Marine microbial diseases-Water borne bcterial pathogens

Marine microbiology, marine microbial diseases , water borne bacterial pathogens- Aeromonas, Salmonella, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Leptospira and their effects on marine animals amd fishes.

1. VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN SUBJECT INCHARGE: Dr. R.DINESHKUMAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, SANKAGIRI, SALEM, TAMILNADU SUBMITTED BY:
M. SUBASRI,
II-MSC MICROBIOLOGY,
VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, SANKAGIRI, SALEM, TAMILNADU. SUBJECT : MARINE MICROBIOLOGY TOPIC: MARINE MICROBIAL DISEASE – WATER BORNE BACTRTIAL PATHOGENS

2. MARINE MICROBIAL DISEASES –WATER BORNE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

3. Conclusion 5 types of bacterial pathogens Bacterial Pathogens Water borne bathogens Marine microbiology MARINE MICROBIAL DISEASES CONTENTS

4. MARINE ECOSYSTEM A marine ecosystem is a part of the aquatic system that includes all ecosystems from the shoreline to the deep sea. Marine ecosystems are characterized by high salinity levels and are home to a diverse range of lifeforms. They are the largest aquatic ecosystems on Earth and cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface. MARINE MICROBIOLOGY Marine microbiology is the study of microorganisms in marine environments, including their biodiversity, ecology, and biogeochemistry. Microorganisms, or microbes, are the most abundant organisms in the ocean, making up almost 98% of its biomass. They are essential to the ocean’s chemistry, nutrient cycles, and energy flows, and they play a key role in the world’s oxygen supply and greenhouse gas processing. Marine microbes are too small to be seen with the naked eye, but they have evolved to survive in a variety of conditions, including extreme temperatures, currents, light, pressure, and nutrients.

5. Marine microbial diseases are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists that can make marine organisms sick or kill them. These diseases can lead to: Population declines, Changes in diversity, and Imbalances in marine environments. Marine microbes are essential to the ocean’s health and play many roles, including: Being the base of the food chain
Controlling the flow of nutrients and energy in the ocean Marine microbes can be found in a variety of environments, including the ocean, dirt, and the human belly. They are very small, with a volume that is 1/8000 th of a human cell and a diameter that is about 1/100 th of a human hair. Environmental changes, like climate change, can affect the relationship between marine organisms and the microorganisms that live in them. These changes can impact the health, physiology, ecology, and welfare of the marine organisms and environments. Human activities, like pollution and climate change, can increase the occurrence and severity of microbial diseases. These diseases can threaten the productivity of marine ecosystems and jeopardize food security MARINE MICROBIAL DISEASE

6. INTRODUCTION WATER BORNE PATHOGENS Marine waterborne pathogens are microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, that thrive in marine environments and can cause diseases in humans, marine organisms, and other animals. These pathogens often originate from natural sources, land-based pollution, or human activities. They are significant in public health, aquaculture, and marine ecology due to their potential to cause infections, harm marine ecosystems, and impact food safety.

7. Aeromonas Vibrio Pesudomonas Leptospira Salmonella Cornybacterium BACTERIAL PATHOGENS These pathogens are significantly impact marine ecosystems. These pathogens can cause diseases in marine organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and corals, leading to population declines and disruptions in the food chain. For instance, Vibrio species are associated with coral bleaching and fish mortality, while Aeromonas can cause ulcers and septicemia in aquatic animals. Aeromonas hydrophila Vibriosis Salmonellosis INTRIDUCTION

8. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND THEIR DISEASES

9. Aeromonas is an bacteria,which are widely distributed in aquatic environments. These bacteria are opportunistic pathogens that affect fish under stress due to poor water quality, overcrowding, or sudden environmental changes. The most common species associated with fish diseases are Aeromonas hydrophila Aeromonas salmonicida Aeromonas liquifaciens 1.AEROMONAS INTRO.....

10. Gram-negative Rod-shaped Facultative anaerobes Size from 0.3-1.0 µm wide by 1.0-3.5 µm long Flagellated Non–spore-forming Catalase- and oxidase-positive They are motile by a single polar flagellum The bacteria can produce heat-labile enterotoxins, which can be associated with haemolysin and cytotoxin production Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium that can cause disease in a variety of organisms, including fish, shrimp,amphibians , reptiles. AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA GENERAL CHARACTERS

11. AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA IN SHRIMP RED GILL DISEASE Red gill disease is caused by Aeromonas hydrophila . It causing them to appear red in color and potentially leading to respiratory issues and high mortality rates, often associated with poor water quality in aquaculture environments

12. Visible redness on the gills Lethargy Difficulty breathing Reduced appetite Abnormal swimming behavior Discolouration on the gills and body surface SYMPTOMS TRANSMISSION Aeromonas hydrophila can transmit through contaminated water DIAGNOSIS Visual inspection: Observing the shrimp for red gills is the first step, but a definitive diagnosis requires microscopic analysis. Tissue biopsy: Taking a sample of the affected gill tissue for histological examination under a microscope to identify the specific parasite causing the infection. TREATMENT Water quality management potassium permanganate can be used as a mild disinfectant for the tank water Antibiotics like florfenicol , tetracycline, oxytetracycline , or enrofloxacin are commonly used for treatment

13. The dieases is caused by A. hydrophila is called Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). It is also known as bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia , ulcer disease, and red-sore disease AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA IN FISH MOTILE AEROMONAS SEPTICIMIA Species affected : Tilapia, milkfish, goldfish. Catfish, snakehead, climbing perch, gourami, mullet, etc Gross signs : External signs of motile aeromonad disease vary from darkening in color , The ulcers are usually shallow and the surface may go brown as it necrotizes or decays .

14. CONTROL Some methods for controlling MAS include:
Using chemotherapeutic drugs
Using phytobiotics Using probiotics
Using yeast extracts
Using vaccines
Using disinfectants SYMPTOMS Reddened fins Inflamed anus Haemorrhage’s on the skin, eyes, and fins Abdominal swelling Exophthalmia ( popeye ) Red muscle and tissues Blood in the body cavity
Small blood spots on the liver
Bleeding and swelling in intestines and organs Gray patches in organs (chronic cases)

15. AEROMONAS LIQUEFACIENS GENERAL CHARACTERS Gram-negative
Rod-shaped
Facultative anaerobes
Most Aeromonas bacteria are motile by a single polar flagellum
Catalase-positive
Chemoorganotrophic
Non-spore-forming Aeromonas bacteria can grow at a range of temperatures, but they grow best at temperatures between 22 and 35 °C Aeromonas bacteria can grow at low pH values, high NaCl concentrations, and at refrigeration temperatures Commonly found in freshwater environments, including lakes, rivers, and contaminated water Produce enzyme like catalases and oxidase It liquefy gelatin that’s why its called A.liquefaciens EYE DISEASES

16. EYE DISEASE The bacterium Aeromonas liquefaciens causes white eye disease in fish. It can also be found in outbreaks of other diseases, including: Red mouth of trout, Red sore of pike, Infectious abdominal dropsy, and Hemorrhagic septicemia of warm water fish. Eye disease in fish Eye disease in fish

17. SYMPTOMS Red ulcers
Enlarged eyes
Abdominal fluid accumulation
Kidney damage
Ragged fins Hemorrhagic spots in the gills, tail, fins, body wall, and internal organs CAUSE’S Poor sanitation or nutrition, Injuries Seasonal changes Sharp changes in water temperature Treatment with Potassium permanganate Maintaining high dissolve oxygen content in the medium are helpful in checking the spread of the disease TREATMENT

18. AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA GENERAL CHARACTERS Gram-negative Non-motile Rod-shaped bacterium Primary causative agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish Colony appearance: Round, translucent, yellow colonies with a brown pigment halo
Virulence factor: A-layer protein complex on the cell surface
Optimal growth temperature: 22-25°C

19. A.SALMONICIDA IN SALMON FISH FURUNCULOSIS Furunculosis is a bacterial disease that affects salmonids and other fish species, causing raised skin boils and muscle lesions Furunculosis in atlantic salmon “Aeromonas salmonicida ” which primarily affects salmonid fish species

20. SYMPTOMS Furunculosis causes raised skin lesions or boils that resemble furuncles in mammals. Darkening of the skin
Lethargy
Loss of appetite
Small hemorrhages at the base of fins SUSCEPTIBILITY Young fish are most susceptible, especially when water temperatures are above 8º C. Rainbow trout are often resistant to the disease. Vaccination and strict water quality management Including monitoring for potential stressors Alongside practices like proper sanitation Separating infected fish CONTROL

21. 2.VIBRIO Vibriosis is a disease caused by bacteria in the genus Vibrio that affects marine animals and can have a significant impact on aquaculture Vibrio organisms are Gram-negative, halophilic bacteria that are widespread and naturally present in marine and estuarine environments. Environmental factors influence their growth, and their numbers are highest when the water is warm Vibrio are small, curved bacteria that can be found in saltwater, rivers, and streams where freshwater meets saltwater. Environmental factors like water temperature and salinity affect the diversity of Vibrio species Vibrio species can cause variety of diseases in marine animals and fishes such as, Vibriosis Shell disease
Luminous bacterial diseases
Non –luminous vibrios Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis INTRODUCTION

22. V. ANGUILLARUM Vibrio anguillarum is a Gram-negative Comma-shaped, rod-shaped bacterium Typically found in marine environments Belonging to the family Vibrionaceae Characterized by being polarly flagellated, facultatively anaerobic, halophilic (salt-loving) Pathogenic to various fish species, crustaceans, and mollusks It is known to cause vibriosis in fish, often appearing as a major concern in aquaculture due to its ability to cause significant mortality rates in infected fish populations. GENERAL CHARACTERS HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA

23. Vibrio alginolyticus , V. Anguillarum,V . vulnificus CAUSATIVE AGENT: SPECIES AFFECTED: Grouper, rabbitfish, milkfish. Scabass , sea bream etc GROSS SIGNS: The first signs of the disease are usually anorexia or loss of appetite, with darkening cither of the whole fish or of particular areas of the dorsum or back Other common signs of vibriosis are hemorrhagic spot on different parts of the body including necrotice fins, eye opacity and exophthalmia

24. DIAGNOSIS Squaah preparation from liver, kidney, spleen, muscle tissue and etc... TCBS culture + PCR amplification sequence A fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibody/ DAPI (4C,6-diamidino-2- phenylondole ) double staining technique was developed to detect V. Anguillarum Latex agglutination-based assay (BIONOR Mono- Va -kit)
Recently, an ELISA-based ( Bionor AQUARAPIDVa test) and a magnetic particle enzyme immunoassay ( Bionor AQUAEIA- Va test)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (LAMP) PREVENTION AMD TREATMENT Water quality management Antibiotics; Oxytetracycline , tetracycline, quinolones, nitrofurans , potentiated sulfonamides , trimethoprim, sarafloxacin , flumequine and oxolinic acid

25. SHELL DISEASES IN HERMIT CRAB Shell disease is a debilitating condition that affects the outer shell of crustaceans, including hermit crabs CAUSATIVE AGENT Caused by combination of bacteria vibrio, aeromonas , plesimonas , pesudomonas SHELL DISEASES

26. SYMPTOMS Shell ulcerations that lead to septicemia Damage internal organs and tissues Shell discolouration SIGHNS OF SHELL EVAVCUATION Shell evacuation
Desiccation (dryness of the exoskeleton)
Lethargy
Fungus inside the abandoned shell
Sand or other foreign material within the shell Fig: shell discolouration in crab

27. SHELL DISEASE IN PENAEUS MONODON Discased penacids are examined for appearance of mulifocal melanized curicular lesions on the cuticle or the general body surface, the appendages, or the gills. Diagnosis may also be made by bacteriological (isolation, purification and identification) and serological (slide agglutination) methods, DIAGNOSIS CAUSATIVE AGENT : Vibrio, Pesudomonas, Aeromonas

28. Discased penacids are examined for appearance of mulifocal melanized curicular lesions on the cuticle or the general body surface, the appendages, or the gills. Diagnosis may also be made by bacteriological (isolation, purification and identification) and serological (slide agglutination) methods. Maintain good water quality and use nutritionally adequate diets Keep organic load of the water at low levels by removing sediments Minimize handling and overcrowding and reduce other forms of stress Avoid injuries to the exoskeleton of the shrimps PREVENTION & CONTROL DIAGNOSIS

29. LUMINOUS VIBRIO V. Herveyi strain HLB0905 VIBRIO HERVEYI Gram-negative Rod-shaped marine bacterium Bioluminescence(Emits light) Typically found in temperate and tropical waters Motile with a single polar flagellum Halophilic (requires salt for growth Fcultative anaerobe, meaning it can survive with or without O2 Opportunistic pathogen in marine environments Causing disease in various aquatic organisms like fish and shrimp OPtimal growth temperature is usually between 30°C and 35°C. GENERAL CHARACTERS SPECIES AFFECTED Vibrio harveyi can affect a wide range of marine animals, including shrimp, oysters, lobsters, fish like the common snook , barramundi, turbot, milkfish, seahorses, sea cucumbers, abalone, and various species of groupers

30. Luminous vibrio in shrimp Infection in Arabian surgeon fish DIAGNOSIS Fluorescent antibody tech(FAT) ELISA TREATMENT Disinfect incoming water and use filtration equipment to prevent entry of luminous bacteria into the hatchery system Apply antibiotics

31. ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS AHPND is a bacterial disease that causes mass deaths in shrimp and giant tiger prawns. It’s caused by toxic strains of V. Parahaemolyticus that have a plasmid with genes that encode the PirA and PirB toxins. V. parahaemolyticus GENERAL CHARACTERS Gram-negative
Rod-shaped bacterium, often slightly curved
Halophilic (requires salt to grow) Facultatively anaerobic
Typically found in marine environments ts have the ability to produce the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) toxin SPECIES AFFECTED Shrimp, giant tiger prawn, etc...

32. SYMPTOMS Lethargy
Anorexia
Slow growth
Abnormal swimming behavior Empty digestive tract
Mortality Enhance water quality of the culture area of shrimp The best management practices should be adopted. PREVENTION AHPND in shrimp

33. 3.PSEUDOMONADS Pseudomonas bacteria are commonly found in marine environments
It can be found in a variety of ecosystems, including: Coastal regions, The deep sea, Sea sediment, Associated with other marine organisms, and Associated with corals. Pseudomonas bacteria are non-fermentative
Gram-negative bacteria Prroduce a variety of bioactive substances, including,Antibiotics , Antiviral agents, Cytotoxic agents, and Cathepsin B inhibitors.
Some species of Pseudomonas are pathogens that can have detrimental impacts on aquaculture, including: P. Plecoglossicida , P. Baetica , P. Stutzeri , P. Anguilliseptica , and P. Alcaligenes . Various fish species in aquaculture can be affected by Pseudomonas , including sea bream, sea bass, rainbow trout, and tilapia.
It cause variety of disease, Red skin disease
Fin rot
Ulcer Hemorrhagic septicimia

34. PESUDOMONAS FLUROSCENS GENERAL CHARACTERS P. fluroscens Gram-negative
Rod-shaped
Motile due to the presence of multiple polar flagella
Obligate aerobe,but some strains can use nitrate instead of oxygen
Non-fermentative- Unable to ferment glucose
Chemoorganotrophic
Produces fluorescent pigment called pyoverdin or fluorescein
Produce Heat-stable enzymes such as lipases and proteases Pseudomonas fluorescens can grow at a pH between 4 and 8 Pseudomonas fluorescens grows best at 25–30°C
Can be found in marine,soil , water, and plant surfaces and Pseudomonas fluorescens is commonly found in soil, water, and plant surfaces. FIN ROT DISEASE

35. SPECIES AFFECTED SYMPTOMS TREATMENT Fish, cat fish, fudh species Black, white, or brown spots on the fins, tail, or the body
Ragged edges to the fins and tail
Fraying or torn fins and tail
Reddened, inflamed skin at the base of the tail and fins
Complete loss of the infected fins and/or tail
Lethargy
Lack of movement
Loss of appetite Improve water quality
Treat with antibiotics like kanamycin or chloramphenicol
Treat with antifungal medication
Adjust the water temp to 24–26 °C
Use aquarium salt is for freshwater fish Fin rot disease in fish

36. PESUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ULCERS GENERAL CHARACTERS P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated
Gram-negative
Aerobic– facultatively anaerobic Rod-shaped bacterium It can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P . Aeruginosa ) can affect a variety of marine animals, including fish, frogs, and soft-shelled turtles: Fish : P . Aeruginosa has been isolated from a number of fish species, including Oreochromis mossambicus , Sparus aurata , Clarias gariepinus , Anabas testudineus , and Nile tilapia. SYMPTOMS Lethargy, decreased appetite, sudden death, hemorrhages , abdominal distention, abdominal dropsy, liver paleness, enlarged spleen, hemorrhagic enteritis

37. TREATMENT Cefotaxime sodium ( Ceforan ) is a drug that can be used to treat experimentally infected fish Pseudomonas oryzihabitans can cause ulcerative lesions in octopuses. One case report described a 9-year-old boy was developed a slow-healing ulcer after being bitten by an octopus PESUDOMONAS ORYZIHABITANS Cutaneous ulceration

38. PSEUDOMONADS PUNCTATA DROPSY GENERAL CHARACTERS OF P. punctata Pseudomonas punctata is a bacterium that can cause infectious abdominal dropsy, a disease that affects the internal organs of fish Dropsy is a condition in fish caused by the buildup of fluid inside the body cavity or tissues Shape: Rod-shaped, plump, and about 2–4 μm long
Gram: Gram-negative
Flagella: Polar flagella that provide motility
Spores: Non-spore forming
Pigments: Can produce pigments such as pyocyanine (green-blue) and pyorubrin (yellow-green)
Aerobic: Obligate aerobes, but some species can grow in anaerobic conditions
Size: About 1–5 μm long and about 0.5–1.0 μm wide
Genome size: 3 to 7 Mb
GC content: 58 to 70 mol%
Catalase: Positive
Oxidase: Variable

39. SYMPTOMS Accumulation of body fluid/ water in the body cavity or in scale pocket Scales become loose Abdomen bulge largely and pressing on it water comes out through the mouth etc.... TREATMENT There are a number of medications available such as penicillin, tetracycline and naladixic acid.

40. 4.LEPTOSPIRA LEPTOSPIROSIS IN MAMMALS Leptospira is a type of bacteria that can cause leptospirosis, a bacterial infection that affects the kidneys and can be fatal in marine mammals. While there is little information on the impact of leptospirosis on marine fish, it can affect a wide range of mammals, including marine mammals. Leptospira are helix-shaped bacteria Leptospira are also known for causing leptospirosis, a disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
Fever, Headache, Chills, Muscle aches, Vomiting or nausea, Yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice), Red eyes, Stomach pain, Diarrhea , and Rash Asymptomatic INTRODUCTION The first reports of Leptospira infection in marine mammals were recorded on stranded pinnipeds on the coast of California in 1971. HISTORY Leptospira

41. SYMPTOMS Sea lion Most cases of leptospirosis are mild or asymptomatic, but some can be severe and potentially fatal Fever Lethargy Depression Dehydration Jaundice Convulsion TREATMENT TRANSMISSION Leptospirosis is transmitted through the urine of infected animals, either directly or via contaminated water or soil Antibiotics Fuids Other supportive care

42. 5.SALMONELLA Salmonella is not usually a pathogen in fish, but it can be found in fish and shellfish and cause foodborne illnesses in humans Salmonella is a pathogen that can contaminate marine fish and cause salmonellosis in humans who eat the fish Salmonella has been found in marine animals, including fish, shellfish, and marine reptiles like turtles and crocodilians
Salmonellosis is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea , nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Symptoms usually appear 6–72 hours after consuming contaminated food and last 2–7 days Salmonella is able to transfer to seafood through several means, for instance by sewage pollution of the coastal environment, contamination after harvest, or contamination during processing.

43. 6.CORNYBACTERIUM INTRODUCTION Corynebacterium is a large group of bacteria that can be found in many different habitats, including: human clinical samples, animals, soil, marine environments, and dairy products Gram-positive
Catalase-positive
Non-spore-forming
Non-motile
Rod-shaped
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs Pleomorphic through their lifecycles
Cell wall chemotype IV ( meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose)
Contain corynemycolic acids (22–38 carbon atoms) CONRNYBACTERIUM MARIS A new species of Corynebacterium bacteria that was isolated from the mucus of the coral Fungia granulosa in the northern Red Sea

44. CONCLUSION Marine bacterial diseases caused by pathogens such as Aeromonas , Pseudomonas , Salmonella , Vibrio , Corynebacterium , and Leptospira pose significant threats to marine animals and fishes. These bacteria are responsible for a range of diseases, including septicemia , ulcers, fin rot, and systemic infections, often leading to high mortality rates, reduced growth, and compromised health in aquatic species. In addition to their direct impact on marine ecosystems, these pathogens significantly affect aquaculture, causing economic losses and raising concerns about food safety and environmental health. Effective disease management strategies, including improved water quality, vaccination, and biosecurity measures, are critical to minimizing their impact and ensuring the sustainability of marine life and fisheries.