MBA.Language + Culture + Translation.ppt

1. Vai trò của quản lý hồ sơ
- Quản lý hồ sơ được nghiêm túc, khoa học sẽ giúp cho việc tra cứu thông tin trong cơ quan, tổ chức được nhanh chóng, đủ căn cứ chính xác để giải quyết công việc kịp thời, hiệu quả.
- Quản lý chặt chẽ hồ sơ, tài liệu sẽ góp phần giữ gìn bí mật của Đảng, Nhà nước, cơ quan, đơn vị.
- Quản lý hồ sơ khoa học, hiệu quả sẽ là mắt xích gắn liền công tác văn thư với công tác lưu trữ và có ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến công tác lưu trữ.
- trong quá trình giải quyết công việc cần lập đầy đủ các hồ sơ để có căn cứ khoa học khi đề xuất ý kiến và giải quyết công việc, nâng cao hiệu suất và chất lượng công tác.
- Đối với cơ quan làm tốt việc lập hồ sơ sẽ quản lý được công việc của cơ quan, quản lý chặt chẽ tài liệu, giữ gìn bí mật. Quản lý tốt hồ sơ sẽ xây dựng được nền nếp khoa học trong công tác văn thư, lưu trữ; tránh được tình trạng nộp lưu tài liệu bó, gói vào lưu trữ, tạo thuận lợi cho cán bộ lưu trữ tiến hành các khâu nghiệp vụ lưu trữ nhằm phục vụ tốt cho công tác khai thác, nghiên cứu.
2. Chế độ quản lý hồ sơ, tài liệu
2.1. Chuyên viên có trách nhiệm giữ gìn bí mật, bảo quản tốt hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu, không được đem tài liệu đến những nơi không liên quan đến xử lý, giải quyết công việc; tuyệt đối không được mang hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu của cơ quan về nhà riêng của mình, đem sang cơ quan khác khi chuyển công tác hoặc tùy tiện cung cấp hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu cho các nhân, đơn vị khác. Trường hợp chuyên viên phải mang tài liệu thuộc danh mục bí mật Nhà nước ra khỏi cơ quan phải được sự đồng ý của Lãnh đạo Văn phòng UBND tỉnh.
Hết giờ làm việc hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu phải được cất vào tủ có khóa. Những đợt nghỉ lễ, tết dài ngày phải niêm phong tủ đựng văn bản, tài liệu và phòng làm việc. Hồ sơ mật phải lưu riêng và có chế độ bảo quản theo quy định.
2.2. Chuyên viên phải lập hồ sơ, sắp xếp văn bản, tài liệu một cách khoa học để dễ quản lý, dễ nộp lưu và dễ tìm khi cầm. Phải có những cặp khác nhau để đựng những loại hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu khác nhau.
2.3. Hồ sơ, tài liệu được quản lý tại Kho Lưu trữ Văn phòng UBND tỉnh do Phòng Tổ chức hành chính (Bộ phận Lưu trữ) quản lý, bảo quản. Kho lưu trữ phải được xây dựng theo đúng tiêu chuẩn quy định, bảo đảm an toàn tuyệt đối và được trang bị đầy đủ các thiết bị, phương tiện cần thiết để bảo quản an toàn hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu lưu trữ.
2.4. Phòng Tổ chức Hành chính (Bộ phận Lưu trữ) có trách nhiệm thực hiện các quy định về quản lý hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu lưu trữ.
- Quản lý trực tiếp kho lưu trữ và thực hiện chế độ bảo quản thường xuyên đối với hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu lưu trữ trong kho.
- Tu bổ, phục chế hồ sơ, văn bản tài liệu lưu trữ có nguy cơ hư hỏng.
- Thực hiện chế độ bảo hiểm đối với hồ sơ, tài liệu lưu trữ quý hiếm.
- Thực hiện các biện pháp phòng, chống cháy nổ, thiên tai, côn trùng, nấm mốc và các tác nhân khác gây hư hỏng hồ sơ, văn bản, tài liệu.
- Đề xuất với Lãnh đạo Văn phòng UBND tỉnh bố trí đầy đủ các điều kiện cần thiết về cơ sở vật chất, kinh ph

1. Dr. HUYØNH VAÊN TAØI
[email protected]
0903 88 63 77
LANGUAGE –CULTURE &
TRANSLATION

2. 2

3. 3
Bassnett-McGuire:“What isgenerally
understoodastranslationinvolvesthe
renderingofasourcelanguagetextinto
thetargetlanguagesoastoensurethat
thesurfacemeaningofthetwowillbe
approximatelysimilarandthestructures
ofthesourcelanguagewillbepreserved
ascloselyaspossiblebutnotsoclosely
thatthetargetlanguagewillbeseriously
distorted.
What is Translation

4. 4
Ghadi (2010):translationis
ultimatelyahumanactivitywhich
enableshumanbeingstoexchange
ideasandthoughtsregardlessof
thedifferenttonguesused.
Translation,asaprocessof
conveying messages across
linguisticandculturalbarriers,isan
eminentlycommunicativeactivity.”
What is Translation (cont.)

5. 5
Andso,translationispossibleinthe
sensethatwe–humanbeings-
havebeendoingit(orclaimingto
havedoneit)forthousandsof
years,butwehavebeendoingso
withoutanyassurancethatthe
message sentwasindeedthe
messagethatwasreceived.
What is Translation (cont.)

6. 6
Inshort,translationis
essentiallyadecision–
makingprocessrequiring
combinationoflanguage
ability,intuition,subject–
specific knowledge,
research skills and
judgment.
What is Translation (cont.)

7. 7
Relationship between:
-Language&Culture;
-Language&Translation;
-Language & Culture &
Translation.
What is Translation (cont.)

8. 8
SinhviênmớihọcNgữhọc.(CaoXuânHạo)
Contrâucáibụngtròntomọng.(Vỡbờ-
NguyễnĐìnhThi)
LựclượngHảiquanvừabắtđượcmộtvụ
buônlậukimcươnglớn.
YokoOnowilltalkaboutherhusband-John
Lennonwhowaskilledinaninterviewwith
BarbaraWalters.(Pinker,1994)
Thebankwasthesceneofthecrime.(Kooij,
1971)
LANGUAGE (con.) = THE INSIDE

9. 9
•Goodmorning.
•I’llgiveyouaringtomorrow.
•ThisprogrammeissponsoredbyABC
Company.
-ThaàyTaøidaïychuùngtoâimoânluyeän
Dòch.
-Ngaøyhoâmqua,toâimôùimuacaùiaùo
sômiñen.
Alotofthingsinfluencetheprocess
oftranslating/interpreting
LANGUAGE (con.) = THE OUTSIDE

10. 10
Thanks for listening
Q&A

11. 11

12. 12
Translationisessentiallya
decision–makingprocess
requiringcombination of
languageability,intuition,
subject – specific
knowledge,researchskills
andjudgment.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

13. 13
Apropertranslationexpressesthe
meaningbehindtheuseofwritten
wordsinonelanguageandinthe
writtenwordusageofasecond
language.Althoughthetranslator
appearstobedealingwithwords,in
actualpracticethetranslatorisdealing
withunitsofmeaningthatmayormay
notbeexpressedbythewords
appearingonpaper.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

14. 14
Meaningisnotcontainedinwords
butisabstractedfromwordsand
interpretedwithinthecontext.
Thetranslatormustrelynotonly
onlinguisticcluesappearinginthe
documentsbutalsoonextra–
linguisticknowledgeaswellas
culture.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

15. 15
Morethanthat,thetranslatormust
beabletounderstand and
appreciatedistinctionsmadein
theSLofthedocumentstobe
translatedandtomakeequivalent
distinctionsintheTLofthe
translation.Tobehonest,thisis
notaneasytask.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

16. 16
Intherealworldoftranslation,translatorsare
constantlyfacednotonlywithtypographical
errorsinthesourcetextbutalsowith
uncontinouserrorsingrammar,rhetoricand
logic.
Andso,documentmustbeanalyzedforits
linguisticstructureaswellasforits
underlyingmeaning.
Somedocumentsarewrittenunderpressure
andsometimesbymorethanoneauthor,
whichcanresultininternalinconsistencies.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

17. 17
In addition, highly sophisticated
documentsoftencontainambiguitiesthat
areopentointerpretationbyreaders.
Experiencedandskilledtranslatorsare
usuallyabletoconveytheambiguityin
thetranslation.Thedecisionwhetheror
nottopreserveambiguitychallengesthe
judgmentofthetranslators.
Forthereasonsmentioned,let’sanalyze
stagesbelowbyNewmark:
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

18. 18
1. READING THE TEXT;
2. THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT;
3. THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR;
4. TEXT STYLE;
5. THE READERSHIP;
6. STYLISTIC SCALE;
7. ATTITUDE;
8. SETTING;
9. THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING;
10. CONNOTATIONS AND DENOTATIONS;
11. THE LAST READING.
=> -LANGUAGES
-STYLES OF TRANSLATOR
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)

19. 19
Beforestartingatranslatedwork,weneedto
readtheoriginalfortwopurposes:
1.understandwhatthetextisabout;
2.analyzeitfromapointofviewofatranslator
whichisnotthesameasalinguist’soraliterary
critic’s.
Wehavetodetermineitsintention(wediscuss
theintentioninthenextfollowingparts)and
thewayitiswrittenforthepurposeofselecting
asuitabletranslatingmethodandidentifying
particularandrecurrentproblems.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
1. READING THE TEXT

20. 20
Understandingthetextrequiresbothgeneraland
closereading.
Generalreadingistogetthemainideas.Wemay
havetoreadtextbookorspecialistpapersto
understandthesubjectandtheconcepts,
alwayskeepinginmindthatforthetranslator,
thefunctionprecedesthedescription.
Closereadingrequiresthewordsbothoutofand
incontext.Inprinciple,everythinghastobe
lookedupthatdoesnotmakegoodsenseinits
contextorelse.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
1. READING THE TEXT

21. 21
Evencommonwordslikeminuteforexample
needtobeconsideredtoensurethattheyare
usedfiguratively,technicallyorcolloquially.
Neologisms–wewilllikelyfindmanyifweare
translatingarecentpublication(fornon–
equivalentwords),acronyms,figuresand
measuresareveryimportant.Totalkmore
aboutneologismsandacronymswhichmaybe
non–existent,weshouldnotinventthem,
evenifwenotethatthesourcelanguage(SL)
authorhasinventedthem***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
1. READING THE TEXT

22. 22
Inreading,wesearchforthe
intentionofthetext–we
cannot isolatethisfrom
understanding it.Theygo
togetherbutthetitlemaybe
farawayfromthecontentas
wellastheintention.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
2. THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT

23. 23
Twotextsmaydescribeabattleora
debatestatingthesamefactsand
figures,butthetypeoflanguage
usedandeventhegrammatical
structuresineachcasemaybe
evidenceofdifferentpointofview.
Notethattheintentionofthetext
representstheSLwriter’sattitudeto
thesubjectmatter.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
2. THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT

24. 24
Asummaryofthisnaturewhichusesonlya
fewkeywordsfromtheoriginalappears
tobeisolatefromthelanguage,simplyto
showwhathappensinthereallifeandit
isverynecessarytothetranslator.
Butthetranslatorstillhastoreturntothe
text,translatethetext,evenifhe/she
hastosimplify,rearrange,clarify,
decreaseitsredundanciesandpareit
down.***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
2. THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT

25. 25
Normally,thetranslator’sintentionisidentical
withthatoftheauthoroftheSLtext.Butwe
maybetranslatinganads,anoticeorasetof
instructionstoshowourclientshowsuch
mattersareformulatedandwrittenintheSL
ratherthanhowtoadapttheminorderto
persuadeorinstructanewTLreadership.
Andagain,wemaybetranslatingmanual
instructionsforalesseducatedreadershipso
thattheexplanationinourtranslationmaybe
muchlargerthanthereproduction***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
3. THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR

26. 26
Nidaintroducesfourtypesoftextas
follows:
4.1Narrative:adynamicsequenceof
eventswheretheemphasisisonthe
verb.AsinEnglish,verb+nounor
phrasalverbarelikelytobeused.
Ex:“Heburstin./Hemadeasudden
appearance.”aremoreoftenthan“He
appearedsuddenly.”
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
4. TEXT STYLE

27. 27
4.2Description:Itisstaticwithemphasis
onlinkingverbs,adjectives,adjectival
noun.
4.3Discussion:atreatmentofideaswhere
theemphasisisonabstractnouns
(concepts),verbsofthought,mental
activity(consider,argue...),logical
argumentandconnectives.
4.4Dialogue:itiswiththeemphasison
colloquialisms***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
4. TEXT STYLE

28. 28
Onthebasicofthevarietyoflanguage
usedintheoriginal,translatorsattempt
tocharacterizethereadershipofthe
originalandthenofthetranslationand
todecidehowmuchattentiontheyhave
topaytotheTLreaders.
Theymaytrytoassessthelevelof
education,theclass,ageandsexofthe
readershipifthesearemarked.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
5. THE READERSHIP

29. 29
Theaveragetextfortranslationtendstobe
foraneducated,middle–classreadershipin
aninformal,notcolloquialstyle.
Themostcommonvarietyofmarkederrorsin
registeramongstudent-translatorstends
tobecolloquialandintimate.Forinstant,
useofphrasesasmoreandmorefor
increasingly,aboveallforparticularly,got
wellforrecoveredandexcessivelyfamiliar
phrasalverbsgetoutof,getridof.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
5. THE READERSHIP

30. 30
Theothercommonerror–theuseof
formalorofficialregister-alsoshows
signsoftranslationese(translateese).
Thesetokensoflanguagetypifythe
student–translatorinsteadofthe
readershiptheyaretranslatingfor;
theymayepitomizetheirdegreeof
knowledgeandinterestinthesubject
andtheappropriateculture.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
5. THE READERSHIP

31. 31
Allthiswillhelptranslatorstodecideon
thedegreeofformality,generality,
specificityandemotionaltonethey
mustexpresswhentheyworkonthe
text***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
5. THE READERSHIP

32. 32
The scale of formality is variously expressed as:
Eating is not allowed here. / You aren’t
allowed to eat here. => neutral
The consumption of any nutriments
whatsoever is categorically prohibited in
this establishment. => officialese
The consumption of nutriments is
prohibited in this establishment. =>
official
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
6. STYLISTIC SCALE

33. 33
Stop eating, please. => informal
Could you stop eating, please? / Would
you mind stopping eating here? =>
formal
You can’t eat in here. / Don’t eat in
here. => colloquial
Lay off the nosh. => slang
Lay off the fucking nosh. => taboo
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
6. STYLISTIC SCALE (cont.)

34. 34
Newmark suggestedscalesforgeneralityor
difficulty:
1.Simple:“Theflooroftheseaiscoveredwith
rowsofbigmountainsanddeeppits.”
2.Popular:“Theflooroftheseaiscoveredwith
greatmountainchainsanddeeptrenches.”
3.Neutral(usingbasicvocabularyonly):“a
graveyardofanimalandplantremainslies
buriedintheearth’scrust.”
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
6. STYLISTIC SCALE (cont.)

35. 35
4.Educated:“Thelateststepinvertebrate
evolutionwasthetool–makingman.”
5.Technical:“Criticalpathanalysisisan
operationalresearchtechniqueusedin
management.”
6.Opaquelytechnical(comprehensibleonlyto
anexpert):“Neuraminicacidintheformof
itsalkali–stablemethoxyderivativewasfirst
isolatedbyKlenkfromgangliosides.”(letter
toNature,November1955,quotedinQrirk,
1984).
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
6. STYLISTIC SCALE (cont.)

36. 36
Andscalesforemotionaltoneas:
Intense/hot:absolutelywonderful,
enormouslysuccessful...
Warm:gentle,soft,heart–warmingmelodies…
Factual/cool:significant,exceptionallywell
judged,personable,presentable,considerable…
Understatement/cold:not...Undignified*
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
6. STYLISTIC SCALE (cont.)

37. 37
Inpassages making evaluations and
recommendations, wehavetoassessthe
standardsofthewriter.
Ifhewritesgood,fair,average,poor,excellent
...,arehisstandards–relativetothe
context–generallyacceptedinhiscultureor
arbitrary?
Oftenthereisonlyathinlineinthecritical
differencebetweenapositiveandanegative
opinion,whichisnotclarifiedbythemiddle
words***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
7. ATTITUDE

38. 38
Analyzingthesettingofthetranslatedtextis
veryimportantforthetranslatortochoose
thesuitablewords,structuresandeven
methods.Wehavetodecideonthelikely
settingandaskourselves:
WherewouldthetextbepublishedintheTL?
WhatistheTLequivalentoftheSL
newspaper,textbook?
Whoisourclient?
Whatareourclient’srequirements?
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
8. SETTING

39. 39
Wemayhavetotakeaccountonbriefertitles,
absenceofsub–titlesandsub–headings,
shorterparagraphsandotherfeaturesofthe
TLstyle.Wehavetomake several
assumptionsabouttheSLreadership.
FromthesettingoftheSLtextaswellasthe
textitself,weshouldassesswhetherthe
readershipislikelytobemotivated(keento
readthetext),familiarwiththetopicandthe
cultureandinthevarietyoflanguageused.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
8. SETTING(cont.)

40. 40
Thethreetypicalreadertypesare:expert,
educatedlayman&uninformed.
Thenwehavetoconsiderwhetherweare
translatingforthesameoradifferenttypeof
TLreadership,maybewithlessknowledgeof
thetopicorthecultureorevenalower
standardoflinguisticeducation.
Finally,ifwearetranslatingapoemoran
importantauthoritativestatement,weshould
considertheTLreaderatall***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
8. SETTING(cont.)

41. 41
Wehavetoconsiderthequalityofthewritingand
theauthorityofthetext–Twocriticalfactorsin
thechoiceoftranslationmethod.
Thequalityofthewritinghastobejudgedinthe
relationtotheauthor’sintentionand/orthe
requirementsofthesubjectmatters.
Ifthetextiswellwritten,wehavetoregardevery
nuanceoftheauthor’smeaning,particularlyifit
issubtleordifficult;ashavingprecedenceover
thereader’sresponse.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
9.THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING

42. 42
AsProustandMann,ifthetextiswellwritten,the
syntaxwillreflectthewriter’spersonality.Complex
syntaxwillreflectsubtletyandplainsyntaxwill
reflectsimplicity.Wordswillbefreshlyusedwith
unusualconnotations.
Abadlywrittentextwillbeclutteredwithstereotyped
phrases,recentlyfashionablegeneralwordsand
probablypoorlystructures.
Notethatlanguagerulesandprescriptionshave
nothingmuchtodowithgoodwriting.Whatmatter
isafreshreflectionoftherealityoutsidelanguageor
ofthewriter’smind.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
9.THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING (cont.)

43. 43
Theauthorityofthetextisderived
fromgoodwriting,independently
andunconnectedly,fromthestatus
oftheSLwriter.
IftheSLwriterisrecognizedas
importantinhisfieldandheis
makinganofficialstatement,the
textisalsoauthoritative.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
9.THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING (cont.)

44. 44
Thepointisthatexpressivetextshaveto
betranslatedclosely,matchingthe
writingoftheoriginal.
Informativetextsthatrelateprimarilyto
thetruthand/ortotherealfactsof
matterhavetobetranslatedinthebest
stylethatthetranslatorcanreconcile
withthestyleoftheoriginal***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
9.THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING (cont.)

45. 45
Allthetextshaveconnotations,anauraof
ideasandfeelingssuggestedbylexicalwords
(crudelysofamaysuggestcomfort)andall
thetextshaveanunderlife.Inanon–
literary,thedenotationsofawordnormally
comebeforeitsconnotations.
Butinaliterarytext,wehavetogive
precedencetoitsconnotationssince,ifitis
anygood,itisanallegory,acommenton
societyatthetimeandnowaswellasonits
strictsetting.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
10. CONNOTATIONS AND DENOTATIONS

46. 46
Fromatranslator’spointofview,thisisthe
onlytheoreticaldistinctionbetweenanon–
literaryandaliterarytext.Infact,thegreater
thequantityofalanguageresources
expendedonatext,themoredifficultitis
likelytobetotranslateandthemore
worthwhile.A satisfactoryrestricted
translationofanypoemisalwayspossible
thoughitmayworkasanintroductiontoand
aninterpretationthanasarecreationofthe
original***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
10. CONNOTATIONS AND DENOTATIONS (cont.)

47. 47
Finally,weshouldnotetheculturalaspectoftheSL
text;weshouldunderlineallneologism,
metaphors,culturalwordsandinstitutional
termspeculiartothesourcelanguageorthe
thirdlanguage,propernames,technicalterms
andunstranlatablewords(theonesthathaveno
readyone–to–oneequivalentinthetarget
language).
Wealsounderlinewordsthatwehavetoconsider
outofaswellaswithinthecontextinorderto
establishtheirsemanticrange,theirfrontier.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
11. THE LAST READING

48. 48
Wecannotnormallydecidetomake
anywordmeanwhatwewantand
therearenormallylimitstothe
meaningofanyword.Thepurpose
ofdictionariesistoindicatethe
semanticrangesofwordsaswell
as,throughcollocation,themain
senses.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
11. THE LAST READING (cont.)

49. 49
Whilstthemeaningofacompletely
context,determinedwordmay
appeartoberemotefromitsnon–
contextualmeaning.Theremust
besomelinksbetweenthetwo
meaning.Thusitmightappearto
bebeyondreasons.Sometimesthe
linkisasecretcode.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
11. THE LAST READING (cont.)

50. 50
Weshouldcarryoutthisanalysisonevery
partofthetext;muchofitmaybe
intuitiveorunnecessaryinthecaseofa
particulartext.
Underlineonlytheitemswhereweseea
translationproblemandbearinmindthat
itisoftenhelpfultostudysuchanitem
firstincontext,theninisolationasthough
itwereadictionaryoranencyclopedia
entryonlyandfinallyincontextagain***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
11. THE LAST READING (cont.)

51. 51
Weshouldcarryoutthisanalysisonevery
partofthetext;muchofitmaybe
intuitiveorunnecessaryinthecaseofa
particulartext.
Underlineonlytheitemswhereweseea
translationproblemandbearinmindthat
itisoftenhelpfultostudysuchanitem
firstincontext,theninisolationasthough
itwereadictionaryoranencyclopedia
entryonlyandfinallyincontextagain***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
11. THE LAST READING (cont.)

52. 52
Ifwearetranslatorsorinterpreters,weneedto
getintouchwithatleasttwolanguages–the
sourcelanguageastheoriginalandthe
targetlanguageasthetranslatedor
interpretedlanguage.GeoffreySamuelsson–
Brownsaystheterm“bilingual”isverymuch
abusedandthenumberofpeoplewhoare
trulybilingualisverysmall.Healsocitesa
definitionsonbilingualisminabooklet
entitledBilingualSkillsCertificateand
CertificateinCommunityInterpretingas:
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> LANGUAGES

53. 53
”Totalbilingualismorabilingualismmeans
havinganequalorcompletefunctional
competenceintwolanguages,which
involvesanequalunderstandingofboth
cultures.Bilingualismisusuallydescribed
asusingtwolanguagesindailylife–but
notnecessaryinthesamecontext.
Therefore,onecanbebilingualbutnot
haveacommandofbothlanguagesinthe
samesubjectarea.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> LANGUAGES

54. 54
Bilingualserviceproviders–astranslators–
shouldhaveanadequatecompetencein
bothlanguagesandanobjective
understandingoftheimplications
concerningbothculturesinthesubject
areainwhichtheywork.Beingbilingual
doesnotnecessarilyincludetheabilityto
interpretortranslate.Thisrequires
additionalskillsinordertotransfer
conceptsbetweenlanguages.”
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> LANGUAGES (cont.)

55. 55
Inthesentence“Thisrequiresadditionalskills
inordertotransferconceptsbetween
languages.”Whatdoeshemeanwhenhe
says“totransferconceptsbetween
languages”?Thewordconceptsisneededfor
translatorsorinterpreterstothinkof
whenevertheyperformtheirtranslating
work.Someofusalwaysthinkaboutthe
contentofthetranslatedtext-notthe
concepts-orabouttranslators’stylesand
eventhelanguageuses.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> LANGUAGES (cont.)

56. 56
Basically,languageisforthenativeusersand
basedontheirthought.Canweexplain:
ThứHai#Monday
ThángHai#February
ởdướiđất#ontheground
Compare thetwolanguages,someare
obligationbutsomearefree,whichcanbe
consideredasthestyleoftranslators.(as
positionoftheadjectiveandnounandofan
adverb of time inEnglish and
Vietnamese.)***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> LANGUAGES (cont.)

57. 57
Eachoftranslatorhashis/herownstyle.
No–onecanteachushowtotranslate
butwecandiscusswitheachother
aboutthewayweperformour
translationwork well.Through
discussing,wecanimproveourskills,
knowledgeaswellasexperiences***
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

58. 58
Beside allmatters mentioned below,
Samuelsson–Brownsuggestssomeother
factorsgettingtogetherwiththetranslation
skills:
Culturalunderstanding;
Informationtechnology
Projectmanagement;
Makingdecisions;
Languageandliteracy;
Communication.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

59. 59
Healsoemphasizesthattranslators
aremind–readersandcanproduce
aperfecttranslationwithout
havingtoconsulttheauthorofthe
originaltext,irrespectiveof
whetheritisambiguity,vagueor
badlywritten.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

60. 60
Nomatterhowmanyversionsofthe
originalweremadebeforefinal
copywasapprovedorhowlongthe
processtook,thetranslatorneeds
onlyonestabatthetaskandvery
littletimesincehegetsitrightfirst
timewithouttheneedforchecking
orproofreading.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

61. 61
Nomatterhowmanyversionsofthe
originalweremadebeforefinal
copywasapprovedorhowlongthe
processtook,thetranslatorneeds
onlyonestabatthetaskandvery
littletimesincehegetsitrightfirst
timewithouttheneedforchecking
orproofreading.
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

62. 62
1.SOURCELANGUAGE
2.TARGETLANGUAGE
3.MEANING
4.RE-EXPRESSINGMEANING
5.TRANSLATOR’SSTYLEOFWRITING
NOTE:ANALYZING
STAGES IN TRANSLATION (cont.)
-> STYLES OF TRANSLATOR

63. 63

64. 64
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE
(cont.)
1.Language:Cognition&psychology
2.Meaning
3.Environment/Context:Situational
&culturalcontexts
4.Theoryoftranslation:
-Object
-Transformation:lexicon,syntax,
pragmaticfactorsandculture
5.Equivalenceintranslation

65. 65
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
1.Sociolinguistics
2.Crossculture
3.Meaning,grammar,styleoflanguage
(BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,
AustralianEnglish,Vietnamese
English…)
4.Environment/context
5.Formal-informal

66. 66
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
1&2.Sociolinguistics,crossculture&
culturalbehaviour:
a.Culturesdonotcommunicate;
individualsdo.
b.Everyonehasauniquestyleof
communicationbutculturesdetermine
ageneralstylefortheirmembers.

67. 67
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE
(con.)
c.Theproblemisthat–whatis
acceptableinoneculturemaybe
completelyunacceptableinanother.
->Whereisyourfather?
-He/Myfatherisatwork.
->Goodmorning
->Mrs.Huong/Ms.Huong/Huong

68. 68
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE
(con.)
3.1.Meaning:
Notonlyarewordmeaningssomewhat
differentindifferentlanguages;theyare
notfixedforalltimeinanyonelanguage.
Semanticchangestakeplaceallalongand
atanymomentthesemanticareacovered
byawordisindeterminatelyborderedand
differsfromcontexttocontext.

69. 69
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE
(con.)
3.1.Meaning(cont.):
Theessentialcomponent ofsentence
meaning iswordmeaning, the
individualmeaningsofthewordsina
sentence.Theconceptofword
meaningisafamiliarone.Dictionaries
listwordsandinonewayoranother
statetheirmeanings.Itisregardedas
asensiblequestiontoaskofanyword
inalanguage,“Whatdoesitmean?”

70. 70
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE
(con.)
3.1.Meaning(cont.):
-Homonym:bank,minute,ring...
-Homophone:-see-sea,
-to–too-two/tu:/
-non-linguisticssituation/context:-
Hello–minute
-We=Chuùngtoâiorchuùngta?

71. 71
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
3.2.Grammar:
Rulesofalanguagegoverningthe
sounds,words,sentences,andother
elements,aswellastheircombination
andinterpretation.

72. 72
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
3.2.Grammar(cont.):
->Languageform:subjectandobjectforms..
->Positionsofword,phrase,clause–
especiallytheadverbsoftime=>SHIFT
->Tenses
->Verbpatterns
->Inversion
->...

73. 73
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
3.3Styleofthelanguage:
-Mono/multi-syllable
-Changed(flexional)andunchanged(isolate)
-OtherkindsofEnglish
-English#Vietnamese

74. 74
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
4.Environment/Context:
Traditionally,insociolinguistics,socialcontexts
weredefinedintermsofobjectivesocial
'variables',suchasthoseofclass,gender
orrace.Morerecently,socialcontextstend
tobedefinedintermsofthesocialidentity
beingconstruedanddisplayedintextand
talkbylanguageusers.

75. 75
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
4.Environment/Context(cont.):
Torecognizewordswithalotof
definitions
Tolinkvocabulariestocontext
Toidentifythelanguagefunction
Non-linguisticssituation/context

76. 76
TRANSLATION STRUCTURE (con.)
5.Formalandinformal:
=>towhom?
=>whatfor?
=>kindsofthetranslationtext?
6.Translator’sstyle

77. 77
OBJECTS OF TRANSLATION
THEORY
GENERAL
SPECIALITY / SPECIFIC PURPOSES
Note:
Alotofthingsaffecttheinterpreting
processinwhichtransformationkeeps
animportantrole.

78. 78
TRANSFORMATION
Transformation can be:
1.Transformation of lexicon
2.Transformation of syntax
3.Transformation of pragmatic factors
4.Transformation of culture

79. 79
Transformation of lexicon
Based on thought and cognition of native
speakers
Soåñoûcan’tbeasredbook
Soåhoàngcan’tbeasrosebook
E-mailcanbeusedasaverbandasanoun
butinVietnamese,itonlyisanoun
How do you do?
Hello!

80. 80
Transformation of syntax
Position of word (s), phrase (s) –
especially the adverb of time
May I speak to Ms. . . .?
Active and passive voices
Ladies and gentlemen
Ms. Huong or Huong

81. 81
Transformation of
pragmatic factors
Context(includingthenon–linguistic
factorsaseyecontact,gesture...)
I’llgiveyouaringtomorrow.
Yes(witharaisingorlowingintonation)