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1. Lesson 1. 2 Steady-State Theory and Oscillating Universe Theory

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3. Compare the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the u niverse . At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency should be met by the students.

4. Explain the origin and the fate of the universe according to steady-state theory and oscillating universe theory . Identify different proponents of the steady-state and oscillating universe theories. Enumerate negative implications of steady-state and oscillating universe theories.

5. At a glance, you know that bigger plastic containers will be heavier to carry.

6. As the plastic container increases in volume, it gets heavier as well.

7. How could this mass, volume, and density relate to a theory of the origin of the solar system called the steady-state theory?

8. Mass? Volume? Density? Weight ?

9. The steady - state theory is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding . As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity. The Steady - State Theory

10. In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created as the universe expands. Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady - state .

11. h as no beginning and has no end . h as always been here and will always be present . a lways looks the same in any time and space . c reates new matter as it continuously expands . The universe, according to the Steady-State Theory :

12. Hermann Bondi , Thomas Gold , and Fred Hoyle proposed the steady state theory in 1948. Proponents of the Steady - State Theory

13. It is not parallel with the law of conservation of energy and mass . The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation significantly supported the explanations given by the big bang theory and led many scientists to reject the steady-state theory in 1965. Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

14. Recent findings rejects the idea that cosmic radiation was a result of a supernova. It has been proven that radiation is equal in any direction of the universe and could not have resulted from supernovae. Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

15. Oscillating universe theory , also known as pulsating theory , proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity. Oscillating Universe Theory

16. The oscillating universe is a combination of big crunch and big bang . Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses, causing the formation of a singularity. The Big Crunch Once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born.

17. Singularity results in a big bang and the birth of a new universe . The Big Bang Once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born.

18. Richard Tolman , a Caltech professor, proposed it. Tolman called the birth of another universe as the big bounce . Proponent of the Oscillating Universe Theory Richard Tolman

19. The suggestion that the universe would collapse on its own after it reaches its full expansion violates some current laws of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy. The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or heat death. Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory

20. The steady-state theory suggests that the universe has always been here and will always be present. It was proposed by Hermann Bondi , Thomas Gold , and Fred Hoyle in 1948.

21. The oscillating universe theory discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up, only to expand again once it approaches the point of singularity. Richard Tolman is the proponent of the oscillating universe theory.

22. Draw a Venn diagram. Write two unique features of the steady-state theory on the first outer circle and two unique features of the oscillating universe theory on the second outer circle. Then, write at least one similar feature in the overlapping area.

23. Darling D. 2016. “ Chamberlin-Moulton Planetesimal Hypothesis” . Accessed March 16, 2017. https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html . Schombert J. 2012. “ Origin of the Solar System ”. Accessed March 16, 2017. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html . Chambers J. and Jacqueline Mitton. 2013. From Dust to Life: The Origin andEvolution of Our Solar System . New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Woolfson M. 2012. Time, Space, Stars, and Man: The Story of the Big Bang . Singapore: World Scientific. Holder R. and Simon Mitton. 2013. Georges Lemaître: Life, Science, and Legacy ,. Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.