MAPPING.ppt for exposure to details of mapping

Mapping

1. MAPPING MAPPING
cartographycartography = science of map making = science of map making
cartographerscartographers = map makers = map makers
Reference Points:Reference Points:
1. North and South Geographic Poles1. North and South Geographic Poles
2. 2. equatorequator = imaginary line the circles earth = imaginary line the circles earth
dividing it into the Northern and Southerndividing it into the Northern and Southern
HemispheresHemispheres

2. latitudelatitude = angular distance north or south of equator = angular distance north or south of equator
1. 1. parallelsparallels = circles that run east and west around = circles that run east and west around
the world parallel to the equatorthe world parallel to the equator
2. lines never meet or cross2. lines never meet or cross
3. areas are labeled as either 3. areas are labeled as either N N or or S S of the equatorof the equator
4. equator = 04. equator = 0
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latitude latitude

3. 5. all values fall between 05. all values fall between 0
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to 90 to 90
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a. North Pole = 90a. North Pole = 90
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NN
b. South Pole = 90b. South Pole = 90
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SS
6. measured in degrees (more precise to give 6. measured in degrees (more precise to give
degrees, minutes, and seconds)degrees, minutes, and seconds)
a. 1 degree of latitude = about 111 km or 69 milesa. 1 degree of latitude = about 111 km or 69 miles
b. each degree has 60 equal parts = b. each degree has 60 equal parts = minutesminutes
(symbol: ‘)(symbol: ‘)
1 minute of latitude = 1.85 km1 minute of latitude = 1.85 km
c. each minute has to equal parts = c. each minute has to equal parts = secondsseconds
(symbol: “)(symbol: “)
1 second of latitude = 0.031 km (31m)1 second of latitude = 0.031 km (31m)

4. longitudelongitude = angular distance east or west of the = angular distance east or west of the
prime meridian prime meridian
1. 1. meridianmeridian = half circle (semicircle) running from = half circle (semicircle) running from
pole to pole pole to pole
2. 2. prime meridianprime meridian = reference point for longitude = reference point for longitude
a. represents 0a. represents 0
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longitude longitude
b. passes through Greenwich, Englandb. passes through Greenwich, England
3. all values fall between 3. all values fall between
00
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to 180 to 180
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5. 4. can be expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds4. can be expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds
a. distance covered depends on where the degree a. distance covered depends on where the degree
is measured is measured
b. farthest apart at equator and closest at theb. farthest apart at equator and closest at the
polespoles
c. lines are not parallelc. lines are not parallel
5. 5. International Date LineInternational Date Line = longitude opposite the = longitude opposite the
prime meridianprime meridian
a. represents 180a. represents 180
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longitude longitude
b. where east lines of longitude b. where east lines of longitude
meet west lines of longitudemeet west lines of longitude

6. great circlegreat circle = any circle that divides the globe into = any circle that divides the globe into
halves halves
1. formed by two meridians on opposite sides of the 1. formed by two meridians on opposite sides of the
globeglobe
2. equator is the only line of latitude which forms a2. equator is the only line of latitude which forms a
great circlegreat circle
3. can run in any direction around the globe3. can run in any direction around the globe
4. shortest distance between two points on a sphere4. shortest distance between two points on a sphere

7. Time Zones:Time Zones:
1. sun basis for measuring time 1. sun basis for measuring time
[12 noon - sun highest point in sky][12 noon - sun highest point in sky]
2. 2. standard time zonesstandard time zones = noon is set as time when = noon is set as time when
sun is highest over center of each zonesun is highest over center of each zone
a. 24 zones - each 15a. 24 zones - each 15
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degrees wide degrees wide
b. 1 hour difference in eachb. 1 hour difference in each
3. at 12 midnight (AM) calendar advances to the 3. at 12 midnight (AM) calendar advances to the
next day in each time zonenext day in each time zone
4. crossing from one time zone to another causes 4. crossing from one time zone to another causes
local time changes by one hourlocal time changes by one hour
a. traveling east a. traveling east →→ add one hour for each time add one hour for each time
zonezone
b. traveling west b. traveling west →→ subtract one hour subtract one hour

8. 5. 5. International Date LineInternational Date Line = transition line for = transition line for
calendar dayscalendar days
a. traveling east across line a. traveling east across line →→ subtract one day subtract one day
(gain one day)(gain one day)
b. traveling west across line b. traveling west across line →→ add one day (lose add one day (lose
one day)one day)
6. 6. daylight savings timedaylight savings time = plan where clocks are set = plan where clocks are set
one hour ahead of standard time for a one hour ahead of standard time for a
certain number of monthscertain number of months
- usually begins first Sunday in April; ends last - usually begins first Sunday in April; ends last
Sunday in OctoberSunday in October

9. Finding Direction:Finding Direction:
1. 1. magnetic compassmagnetic compass = indicates direction due to = indicates direction due to
earth’s magnetic propertiesearth’s magnetic properties
2. 2. geomagnetic polesgeomagnetic poles = points on earth’s surface = points on earth’s surface
just above the poles just above the poles
- different from geographic poles- different from geographic poles

10. 3. 3. magnetic declinationmagnetic declination = angle between the = angle between the
direction of geographic pole and direction in direction of geographic pole and direction in
which compass needle pointswhich compass needle points
a. a. true northtrue north = direction of geographic North = direction of geographic North
PolePole
b. determined for points all over earthb. determined for points all over earth
c. by adjusting measurement of magnetic north c. by adjusting measurement of magnetic north
one can determine geographic north for any one can determine geographic north for any
place on earthplace on earth

11. globeglobe = spherical model of earth = spherical model of earth
1. locations of surface features and relative areas 1. locations of surface features and relative areas
and shapes represented accuratelyand shapes represented accurately
2. used in studying larger surface features2. used in studying larger surface features

12. mapmap = flat representation of earth’s curved = flat representation of earth’s curved
surface surface
1. areas shown may be distorted in size, shape, 1. areas shown may be distorted in size, shape,
distance and directiondistance and direction
2. larger the surface area 2. larger the surface area
being shown, greater being shown, greater
the distortionthe distortion
map projectionmap projection = flat map = flat map
that represents three-that represents three-
dimensional curved dimensional curved
surface of globesurface of globe

13. TYPES OF MAP PROJECTIONSTYPES OF MAP PROJECTIONS
1. 1. Mercator projectionMercator projection
a. distorts regions of land and sizes of areas near a. distorts regions of land and sizes of areas near
polespoles
b. shapes of land and water bodies are correctb. shapes of land and water bodies are correct
c. both latitude and longitude lines are parallel and c. both latitude and longitude lines are parallel and
intersect at right anglesintersect at right angles
d. used for navigation of ships and planesd. used for navigation of ships and planes

14. 2. 2. conic projectionsconic projections: produce by projecting points : produce by projecting points
& & lines from globe on a conelines from globe on a cone
a. produces accurate maps of small areasa. produces accurate maps of small areas
b. areas near contact are least distortedb. areas near contact are least distorted
c. c. polyconic projectionspolyconic projections = series of projections = series of projections
used to map neighboring areas which are used to map neighboring areas which are
fitted together to fitted together to
make a continuous make a continuous
mapmap
d. includes road maps d. includes road maps
and weather mapsand weather maps

15. 3. 3. Gnomonic projection: Gnomonic projection: produced by projecting produced by projecting
points points & lines from globe onto a piece of paper & lines from globe onto a piece of paper
that that touches the globe at a single pointtouches the globe at a single point
a. little distortion occurs at the point of contacta. little distortion occurs at the point of contact
b. distort both direction and distance increase as b. distort both direction and distance increase as
distance from point of contact increasesdistance from point of contact increases
c. used by navigators in plotting c. used by navigators in plotting
routes used in air routes used in air
& sea travel& sea travel
d. great circles will appear d. great circles will appear
as straight linesas straight lines

16. 4. 4. Robinson projection:Robinson projection:
a. has accurate continent shapes and land areasa. has accurate continent shapes and land areas
b. lines of latitude parallel while longitude is b. lines of latitude parallel while longitude is
curvedcurved
c. less distortion near the polesc. less distortion near the poles

17. 5. 5. polar projectionspolar projections::
a. latitude lines appear as circles with smallest a. latitude lines appear as circles with smallest
near the centernear the center
b. circular rather than rectangularb. circular rather than rectangular
c. land areas near poles show in true proportions c. land areas near poles show in true proportions
while those at equator are distortedwhile those at equator are distorted
d. used for countries around the Arctic Oceand. used for countries around the Arctic Ocean

18. topographytopography = shape of Earth’s surface = shape of Earth’s surface
topographic mapstopographic maps = show changes in elevation of = show changes in elevation of
Earth’s surface Earth’s surface
1. 1. natural featuresnatural features = mountains, hills, plains, lakes, = mountains, hills, plains, lakes,
and riversand rivers
- also called - also called landscape featureslandscape features
2. 2. cultural featurescultural features (constructed) = roads, cities, and (constructed) = roads, cities, and
other structures built by peopleother structures built by people
3. provide more detailed 3. provide more detailed
information about the information about the
surface of an areasurface of an area

19. 4. 4. elevationelevation = height/distance of a location above or = height/distance of a location above or
below sea levelbelow sea level
a. measured from a. measured from mean sea levelmean sea level = point midway = point midway
between highest and lowest tide levels of between highest and lowest tide levels of
the oceanthe ocean
b. mean sea level elevation = 0b. mean sea level elevation = 0
c. all others are measured distances above or c. all others are measured distances above or
below below
mean sea levelmean sea level

20. 5. 5. contour linecontour line = connect points of equal elevation = connect points of equal elevation
a. connect all points on a map that have the same a. connect all points on a map that have the same
elevationelevation
b. shape of line reflects shape of the landb. shape of line reflects shape of the land
c. never crossc. never cross
d. will either close or extend to the edge of the d. will either close or extend to the edge of the
mapmap

21. 6. 6. contour intervalcontour interval = difference in elevation between = difference in elevation between
two side by side contour lines two side by side contour lines
a. determined by size of map and reliefa. determined by size of map and relief
b. b. reliefrelief = difference in elevation between the = difference in elevation between the
highest and lowest points of area being highest and lowest points of area being
mappedmapped
1) high - large interval (50 m) [steep land]1) high - large interval (50 m) [steep land]
2) low - small interval (5 m)2) low - small interval (5 m)

22. INTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPSINTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
1. 1. topographic sheetstopographic sheets (quadrangles) = detailed (quadrangles) = detailed
maps of all the United States created by USGS maps of all the United States created by USGS
(United States Geological Survey)(United States Geological Survey)
a. first quadrangles covered 15’ of latitude and a. first quadrangles covered 15’ of latitude and
15’ of longitude15’ of longitude
b. new series covers 7.5’ latitude and 7.5’ b. new series covers 7.5’ latitude and 7.5’
longitude; smaller area but greater detaillongitude; smaller area but greater detail
2. 2. symbolssymbols = show certain features = show certain features
a. different colors used for different typesa. different colors used for different types
b. include: constructed features = black; major b. include: constructed features = black; major
highways = red; bodies of water = blue; highways = red; bodies of water = blue;
forested areas = green; contour lines = brownforested areas = green; contour lines = brown

23. 3. direction3. direction
a. follow line of latitude and longitudea. follow line of latitude and longitude
b. all parallels and meridians shown are labeled in b. all parallels and meridians shown are labeled in
degrees and minutesdegrees and minutes
4. distance4. distance
a. refer to map scalea. refer to map scale
b. most common = 1:24,000 (1 in. on map = b. most common = 1:24,000 (1 in. on map =
2,000 ft. on surface)2,000 ft. on surface)
c. can use ruler to measure c. can use ruler to measure
distances on map and distances on map and
covert the inches to covert the inches to
feet or milesfeet or miles

24. 5. elevation5. elevation
a. a. index contoursindex contours = lines marked with elevation = lines marked with elevation
1) also called a 1) also called a bench markbench mark
2) usually every fifth line, printed bolder than 2) usually every fifth line, printed bolder than
others others
b. points between two contour lines has an b. points between two contour lines has an
elevation somewhere between two lineselevation somewhere between two lines
c. exact elevations are c. exact elevations are
marked by an marked by an
“ “ x ” and labeledx ” and labeled

25. 6. landforms6. landforms
a. can determine shapea. can determine shape
b. lines far apart indicate gradual change, land b. lines far apart indicate gradual change, land
relatively levelrelatively level
c. lines close together indicate a rapid change in c. lines close together indicate a rapid change in
elevation or steep slopeelevation or steep slope
d. lines almost touching indicate a very steep slope d. lines almost touching indicate a very steep slope
or cliffor cliff

26. e. lines evenly spaced shows slope increases about e. lines evenly spaced shows slope increases about
the same over distancesthe same over distances
f. lines bend to form V-shape indicate a valleyf. lines bend to form V-shape indicate a valley
1) points toward higher end of valley1) points toward higher end of valley
2) points upstream if river or stream flows through 2) points upstream if river or stream flows through
valley (direction from which the water flows)valley (direction from which the water flows)
3) river always flow from higher to lower elevations3) river always flow from higher to lower elevations
a) steep course of river - lines close together a) steep course of river - lines close together
when cross when cross
4) width of valley shown by width of V4) width of valley shown by width of V

27. g. closed loops indicate a hilltop or depressiong. closed loops indicate a hilltop or depression
1) 1) depression contoursdepression contours = marked with short, = marked with short,
straight lines straight lines
a) drawn on inside of loop and point toward a) drawn on inside of loop and point toward
center center
b) b) hachureshachures = short lines at right angle to = short lines at right angle to
contour linecontour line
c) always point toward the lower elevation c) always point toward the lower elevation
(Ex: pg. 34 text)(Ex: pg. 34 text)

28. 7. 7. profileprofile = line that shows changes in elevation = line that shows changes in elevation
across a section of a topographic mapacross a section of a topographic map
8. average slope, or gradient, between any two 8. average slope, or gradient, between any two
points can be determined from contour mappoints can be determined from contour map
average slope = average slope = change in elevationchange in elevation
distancedistance

29. Ex: A trail is 4 miles long based on the map scale. Ex: A trail is 4 miles long based on the map scale.
It begins at the 1060 ft. contour and ends at It begins at the 1060 ft. contour and ends at
the the
960 ft. contour. Calculate the average slope.960 ft. contour. Calculate the average slope.
avg. slope = avg. slope = 1060 ft.- 960 ft.1060 ft.- 960 ft. = = 100 ft.100 ft. = 25 ft./mi. = 25 ft./mi.
4 mi4 mi 4 mi. 4 mi.

30. READING A MAP:READING A MAP:
1. 1. map legendmap legend = list of the symbols and their meaning = list of the symbols and their meaning
2. determine direction2. determine direction
a. usually drawn with north at top, east at right, a. usually drawn with north at top, east at right,
west at left, and south at bottomwest at left, and south at bottom
b. parallels run from side to sideb. parallels run from side to side
c. meridians run from top to bottomc. meridians run from top to bottom

31. 3. 3. map scalemap scale = relationship between distances on = relationship between distances on
map map and actual distances on Earth’s surface and actual distances on Earth’s surface
a. a. graphic scalegraphic scale = printed line divided into equal = printed line divided into equal
parts and labeled parts and labeled
1) line represents a unit of measure1) line represents a unit of measure
2) to find actual distance between two points on 2) to find actual distance between two points on
earth earth
a) first measure the distance between the a) first measure the distance between the
points on the map points on the map
b) compare that measurement with the scaleb) compare that measurement with the scale

32. b. b. fractional scalefractional scale = ratio of represented distance = ratio of represented distance
on map to actual distance on on map to actual distance on
surfacesurface
*two numbers must be in the same unit*two numbers must be in the same unit
Ex: 1:5000000Ex: 1:5000000[1 cm on map = 5 million [1 cm on map = 5 million
cm cm (50 km) on earth] (50 km) on earth]
c. c. verbal scaleverbal scale = equates two different units = equates two different units
Ex: 1 cm (map) = 1 km (on Earth)Ex: 1 cm (map) = 1 km (on Earth)

33. remote sensingremote sensing = process of collecting data about = process of collecting data about
Earth from far above Earth’s surfaceEarth from far above Earth’s surface
1. uses 1. uses electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum = arrangement of = arrangement of
electromagnetic (EM) radiation based on electromagnetic (EM) radiation based on
wavelengthwavelength
a.a. frequency frequency = number of waves that pass a = number of waves that pass a
particular point each secondparticular point each second
b. wavelengths, speeds, and frequencies of EM b. wavelengths, speeds, and frequencies of EM
wave determine how energy is used by different wave determine how energy is used by different
satellites to map Earth satellites to map Earth

34. 2. 2. LandsatLandsat satellite satellite = receives reflected wavelengths = receives reflected wavelengths
of energy emitted by Earth’s surfaceof energy emitted by Earth’s surface
a. Earth’s surface features radiate warmth at a. Earth’s surface features radiate warmth at
slightly different frequenciesslightly different frequencies
b. features will show up different colors in map b. features will show up different colors in map
imagesimages
c. scan entire surface of planet in 16 daysc. scan entire surface of planet in 16 days
d. show landforms in great d. show landforms in great
detail; also used to detail; also used to
study plate movement, study plate movement,
rivers, earthquakes, rivers, earthquakes,
and pollutionand pollution

35. 3. 3. Topex/PoseidonTopex/Poseidon satellite satellite = uses radar to map ocean = uses radar to map ocean
floor featuresfloor features
a. emitter sends outgoing signal to ocean surface, a. emitter sends outgoing signal to ocean surface,
receiver times returning signal, distance to receiver times returning signal, distance to
surface is calculated using know speed of light surface is calculated using know speed of light
and return timeand return time
b. used to study tidal b. used to study tidal
changes and global changes and global
ocean currentsocean currents

36. 4. 4. Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System (GPS) = radio-navigation (GPS) = radio-navigation
system of at least 24 satellites that allows users system of at least 24 satellites that allows users to to
determine their exact position on Earthdetermine their exact position on Earth
a. user’s receiver calculates user’s location by a. user’s receiver calculates user’s location by
processing signals emitted by multiple satellitesprocessing signals emitted by multiple satellites
b. can also relay information about elevation, b. can also relay information about elevation,
direction, and speeddirection, and speed
c. frequently used for c. frequently used for
navigation by airplanes & navigation by airplanes &
ships; popular among ships; popular among
hikers and backpackershikers and backpackers
d. also used to detect d. also used to detect
earthquakes, create earthquakes, create
maps, track wildlifemaps, track wildlife

37. 5. 5. Sea Beam Sea Beam = technology similar to = technology similar to Topex/PoseidonTopex/Poseidon
satellitesatellite
a. located on a ship rather than on a satellitea. located on a ship rather than on a satellite
b. uses sonar (sound waves) to detect and measure b. uses sonar (sound waves) to detect and measure
objects underwaterobjects underwater
c. used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling c. used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling
operations, scientistsoperations, scientists
Mid-
Atlantic
ridge