Manmade causes in Architectural Conservation

This slide will explore the various human activities that can contribute to the deterioration of historical buildings and structures.

1. MANMADE CAUSES
Navya Naveen I Keerthana G I Liliya Ann Joseph I Drishiya S I Sachu George I Neha Binny I
Alziya Nissam I Sanomal Biju I Rejath A Nair I Joel Joy

2. WAR

3. WAR
Wars wreak havoc on humanity and leave scars on our
history, with monuments and historical buildings often
bearing the brunt of the destruction.
Warfare is a terrible destroyer of human life and cultural
heritage. Monuments and historical buildings are often
caught in the crossfire, suffering damage or complete
destruction.
This can happen for a number of reasons:
➔Direct targeting
➔Collateral damage
➔Looting and neglect

4. DIRECT TARGETING
Monuments and historical buildings are deliberately targeted
by warring parties.
There are several reasons why warring parties might target
such structures.
●Military Significance: Sometimes, historical
buildings have a strategic importance. For example,
a fortified city wall or a hilltop castle might be
targeted for their defensive capabilities.
●Symbolic Value: Monuments and historical
buildings can represent a culture or nation's identity
and pride. Destroying such symbols can be a way to
demoralize the enemy and demonstrate dominance.
●Collateral Damage: In the chaos of war, even
unintended destruction can take a heavy toll on
cultural heritage. Bombs and shelling can easily
damage or destroy nearby structures, even if they
are not the intended target.




For example, the Taliban deliberately destroyed the Buddhas of
Bamiyan in Afghanistan in 2001.

5. DESTRUCTION OF CITY OF HAMPI
Hampi's palace, also known as the Royal Enclosure, was the
residence of the Vijayanagara Empire's kings and queens during
the 14th to 16th centuries. Unfortunately, the palace was largely
destroyed in 1565 during the Battle of Talikota, which was a
significant turning point in the history of the Vijayanagara Empire.
●Warring Parties: A coalition of Deccan Sultanates clashed
with the Vijayanagara Empire, which had Hampi as its
capital.
●Outcome: The Deccan Sultanates emerged victorious,
decisively defeating the Vijayanagara army.
●Aftermath: Following the win, the victors unleashed their
fury on Hampi. The city was sacked and burned, leading to
widespread destruction.

6. COLLATERAL DAMAGE
Monuments and historical buildings are damaged or
destroyed as a result of collateral damage from warfare.
Causes:
●Stray Artillery and Missiles: Battles fought near
historical sites can cause unintentional damage from
stray projectiles. Explosions can cause structural
cracks, weaken foundations, and deface intricate
carvings.
●Fire and Looting: Wartime chaos can lead to
uncontrolled fires that spread and engulf nearby
buildings. Looting for valuables can also damage
structures and leave them exposed to further
deterioration.
●Neglect and Abandonment: During wartime,
resources and manpower are diverted towards
military efforts. This often leads to the neglect of
proper maintenance and upkeep of historical
buildings, accelerating their decay.


The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris was severely damaged by
a fire in 2019

7. COLLATERAL DAMAGE OF RED FORT
The Red Fort in Delhi, despite its status as a symbol of
power and enduring numerous conflicts throughout
history, has been fortunate to avoid major structural
damage from war.
There is evidence of collateral damage caused by battles
fought near the fort.
The most prominent signs of collateral damage are likely
scars and pockmarks on the fort's walls. These marks are
believed to be caused by stray gunfire or artillery fire from
battles fought in the vicinity of the Red Fort.

8. LOOTING
Looting during wartime has definitely played a part in the
decay and destruction of monuments and historical
buildings. Impact of Looting:
●Loss of Valuable Artifacts: Looters often target
precious metals, gemstones, and other valuables
adorning monuments or housed within them. This
can strip away important decorative elements and
leave structures bare and incomplete.
●Damage During Removal: The process of forcefully
removing valuables can cause significant damage to
the surrounding structures. Carvings can be
chipped, walls can be cracked, and delicate art can
be destroyed in the haste to acquire loot.
●Loss of Historical Context: Many monuments
contain artifacts, sculptures, and inscriptions that
hold historical significance. Looting these elements
severs the connection to the past and hinders
historical understanding.




For example, many of the archaeological sites in Iraq were looted
during the U.S.-led invasion of 2003.

9. LOOTING AT SOMNATH TEMPLE
During 1026-1042 Solanki Raja Bhimdev built the
fourth temple of Bhoj and Anhilwad Patan, Parmar King
of Malwa. Somnath was destroyed when Delhi
Sultanate occupied Gujarat in 1299. In 1394 it was
destroyed again. In 1706, Mughal ruler Aurangzeb
again demolished the temple.
Mohammed Ghazni, in the year 1026, lent the precious
jewels and the property of the temple. He looted the
temple and slaughtered many pilgrims and burnt the
temple, and destroyed it. The famous Somnath temple
was destroyed by Mohammed Ghazni.

10. POLLUTION

11. POLLUTION
Pollution accelerates the natural processes of deterioration of the
materials of historic buildings and monuments, causing premature
aging and reducing their aesthetic value.

The impact of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere on materials is
enormous and often irreversible. Corrosion caused by chemicals and
soiling caused by particles can lead to economic losses but, more
importantly, to the destruction of our cultural heritage, an important
component of our individual and collective identity.

The recent study finds that loss of material as a result of air pollution in
Rome between 5.2 ais estimated to be nd 5.9 microns per year for
marble and between 0.30 and 0.35 microns per year for bronze

12. POLLUTION

Acid Rain: When pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides combine with moisture in the air, they form acidic rain. This
rain wreaks havoc on building materials like limestone and
marble, causing them to erode and dissolve over time. The
Coliseum in Rome and the Houses of Parliament in London are
just a few examples of structures suffering from acid rain damage.

Surface Degradation: Air pollution can also lead to the general
degradation of surfaces. Soot, dust, and other particulates settle
on buildings, obscuring their original beauty and making them
appear dirty. This grime can also trap moisture, further
accelerating material decay.

Stone Decay: Pollutants can react with stone materials, causing
them to weaken and crumble. This process, known as
"weathering," is inevitable, but pollution significantly accelerates
it. The intricate carvings on many historical buildings are
particularly vulnerable.

13. Indirect Damage: Pollution
can trap moisture on building
surfaces, accelerating natural
weathering processes and
promoting the growth of mold
and mildew, which further
contributes to degradation.

Metal Corrosion: Metal
elements on old buildings,
such as roofs, gutters, and
sculptures, are susceptible to
corrosion from air pollutants.
This can lead to structural
weakening and the loss of
aesthetic details.

14. Recently, a study on five cultural monuments included in the UNESCO
World Heritage List located in different European cities shed some more
light on corrosion of materials. While there has been an overall decrease
by 50 per cent since 1987 as a result of improved air quality facilitated
by the LRTAP Convention, changes over the most recent years have
only been minor. In addition, with sulphur dioxide emissions having been
reduced significantly, other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and
particulate matter are playing a relatively more important role in
determining current corrosion damage.
In buildings containing books, historical artefacts or other works of art
indoor pollutants may cause significant degradation. These pollutants
may either be lower concentrations of pollutants originating outdoors or
other substances generated from synthetic materials, paints, varnishes
and display cases as well as from combustion for heating.
The materials most sensitive to pollutants are calcareous building
stones and ferrous metals. Manifestations of damage include losses of
mass, changes in porosity, discoloration and embrittlement. In the case
of stone it is difficult to
(1) dissociate the effects of historical concentrations of pollution from
current ones and
(2) to establish background rates of erosion or decay in the absence of
pollutants.

15. 1. A façade that acts as a vacuum to suck in
pollutants.
The façade consisting of two layers is built using specialized concrete bricks
which suck in air into the central cavity formed by the two layers. The central
cavity contains various filters, which remove the heavy pollutants from the air
sucked in. The clean air is then allowed into the building either through active or
passive ventilation systems.
The Breathebrick, designed by Carmen Trudell can remove up to 30% of fine
particles and 70% of coarse particles from the atmosphere. The façade mimics
the skin of an animal, filtering the air entering the body; the façade acts as the
breathing skin to the building. The Breathebrick façade is a double-layered
façade consisting of a cyclone filtration that separates heavy particles and
collects them at the base into a removable hopper. The inner layer of the façade
is complimented with a layer of insulation. The Breathebrick consists of a
modulated surface which directs the airflow along with a cavity for inserting the
structural system.

16. 2. Bio-Digital Curtain filters air while
creating Bioplastic
The Biodigital curtain, ‘Photo.Synth.Etica’ is a Bioplastic membrane
consisting of algal culture which converts the CO2 present in the air to
Oxygen using Photosynthesis. The living micro-algal culture also releases
luminescent light in the night which can be used for signage and façade
treatment. The algal culture can capture up to 1kg of CO2 per day. The
by-product, biomass produced by the algal culture can be harvested and
used to create various bioplastics, including the membrane holding the
algal culture. The Bio-Digital curtain is released by London-based
architectural and urban design firm ecoLogicStudio to tackle the global
problem of climate change The urban air is provided at the base of the
screen, which causes the air bubbles to rise through the algal culture. The
captured CO2 is then converted into biomass while releasing oxygen. Each
module is a photobioreactor, converting CO2 as well as releasing
luminescent shades at night.

17. 3. An Ornate Double Skin that Filters Air
Pollution
A façade that filters both the air and light getting into the building. A
Berlin-based architecture firm Elegant Embellishments have developed Pro
solve tiles that can be assembled to create an entire façade. The Pro solve
tiles convert the Mono-nitrogen oxides into Calcium nitrates, water, and
Carbon dioxide. Coated with titanium oxide, the Pro solve tiles have
converted the pollutants into the atmosphere in the presence of UV rays. The
titanium dioxide acts as a catalyst and does not get used up in the process,
meaning it can clean air infinitely. The façade cleans the air entering the
building as well as the air in the urban scenario. The tiles can be assembled
in various geometric patterns based on the façade design and are also used
to block solar heat gain. It has been used in the Manuel Gea Gonzalez
Hospital, Mexico, and Italian pavilion at Milan expo 2015.

18. VIBRATION

19. The decay of monuments due to vibration is a significant concern, particularly in urban areas where heavy traffic and
construction activities generate continuous vibrations. Vibration can cause physical damage to monuments over time,
leading to cracks, fractures, and structural instability.

20. Several factors contribute to the vulnerability of monuments to vibration-induced
decay:

1. Construction Activities: Heavy machinery used in construction projects can
generate intense vibrations, especially if the construction site is in close proximity
to monuments.


2. Traffic: High volumes of vehicular traffic, particularly heavy trucks and buses,
can produce constant vibrations, especially on roads adjacent to monuments.


3. Improper Maintenance: Neglecting proper maintenance and preservation
techniques can exacerbate the effects of vibration-induced decay on monuments.

21. EFFECTS OF VIBRATION
They can be natural in origin, such as during an earthquake, or they can be mechanical (human or machine created) in
nature. As an example, blasting, excavation or the installation of piles by either drilling or driving can cause vibrations in
the surrounding soils, which will be transmitted to nearby buildings and structures.

Vibrations that are more largely spaced apart in time will have low frequencies and it is generally these vibrations
that present a higher risk of damage to buildings.

Two factors directly influence the impacts of vibrations on a building. These are the duration of exposure to a vibration,
as well as the distance between the source of vibration and the building or structure. Given this, the extent of damage due
to vibrations increases with prolonged exposure, as well as with a reduction of distance between the vibration source and
the building

22. vibrations generated by an earthquake or construction
work can damage a building by two separate
mechanisms.

-The first, by transmitting vibrations directly to
the building structure through the support points
(seating) of the foundations.

-And second, by causing displacement of the
soils beneath the foundation, resulting in a loss
of support to the foundation and settlement.

When significant vibrations affect a building, structural damage such as cracking of foundation walls or cracking in
masonry elements, as well as excessive sloping of floors, can be observed.

23. Vibration problems caused by man-made activities can be divided into several categories. However, they all are controlled
by the following common factors:


1) the dynamic characteristics of the vibration source,



2) the propagation of vibrations in the ground and



3) the effect of ground vibrations on buildings, sensitive
installations or human perception



VIBRATION PROBLEMS

24. VIBRATION SOURCES
The main sources of man-made vibrations are traffic (road and railway), construction activities, vibrating machines from
heavy industries and construction activities (blasting, pile driving. soil compaction).

25. In some cases, the location of the vibration source may be easily identified (industrial vibrations), while in other cases the
vibration source can move continuously (construction activities) or pass at high speed (vehicle and train traffic). Complex
vibrations can be generated by heavy trains, passing at varying speeds and from different directions.

Extensive vibration measurements may be required to identify the direction of a travelling wave field.

CONTROL MEASURES
There are different methods can be used to reduce ground vibrations: 1) Restrictions on the source of vibration, 2)
screening of wave propagation on the ground or 3) changes of the dynamic properties of the structure.

The most effective measure is usually to change the conditions at the source of vibrations (active vibration isolation), e.g.
by limiting the speed of vehicles, by modifying the operating frequency of machines or by improving the dynamic response
of the foundation of vibrating machines. However, active vibration isolation is not always possible.

Another effective and often cheap measure at the planning stage of a project is to increase the distance between the
vibration source and the affected structure

26. Massarsch ( 1986, 1991) described an new type of ground vibration isolation screen, the "gas cushion method". The
objective is to create a permanent vertical barrier with low impedance. This is achieved by installing a continuous wall of
flexible, gas:inflated cushions. The gas cushion screen consist of horizontally placed flexible tubes, manufactured of a
thin-walled plastic laminate.



The gas cushions are installed in a sluny-filled trench, After installation of the
screen in the trench, the bentonite slurry is replaced by a self-hardening
cement/bentonite grout, similar to ground water cut-off barriers. The plastic
cement-bentonite cake forms a flexible, water-tight layer on either side of the
gas cushions, providing an additional gas-tight layer on either side.

After installation, the surface of the trench above the gas cushion screen
must be properly protected by a layer of styrofoam (for temperature isolation
of the. cushions) and by a surface Cover.

Figure shows the installation of the gas cushion screen at Doueldorf,
Germany, where ground vibrations from a high-speed railway line caused
excessive vibrations in a two-story residential building.

27. VILLA FARNESINA,ROME
Major ground vibration issue:Traffic induced vibration



Villa Farnesina is very prone to traffic induced vibrations.This could lead to
its damage since the structure is vulnerable to other natural disasters.The
strength of a structure can deteriorate as a result of continuous dynamic
effects due to the traffic.

Vibration due to vehicles travelling on road surface of good quality are
normally not dangerous to modern buildings,but they become very
dangerous when acting on structures already damaged by earthquakes.





To protect this extraordinary construction from the effects of heavy vehicular traffic,an anti-vibration system was introduced
under the paving of the nearby Lungotevere road.

28. Analysis of Traffic Induced Vibrations
An experimental programme was carried out in October 1995 in order to analyse the traffic-induced vibrations in the basement
of the building.
The aim of the experimental analysis was to determine the characteristics of the input related to the traffic and the modification
of it.
Eight Kinemetrics SS1 seismometers were used, six configurations were considered.
QUINGDAO MUSEUM
The Qingdao Museum is classified as a prestigious national museum in
China. It displays paintings, calligraphy and cultural relics from the
Neolithic age to the Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times.




There are two stone statues of Budha that dates back 1400
years.Ground vibration conditions were analysed in this structures.

29. Vulnerable points at the heads, necks, wrists and
feet of the images were selected according to the
damage deformation predictions and the predicted
maximum stresses of each point was computed.

The numerical simulation shows that the weak
positions in all four statues are at the foot and the
front of the neck.

The frequency domain of construction drilling,
excavation and impact breaking is very high

The major reason for ground vibrations are
construction drilling near the site.This could lead
to potential damage in future which needs to be
looked upon carefully otherwise could lead to the
destruction of structure.Anti vibration systems are
installed to safeguard the structure and to protect
it from further damage.

30. VANDALISM

31. Vandals sacking Rome in 455 AD

32. VANDALISM
Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage
to public or private property.

The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed
towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in
an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive
people.

Vandalism can manifest in various forms, including:

Graffiti: This involves the unauthorized painting, drawing, or writing on surfaces
such as walls, buildings, bridges, or public transportation vehicles.

Property Damage: This includes acts such as breaking windows, smashing
mailboxes, or damaging vehicles, buildings, or public amenities like park benches
and playground equipment.

Theft and Looting: While not always considered traditional vandalism, theft and
looting can involve the destruction of property during the process, such as breaking
into stores or homes to steal items.

33. Arson: Intentionally setting fire to property, whether it's a building, vehicle, or
other structure, is a particularly dangerous form of vandalism that can lead to
significant damage, injuries, or loss of life.

Sabotage: Deliberate actions to disrupt or damage infrastructure, machinery, or
equipment, often with the aim of causing inconvenience or harm to individuals or
organizations.

Environmental Vandalism: This includes activities such as illegal dumping of
waste, destruction of natural habitats, or pollution of water sources, which can
have long-lasting detrimental effects on ecosystems and public health.

Cultural Vandalism: Targeting cultural or historical landmarks, monuments, or
artifacts with the intent to deface or destroy them, often as a form of protest or
to erase a particular heritage.

Cyber Vandalism: Involves unauthorized access, modification, or destruction of
digital data, computer systems, or online platforms, often with the intent to
disrupt services or cause harm.

34. Examples of Vandalism
A sticker reading "The HELL with SHELL"
photographed in Michigan in 1973
People defacing the walls of
the Golconda Fort in
Hyderabad, India
Headless statue in
Ely Cathedral;
ideological vandalism
during the English
Reformation
Traffic signal light vandalism
portraying cannabis in
Bogotá, Colombia

35. Examples of Vandalism
Two environmental activists from the collective Riposte Alimentaire in
front of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa after throwing soup at the
artwork at the Louvre, Paris, 2024.
The Mona Lisa smeared with cake by
climate activists 2022

36. Environmental Vandalism

37. Babri Masjid Demolition - Cultural Vandalism

38. Vandalism in Architecture
●Largely considered one of the architect’s finest
works of the 20th century, with a peculiar
mushroom-like form, concrete shell and
punched-out square windows, the Ronchamp
chapel grew into a pilgrimage site both for
devout Catholics and architecture admirers.

●Sadly, because the vandals destroyed the
window pane where Corbu painted a small blue
square displaying a howling man in the moon, it
was nearly impossible to restore the chapel to
its original state.
Le Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut

39. Vandalism in Architecture
●Some of the mega-projects of famed architect Santiago Calatrava have become mired in controversy. Commissioning this master
of skeletal forms seems to almost guarantee complications, from the over-budget World Trade Center Transportation Hubto his
reputation for leaky roofs.
●While Calatrava’s cable-stayed Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge was meant to be a bright new symbol for the city of Dallas, the large
concrete walls of the bridge’s exit ramps have become a blank canvas for graffiti artists and vandals.
Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge by Santiago Calatrava, Dallas, Texas

40. Measures against Vandalism

• Installing lights inside and outside building parameters
• Using unbreakable glass
• Installing security fencing around a property
• Planting shrubs and bushes strategically
• Repair and clean the vandalism act
• Report vandalism
• Supporting community programs for youth
• Installing video surveillance
• Hiring a security agency
• Applying protective coatings on glass against acid
attack
• Creating intelligence database for chronic graffiti artists
Neighbourhood watch program
• Crime prevention through environmental design

41. Best Types of Lighting to Deter Vandalism

Floodlights: These are powerful lights that cover a large area, making them ideal for
large properties or open spaces like parking lots or yards.

Motion Sensor Lights: These lights turn on when they detect movement, surprising
potential vandals and drawing attention to their presence.

LED Lights: LED lights are energy-efficient, durable, and provide consistent light output.
They're great for constant illumination around your property.

Solar-powered Lights: These lights charge during the day and automatically turn on at
night. They're environmentally friendly and eliminate the need for electrical wiring.

42. Implementing Strategic Landscaping



Thorny Bushes: Plant thorny or prickly shrubs near windows and boundary walls. They
act as natural barriers and discourage vandals from approaching too close.

Tree Placement: Be careful where you place trees. Trees near windows or roofs can
provide easy access points for vandals. Instead, place them strategically where they can
provide shade without compromising security.

Visible Frontage: Keep the frontage of your property visible. Overgrown plants can
provide hiding spots for vandals. Regular maintenance can help prevent this.

43. Implementing Reinforcement Strategies




Security Glass: Replace standard windows with security or laminated glass. This type of
glass is designed to resist breaking, even under force. For commercial properties, consider
using security window film, which can be applied to existing windows to make them more
resistant to breakage.

Vandal-Resistant Fixtures: Consider replacing standard outdoor light fixtures, signage, and
other exterior elements with vandal-resistant alternatives. These are designed to be more
durable and harder to damage or deface
.
High-Security Door Locks: Reinforce entrances with high-security door locks. Deadbolt locks,
for instance, offer significant protection against forceful entry.

Secure Air Conditioning Units: If your air conditioning units are accessible from the ground,
secure them with cages to prevent damage or theft.

44. Step-By-Step Vandalism Cleanup





Document the Damage: Before you start cleaning, take pictures of the vandalism from
different angles. This can be crucial for insurance claims and for providing evidence to law
enforcement.

Assess the Damage: Determine the extent of the damage to decide if you can handle the
cleanup yourself or if you'll need professional help.

Graffiti Removal: Graffiti is a common form of vandalism. To clean it, you can use graffiti
remover products available in most hardware stores. Always test the product on a small,
hidden area first to make sure it won't damage your property. For large or stubborn graffiti,
consider hiring a professional cleaning service.

Broken Glass Cleanup: If windows or glass fixtures have been shattered, carefully collect the
pieces wearing protective gloves. Use a vacuum cleaner to pick up smaller shards. Consider
hiring professionals for large-scale glass cleanup.

45. NEGLECT

46. NEGLECT
Neglect in architecture can manifest in various ways, often resulting from a lack of maintenance, care, or consideration for a
building's design, historical significance, or environmental impact. Here are some examples:

Maintenance Neglect: Failure to maintain a building can lead to structural issues, deterioration, and safety hazards. This includes
neglecting repairs, allowing water damage to occur, or not addressing issues with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems.

Historical Neglect: Neglecting historically significant buildings can lead to their decay or demolition. This can happen due to a lack of
funding for preservation efforts, changing societal values, or insufficient awareness of a building's historical importance.

Aesthetic Neglect: Some buildings may be neglected in terms of their aesthetic qualities. This can happen when design elements
are overlooked or when buildings are not properly integrated into their surroundings, resulting in an unappealing appearance.

Environmental Neglect: Failure to consider the environmental impact of a building can result in inefficient use of resources, such as
energy and water. This can include not implementing sustainable design practices or using materials that are harmful to the
environment.

Community Neglect: Buildings and urban spaces can also suffer from neglect in terms of their impact on the surrounding
community. This can occur when buildings are designed without consideration for the needs and preferences of the people who use
them, leading to alienation or disconnection from the community.

Addressing neglect in architecture requires a multi-faceted approach that includes regular maintenance, preservation efforts for
historical buildings, thoughtful design that considers aesthetics and the environment, and engagement with the community to
ensure that buildings and urban spaces meet their needs.

47. Examples Of Neglect
Buffalo Central Terminal opened in 1929 and served up to 200
daily trains during the city’s heyday. As manufacturing was
continuously outsourced, and automobiles became ever more
popular the station was forced to fold in 1979. For years the building
was left to wither until recently when the Central Terminal
Restoration Corporation purchased the terminal.
The Afghan-era Barakhamba graveyard was in the care of the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), but is lost now, with only its
name proof that it ever existed. When its demise was finally noticed,
the ASI tried to rediscover the cemetery using modern scientific
instruments, but it appears unlikely they will be able to recover it
from the quicksand of urbanisation that has sucked the region in.

48. Examples Of Neglect
Angkor wat temple complex The ancient Cambodian capital of
angkor wat, had a staggering 900,000 inhabitants before it was
abandoned in 1431AD.After which it was rediscovered in the
19th century.
The Abandoned cities of Mesoamerica

49. Prevention Of Neglect
Preventing neglect in architecture involves several key strategies aimed at
ensuring that buildings are well-maintained, respected for their historical
significance, and designed with care for their aesthetic and environmental
impact. Here are some ways to prevent neglect:
Regular Maintenance: Establishing a regular maintenance schedule can help
prevent neglect by addressing issues before they become serious problems. This
includes routine inspections, repairs, and upkeep of building systems and
materials.

Historic Preservation: Recognizing and preserving buildings of historical
significance can prevent neglect and ensure that these structures are
maintained for future generations. This can involve designation as historic
landmarks, incentives for preservation, and public education about the
importance of historic architecture.

Regulatory Measures: Implementing regulations and guidelines can help
prevent neglect by setting standards for maintenance, historic preservation, and
sustainable design. This can include building codes, zoning regulations, and
incentives for preservation and sustainable design.
By implementing these strategies, architects, planners, and policymakers can
help prevent neglect in architecture and ensure that buildings are valued,
preserved, and maintained for generations to come.