MATHS SYMBOLS.pdf

There are so many mathematical symbols that are important for students. To make it easier for you we’ve given here the mathematical symbols table with definitions and examples

1. MATHS SYMBOLS
Math is all about numbers, symbols andMaths formulas.These symbols are required
for different operations. These symbols are used in different mathematical fields. From
representing the equation to telling the relationship between the two numbers. All
mathematical symbols are used in mathematical operations for various concepts.
There are so many mathematical symbols which are important for students. To make it
easier for you we’ve given here the mathematical symbols table with definitions and
examples. From addition, subtraction to geometry to algebra etc, there are various
types of symbols. Find all the symbols in the tables given below:
Basic Maths Symbols
In Mathematics, it's all about numbers, symbols and formulas. Here we're discussing
the foundation of Mathematics. In simple words, without symbols, we cannot do
arithmetic. Mathematical symbols and symbols are considered to represent a value.
Basic mathematical symbols are used to express mathematical ideas. The relationship
between the symbol and the value refers to the basic mathematical requirement. With
the help of symbols, certain concepts and ideas are clearly explained. Here is a list of
commonly used mathematical symbols with words and meanings. Also, an example is
given to understand the use of mathematical symbols.
SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definitionExample
= equals signequality 10 = 2+8
10 is equal to 2+8
≠ not equal signinequality 2 ≠ 8
2 is not equal to 8
≈ approximately
equal
approximation sin (0.01) ≈ 0.01,
x ≈ y means is approximately
equal to y

2. > strict inequalitygreater than 8 > 2
8 is greater than 2
< strict inequalityless than 2 < 8
2 is less than 8
≥ inequalitygreater than or equal to8 ≥ 2,
x ≥ y means x is greater than or
equal to y
≤ inequalityless than or equal to2 ≤ 8,
x ≤ y means is less than or
equal to y
( ) parenthesescalculate expression
inside first
2 × (4+8) = 24
[ ] brackets calculate expression
inside first
[(2+3)×(4+6)] = 50
+ plus signaddition 2 + 8 = 10
− minus signsubtraction 8 - 2 = 6
± plus - minusboth plus and minus
operations
2 ± 8 = 10 or -6
± minus - plusboth minus and plus
operations
2∓8 = -6 or 10
* asterisk multiplication2*8 = 16
× times signmultiplication2 × 8 = 16
⋅ multiplication
dot
multiplication2 sdot; 8 = 16

3. ÷ division sign /
obelus
division 8 ÷ 2 = 4
/ division slashdivision 8 / 2 = 4
— horizontal linedivision / fraction6—2=3
mod modulo remainder calculation7 mod 2 = 1
. period decimal point, decimal
separator
3.84 = 3+84/100
ab; power exponent 23=8
a^b caret exponent 2^3=8
√a square root√⋅√a =a √4=±2
3√a cube root3√a⋅3√a⋅3√a⋅& =a3√8=2
4√a fourth root4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a ⋅ 4√a
=a
4√16=±2
n√a n-th root
(radical)
for n=3,n√8=2
% percent 1%=1/100 10%× 80=8
‰ per-mile 1‰=1/1000=0.1%10‰ × 80=0.8
ppm per-million1ppm=1/100000010ppm × 80=0.0008
ppb per-billion1ppb=1/100000000010ppb × 80=8×10&minussup7;
ppt per-trillion1ppt=10&minussup12;10ppt × 80=8×10&minussup10;
Geometry Symbols

4. There are geometry symbols which are used in mathematics. Here we’re mentioning
each and every geometry symbols which are necessary for students to know.
SymbolSymbol NameMeaning / definition Example
∠ formed by two
rays
∠ABC=30°
measured
angle
ABC=30°
spherical
angle
AOB=30°
∟ right angle=90° α=90°
° degree 1 turn=360° α=60°
degdegree 1 turn=360deg α=60deg
′ prime arcminute, 1°=60′ α=60°59′
″ double primearcsecond, 1′=60″ α=60°59′
59″
line infinite line
AB line segmentline from point A to point B
ray line that start from point A
⊥ perpendicularperpendicular lines (90° angle)AC ⊥ BC
∥ parallelparallel lines AB ∥ CD
≅ congruent toequivalence of geometric shapes and size∆ABC≅∆XY
Z

5. ∼ similaritysame shapes, not same size ∆ABC∼∆XY
Z
Δ triangletriangle shape ;ΔABC
≅ΔBCD
∣x−y∣distancedistance between points x and y∣x−y∣=5
π pi constantπ=3.141592654...
is the ratio between the circumference and
diameter of a circle
c=π⋅d=2⋅π
⋅r
radradians radians angle unit 360°=2π
rad
gradgradians ∕
gons
grads angle unit 360°;=400
grad
g gradians ∕
gons
grads angle unit 360°=400g
Algebra Symbols
Algebra is a mathematical component of symbols and rules to deceive those symbols.
In algebra, those symbols represent non-fixed values, called variables. How sentences
describe the relationship between certain words, in algebra, mathematics describes the
relationship between variables.
ASymbol NameMeaning / definition Example
χx variableunknown value to find when 2χ=4, then χ=2
≡equivalenceidentical to
≜equal by definitionequal by definition
≔equal by definitionequal by definition

6. ∽approximately
equal
weak approximation 11∽10
≈approximately
equal
approximation sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01
∝proportional toproportional to y ∝ x when y=kx, k
constant
∞lemniscateinfinity symbol
≪much less thanmuch less than 1≪1000000
⁽ ⁾much grataer
than
much grataer than 1000000 ≫1
⁽ ⁾parenthesescalculate expression inside first2 *(3+5) = 16
[ ]brackets calculate expression inside first[ (1+2)*(1+5) ] = 18
{ }braces set
⌊ χ ⌋floor bracketsrounds number to lower integer⌊4.3⌋ = 4
⌈ χ ⌉ceiling bracketsrounds number to upper integer⌈4.3⌉ = 5
χ!exclamation markfactorial 4! =1*2*3*4 = 24
|χ|vertical barsabsolute value | -5 | = 5
Af(χ
)
function of xmaps values of x to f(x)f(x)=3x+5
(f°g)function
composition
(f°g)(x)=f(g(x)) f(x)=3x,g(x)=x-1⇒(f°
g)(x)=3(x-1)
(a,b)open interval(a,b)={ x | a < x < b }x∈(2,6)

7. [a,b]closed interval[a,b]={x | a≤ x ≤b } x&isin[2,6]
Δdelta change / difference Δ=t1-t0
ΔdiscriminantΔ=b²-4ac
∑sigma summation - sum of all values in
range of series
∑x1=x1+x2+...+xn
∑∑sigma double summation
∏capital piproduct - product of all values in
range of series
∏x1=x1∙x2∙...∙xn
ee constant /
Euler's number
e = 2.718281828... e =lim (1+1/x)x,x→∞
γEuler-Mascheroni
constant
γ= 0.5772156649...
φgolden ratiogolden ratio constant
πpi constantπ = 3.141592654...
is the ratio between the
circumference and diameter of a
circle
c=π⋅d=2⋅π⋅r
Linear Algebra Symbol
These are the linear Algebraic Symbols. It's also a part of mathematics. These symbols
are generally used in higher standard. Here's the list of all linear algebra symbols which
are helpful for you guys.
SymbolSymbol Name Meaning/definitionExample
· dot scalar product a·b

8. × cross vector product a×b
A⊗B tensor producttensor product of A and BA ⊗ B
inner product
[ ] brackets matrix of numbers
| A | determinant determinant of matrix A
det(A)determinant determinant of matrix A
∥ x ∥double vertical barsnorm
AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij= ( A )ji
A† Hermitian matrixmatrix conjugate transpose(A†)ij= ( A )ji
A* Hermitian matrixmatrix conjugate transpose(A*)ij= ( A )ji
A-1 inverse matrixAA-1=/
rank(A)matrix rank rank of matrix A rank(A)= 3
dim(U)dimension dimension of matrix Adim(U)= 3
Probability and Statistics Symbols
Probability and statistics are also a part of mathematics. As you’ve already studied
probability and statistics from the junior classes. So here’s the list of the most important
probability and statistics symbols.
SymbolSymbol Name Meaning / definition Example
P(A) probability functionprobability of event A P(A)= 0.5

9. P(A ∩ B)probability of events
intersection
probability that of events A and BP(A ∩ B)=
0.5
P(A ∪ B)probability of events
union
probability that of events A or BP(A ∪ B)=
0.5
P(A | B)conditional probability
function
probability of event A given event
B occured
P(A | B)= 0.3
f( X )probability density
function (pdf)
P( a ≤ x ≤ b ) =∫f( X ) dx
F( X )cumulative
distribution function
(cdf)
F( X ) =P( X ≤ x)
μ population meanmean of population valuesμ= 10
E( X )expectation valueexpected value of random
variable X
E( X ) = 10
E( X | Y )conditional
expectation
expected value of random
variable X given Y
E( X | Y = 2 )
= 5
var( X )variance variance of random variable Xvar( X )= 4
σ2 variance variance of population valuesσ2= 4
std( X )standard deviationstandard deviation of random
variable X
std( X ) = 2
σx standard deviationstandard deviation value of
random variable X
σx= 2
median middle value of random variable x
cov( X,Y )covariance covariance of random variables X
and Y
cov( X,Y )= 4

10. corr( X,Y
)
correlation correlation of random variables X
and Y
corr( X,Y )=
0.6
cov( X,Y )covariance covariance of random variables X
and Y
cov( X,Y )= 4
corr( X,Y
)
correlation correlation of random variables X
and Y
corr( X,Y )=
0.6
ρ x,ycorrelation correlation of random variables X
and Y
ρ x,y= 0.6
∑ summation summation - sum of all values in
range of series
∑∑ double summationdouble summation
Mo mode value that occurs most frequently
in population
MR mid-range MR =( xmax+xmin)/2
Md sample medianhalf the population is below this
value
Q1 lower / first quartile25 % of population are below this
value
Q2 median / second
quartile
50% of population are below this
value = median of samples
Q3 upper / third quartile75% of population are below this
value
x sample mean average / arithmetic meanx=(2+5+9)
/3=5.333
s2 sample variancepopulation samples variance
estimator
s2= 4

11. s sample standard
deviation
population samples standard
deviation estimator
s= 2
Zx standard scoreZx=(x-x)/ Sx
X ~ distribution of Xdistribution of random variable XX ~ N (0,3)
X ~ distribution of Xdistribution of random variable XX ~ N (0,3)
N(μσ2)normal distributiongaussian distributionX ~ N (0,3)
U( a,b )uniform distributionequal probability in range a,bX ~ U (0,3)
exp(λ)exponential
distribution
f(x)=λe-λxx≥0
gamma(c,
λ)
gamma distributionf(x)=λ c xc-1e-λx/ Γ ( c ) x≥0
χ2(k)chi-square distributionf(x)=xk/2-1e-x/2/ ( 2k/2Γ )(k/2) )
F (k1,k2)F distribution
Bin( n,p )binomial distributionF(k) =nCkpk(1-p)n-k
Poisson(
λ )
Poisson distributionF(k) = λke-λ / k !
Geom( p
)
geometric distributionF(k) = p( 1-p)k
HG( N ,K
,n )
hyper-geometric
distribution
Bern( p )Bernoulli distribution
Greek Alphabet Letters

12. Mathematicians often use Greek letters in their work to represent flexibility, consistency,
functions and more. Some of the Greek symbols commonly used in Maths are listed
below -
Upper Case
Letter
Lower Case
Letter
Greek Letter
Name
English
Equivalent
Letter Name
Pronounce
Α α Alpha a al-fa
Β β Beta b be-ta
Γ γ Gamma g ga-ma
Δ δ Delta d del-ta
Ε ε Epsilon e ep-si-lon
Ζ ζ Zeta z Ze-ta
Η η Eta h eh-ta
Θ θ Theta th te-ta
Ι ι Iota i io-ta
Κ κ Kappa k ka-pa
Λ λ Lambda l lam-da
Μ μ Mu m m-yoo
Μ μ Mu m m-yoo
Ν ν Nu n noo

13. Ν ν Nu n noo
Ξ ξ Xi x x-ee
Ο ο Omicron o o-mee-c-ron
Π π Pi p pa-yee
Ρ ρ Rho r row
Σ σ Sigma s sig-ma
Τ τ Tau t ta-oo
Υ υ Upsilon u oo-psi-lon
Φ φ Phi ph f-ee
Χ χ Chi ch kh-ee
Ψ ψ Psi ps p-see
Ω ω Omega o o-me-ga
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What do math symbols mean?
Ans. It means all the symbols which show the quantitiesor the relationship between two
quantities.
Q2. What is the value of pi?
Ans.The value of pi is 22/7 and 3.14. It is a Greekalphabet. It is an irrational number.
While solvingNCERT Solutionsyou'll find many questionsabout where you've to use
them.
Q3. What is the * symbol called?

14. Ans.In English, the * symbol generally means asterisk, but in Mathematics it is
generally used to represent multiplication between two quantities.
The Original Source for this from-https://www.pw.live/maths-symbols