Materials_Mini Musem_Geological Hazards.pptx

Materials_Mini Musem_Geological Hazards.pptx

1. Geological Hazards Mini-Museum 1

2. Geotectonic Phenomena VOLCANO S ignifies a vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are ejected. EARTHQUAKE A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. 2

3. Volcanic Hazards 3 PYROCLASTIC FLOW LAVA FLOW ASHFALL LAHAR

4. ALERT CRITERIA INTERPRETATION/ (NORMAL) All monitored parameters are within background/ baseline levels. No eruption is foreseen. 1 (ABNORMAL) Slight increase in volcanic earthquakes, steam/gas activity, slight inflation. The source of activity is shallow or near crater. Entry into PDZ is forbidden. 2 Elevated Level of Volcanic Unrest Elevated levels of any of the following: volcanic earthquakes, steam/gas activity, ground deformation, other parameters.. Probable ascent and intrusion of magma which may lead to eruption within weeks or months. Entry into PDZ is forbidden. 3 High Level of Volcanic Unrest Relatively high and increasing unrest due to further intensified in volcanic earthquake, gas, ground deformation parameters Magmatic processes underway and may lead to eruption within days to weeks. Evacuation of hazard zones. 4 Hazardous Eruption Imminent Intense unrest characterized by earthquake swarms and tremors, many perceptible, high gas output, intense ground deformation. Activity may involve lava extrusion and dome growth. Low-level eruption in progress and may lead to hazardous highly explosive eruption. Hazard zones may be extended for a few kilometers or more. 5 Life-Threatening ERUPTION Highly explosive eruption in progress with billowing tall ash-laden eruption columns, in excess of tens of kilometers, widespread dispersal of volcanic hazards.. Hazardous eruption in progress. Flowing or falling materials encroach into settlements. Additional danger areas may be recommended as eruption progresses. Volcano Alert Level Scheme 4

5. Earthquake Hazards 5 Tsunami Fire Ground shaking Ground Rupture Liquefaction Landslide 5

6. Fault (Ground) Rupture Creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides moving in opposite directions. Pilapils (rice paddy dikes) in Imugan , Nueva Vizcaya displaced left-laterally by the ground rupture of the 1990 Northern Luzon Earthquake. 6

7. 7 MITIGATION MEASURE : No construction of houses, schools and critical facilities on top of an active fault; buffer zone of at least 5 meters away from the fault trace

8. The disruptive up and down and sideways motion experienced during an earthquake. Ground Shaking 1990 Luzon Earthquake 1995 Kobe Earthquake 8

9. 9

10. I - Scarcely Perceptible II - Slightly Felt III - Weak IV - Moderately Strong V - Strong VI - Very Strong VII - Destructive VIII - Very Destructive IX - Devastating X - Completely Devastating PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) 10

11. A process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediment from that of a solid to that of a liquid Liquefaction 11

12. Ground Subsidence Rise of buried pipes, tanks Lateral spreading Impacts of Liquefaction 12

13. Landslide The movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth, down a slope, when shear stress exceeds shear strength of the material. They are normally triggered by rain and/or earthquake . 13

14. The 2/6/2012 Magnitude 6.9 Negros Oriental Earthquake Solongon , La Libertad Landslide Zamora, Guihulngan Landslide Intense shaking + Steep slope = Landslide Heavy rain + Intense shaking + Steep slope = Landslide (Very High Probability) 14

15. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning. Determine if site is along an active fault and/or prone to liquefaction or landslide . Use proper structural design and engineering practice when constructing a house or building. Evaluate structural soundness of buildings and important infrastructures ; strengthen or retrofit if found necessary. What to do BEFORE ? 15

16. What to do BEFORE ? 16 Familiarize yourself with your place of work/study and residence Identify relatively strong parts of the building where you can take refuge during an earthquake door jambs elevator shafts sturdy tables Learn to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and emergency exits. These should be accessible/conveniently located and properly marked.

17. Prepare your place of work and residence for the event Strap heavy furniture to walls to prevent sliding or toppling. Store breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials in lowermost shelves and secure firmly. Turn off gas tanks when not in use. Keep heavy materials in lower shelves. Check stability of hanging objects. Maintain an earthquake survival kit. What to do BEFORE ? 17

18. Emergency Kit 18

19. If inside a structurally sound building, stay there! Protect your body from falling debris by bracing yourself in a doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table. What to do DURING ? 19

20. What to do DURING ? 20 Duck – get under a sturdy piece of furniture, making yourself into a little ball (do not duck under beds or other objects that could collapse). Cover – keep your head and eyes protected from falling or flying objects. Cover your head with one hand. Hold – with your other hand, hold onto the piece of furniture. If it moves, move with it. Stay under shelter until you are sure the shaking has stopped.

21. What to do DURING ? 21 Get away from power lines, posts, walls and other structures that may fall or collapse. Stay away from buildings with glass panes. If inside a structurally sound building, stay there!

22. What to do AFTER ? 22 If inside an old, weak structure, take the Fastest and safest way out! Get out calmly in an orderly manner. Do not rush to the exit. Use the stairs. Do not use elevators. Check yourself and others for injuries.

23. What to do AFTER ? 23 Check surroundings Clean up chemical spills, toxic flammable materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled. Check water and electrical lines for defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch.

24. What to do AFTER ? 24 Don’t enter partially damaged building, strong aftershocks may cause these to collapse. Gather information and disaster prevention instruction from battery-operated radios. Obey public safety precautions. Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake :

25. What to do AFTER ? 25 Unless you need emergency help: Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities may need the lines for emergency communications Do not use your car and drive around areas of damage. Rescue and relief operations need the road for mobility.

26. What to do AFTER ? 26 If you must evacuate your residence, leave a message stating where you are going Take with you your earthquake survival kit, which should contain all necessary items for your protection and comfort.

27. A Japanese term meaning “harbor waves” A series of waves generated by various geological processes Tsunami 27

28. What causes a Tsunami? 28

29. Tidal waves Gravitational attraction between the earth & other heavenly bodies (sun, moon, planets) Waves due to strong winds Surfs Storm surges Tidal waves, storm surge, surfs - Tsunami - NOT Tsunami… 29

30. Tsunami Information Threat to Philippines Recommended Action for Affected Areas Advisory NO TSUNAMI THREAT Large earthquake occurred butno tsunami threat to coastlines. No evacuation needed. For information only. Advisory SEA LEVEL CHANGE MONITORING Sea level change will be monitored. Public is advised to wait for updates. Advisory MINOR SEA LEVEL DISTURBANCE Expected waves of less than 1 meter above expected ocean tide. People advised to stay away from beach. People with houses very near beach advised to move inland. Boats at sea advised to stay offshore in deep waters . TSUNAMI WARNING Destructive tsunami expected with wave heights of more than 1 meter above ocean tide. Immediate evacuation of coastal communities strongly advised. Boats at sea advised to stay offshore in deep waters. Philippine Tsunami Information 30

31. Type Source Lead time earthquake to tsunami Warning mechanism in place LOCAL trench or fault in Philippine region, usually less than 200 km from shoreline 4 – 20 minutes Being established must rely on natural signs such as moderate to intense shaking in coastal area, unusual water level rise or fall FAR-FIELD Regional or Trans-Pacific trench or fault outside the Philippine region ( ex. Japan, Hawaii, Chile ) 1 – 24 hours International Centers* PHIVOLCS NDCC * Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, NW Pacific Tsunami Information Center ) Types of Tsunami 31

32. Natural signs of an impending Tsunami 32 Felt earthquake Unusual & sudden rise or fall of coastal waters Exposure of corals, underwater rocks, and marine life Unusual Sound S H A K E D R O P R O A R

33. Sea walls and breakwaters Tide control gates Flood gates Elevated Structure Structural Countermeasures 33

34. Sufficient road networks & paths to elevated areas with tsunami signages Information campaign Preparation of Tsunami Evacuation Plan Non-Structural Countermeasures 34

35. Planting of trees and preservation of mangrove Non-Structural Countermeasures 35

36. Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia Earthquakes knows no barriers… 36

37. /PHIVOLCS @ phivolcs.dost www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph Earthquake & Tsunami (24/7): Tel. Numbers [phone] [phone] loc 124 / 125 Fax number [phone] Volcano (24/7): Tel. Numbers [phone] loc 127 Telefax number [phone] IEC materials: [phone] loc 128 [phone] PHIVOLCS Contact 37

38. 38 Just when we have forgotten the past, history repeats itself…