fleshes. 58

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60. Fruit fly: Daucus dorsalis This is a serious pest which has hindered the export of mango from India to western countries. Adult lays eggs in clusters of 150-200 under the peel of fruit just before maturity and on ripening the maggots feed on the pulp and convert it into off smelling rotten liquid and the affected fruits drop off. Control: Collect and destroy the fallen fruits (prevents further spreading) Ploughing of interspaces during summer months to expose the hibernating pupae Use of pheromone traps having methyl eugenol . 100ml + 0.1% melathion or any other insecticide during April-June. Early harvesting of fruits Irradiation Vapor heat treatments (VHT) 60

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62. Mealy bugs: Drosicha mangifera The nymphs emerging in December, January from soil climb and settle on young shoots, twigs, flowers and young fruits. They suck the sap and affected plant parts dry up. Control: Dig the soil and mix Methyl Parathion dust @ 2% in the basal region during summer. Banding tree trunk with slippery alkathene sheet in November – December Make sticky bands at 30-40cm above the ground with rosin and castor oil or grease and coal tar Chemical treatment: Spray 0.2% carbaryl or Monocrotophos @ 0.04% to kill nymphs on shoots. 62

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66.   Diseases Powdery mildew – Oidium mangifera   Warm humid weather and coal nights favors the disease. Flowers and newly set fruits are covered with grayish white powdery marks resulting in cessation of growth and shedding of flowers and fruits. Control: Spraying wettable sulphur / sulfex @ 0.2% at an interval of 10 days 1st spray – before flowering 2nd spray – after fruit set Hexaconazole ( Contaf Plus) @ 2ml/ litre   66

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69. Anthracnose: Collatotrichum gleosporides It is serious disease in humid and high rainfall areas at a temperature of 24-32°C. Symptoms: Brown spots are noticed on leaves and stems which further spread and coalesce and the affected part dries. Flowers, panicles dry and shed  Control: Spraying Bordeaux mixture @ 1% concentration or Carbandazim @ 1g/ litre 69

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72. Sooty Mould The development of fungus on leaves, twigs and inflorescence especially on the honey dew secreted by hoppers resulting in formation of black sooty cover on the infected area.   Control: Control mango hoppers by spraying dimethoate @ 1.7ml/liter. Spray sulphur 3g/liter, Before spraying of fungicide, one water spray should be given. Mix the fungicide in starch source (Maida/ Gunji ) and spray. 72

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74. Physiological Disorders of Mango 74

75. 75 Biennial bearing/Alternate bearing/Irregular bearing/Erratic bearing In mango, most of the varieties exhibit a clear pattern of cropping. i.e., Biennial bearing, which indicates in the on year optimum or heavy fruiting followed by an year of little or no fruiting. The year of optimum or heavy fruiting is called as ‘on year’ and the year of little or no fruiting is called as ‘off year’.

76. Causes: The genetic character of the variety Adverse climatic conditions i.e Heavy winds, low temperature etc Cultural operations followed Pest and diseases Sex ratio: male to perfect flowers Occurrence of improper pollination Bearing nature of the tree (Terminal/lateral bearing) C:N ration of the shoot Hormonal balance in the shoot, level of auxins and ABA (inhibitor), lower levels of Gibberlins – promote vegetative shoots. Maturity of the shoots  76

77. Control/Management of Biennial bearing Proper care and maintenance of orchards in a healthy stage Judicious and timely manuring , irrigation and plant protection measures. De-blossoming: In on-year to promote flowering in the off year it is successfully practiced. Spraying of NAA @ 500 ppm at full bloom stage. Pruning: Pruning in on-year (during July to august) to increase emergence of more number of shoots. Chemical regulation Application of Pachlobutrazole ( Cultar ) @ 10g a.i is mixed in 5 litre of water applied in a ring of 15cm depth dug at 60cm away from the tree trunk. It should be applied in August. It is followed only for Alphonso.  77

78. Mango malformation First reported in Bihar (1891) Common in all the north Indian states South Indian states are free from this problem It is found in Bombay green, Chausa , Dashehari , Amrapali The economic losses vary between 5-20% Malformation is the production of thick vegetative shoots at the growing tips and transformation of floral parts into a compact mass of sterile flowers. Two types Vegetative malformation Floral malformation 78

79. Vegetative malformation: Swelling of buds and formation of small shoots with short internodes and the apical end results in witches broom like appearance.  Floral malformation Panicles become malformed with short and thick rachis giving the inflorescence a cluster appearance mostly with only male flowers.  Causes: Fungal infections : Fusarium maniliformae – Fusarium solani Infection by mites: Aceria mangifera Mycoplasma : MLO’s ( Mycoplasma like organisms) Nutritional anomalies/imbalance Hormonal imbalance : low level of auxin – Higher level of gibberlins promote malformation Malformin – component responsible for malformation 79

80. Vegetative Malformation 80

81. Vegetative Malformation 81

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84. Floral Malformation 84

85. Control: Spray NAA @ 200 ppm during October (flower bud differentiation) Manual removal of all the affected parts or shoots followed by two sprays of captan @ 0.2% - Melathion @ 0.1% Adoption of timely cultural operations Use of good quality/healthy mother plants Spray with antimalformines like – Glutathion , Ascorbic acid @ 2.2g/ litre 85

86. Spongy tissue ex: Alphonso Spongy tissue is a non-edible, sour, yellowish spongy like patches with or without air pockets developing in the fruit during ripening. Losses are of a tune of 35-55% in Alphonso depending on age of tree, season, time of picking, location, maturity of fruit and environmental conditions.  Other varieties susceptible are: Vanraj , Jamadar , Suvarna Rekha , Mallika   86

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89. Causes: Pathological reasons: Bacillus species Varietal susceptibility Biochemical reasons Nutritional aspects Due to less Ca Soil moisture content High sunlight and atmospheric temperature : E – W direction Convective heat  Convective heat arising from the soil is the main cause of damage at maturity stage during April – May. The soil temperature rises to above 55.8°C as a result of solar radiation. The resulted convective heat 1 st touches the apex of the fruit hanging down the trees and the pulp gets heated resulting into spongy tissue.  Delay in harvesting 89

90. Control: Establishing tall growing shade plants in the borders of mango orchard Sod culture rather than clean cultivation – growing of grass in orchard reduces the temperature of soil and also convection heat Mulching with straw (basin) Dipping of fruits in ethephon @ 500 ppm Early harvesting of fruits 90

91. Black tip: This disorder is observed commonly in North-Indian states. Blackening and hardening of distal ends of fruits Affected fruits show premature ripening and reduced market acceptability. The incidence was found more near brick kilns, gases released like Co 2 , Sulphur dioxide, acetylene.  Control: Permitting brick kilns away from orchards Increasing chimney height: 15-18mt. Spraying with borax (0.6%) before flowering, during flowering and at fruit setting stage Spray with sodium carbonate @2% immediately after fruit set.  91

92. 92

93. 93

94. 94

95. Internal necrosis Browning of flesh in the fruit when still attach to the tree Found more in immature fruits and the fruits drop prematurely Cause: Boron deficiency – mainly in sandy soils Control: Application of borax 500g/tree (soil application) borax @ 0.5 to 1%: Foliar spray 95

96. 96

97. Clustering / Jhumka Is characterized by the development of fruitlets in clusters at the tip of panicles. Such fruits cease to grow beyond pea or marble stage and drop down after a month of fruit set. Cause: Absence of sufficient population of pollinators in the orchards is the major reason. The other reasons causing the disorder are old and overcrowding of trees Indiscriminate spraying against pests and diseases, Use of synthetic pyrethroids , Monoculture of Dashehari and bad weather during flowering. 97

98. 98

99. Fruit cracking : 99 Deficiency of Boron and Calcium

100. 100

101. 101

102. 102 Little leaf Deficiency of zinc. This leads to stunted growth of roots, shoots and leaves. The lamina of leaves turn pale yellow while midrib remain green. Leaves become very small, little with interveinal chlorosis . Yellowing, necrotic patches develop on old leaves with drying of leaves. Subsequently necrotic patches turn grey and cover the entire surface. Management: Two sprays of 1-2% Zinc sulphate , one at the time of flowering and the other at one month after the first spray correct the disorder.