Measure oled- characterization and experiements.ppt

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED), also known as organic electroluminescent (organic EL) diode,[1][2] is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is an organic compound film that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such as smartphones and handheld game consoles. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.[3][4][5]

There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) which has a slightly different mode of operation. An OLED display can be driven with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control scheme. In the PMOLED scheme, each row and line in the display is controlled sequentially, one by one,[6] whereas AMOLED control uses a thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane to directly access and switch each individual pixel on or off, allowing for higher resolution and larger display sizes. OLEDs are fundamentally different from LEDs, which are based on a p–n diode crystalline solid structure. In LEDs, doping is used to create p- and n-regions by changing the conductivity of the host semiconductor. OLEDs do not employ a crystalline p-n structure. Doping of OLEDs is used to increase radiative efficiency by direct modification of the quantum-mechanical optical recombination rate. Doping is additionally used to determine the wavelength of photon emission.[7]

OLED displays are made in a similar way to LCDs, including manufacturing of several displays on a mother substrate that is later thinned and cut into several displays. Substrates for OLED displays come in the same sizes as those used for manufacturing LCDs. For OLED manufacture, after the formation of TFTs (for active matrix displays), addressable grids (for passive matrix displays), or indium tin oxide (ITO) segments (for segment displays), the display is coated with hole injection, transport and blocking layers, as well with electroluminescent material after the first two layers, after which ITO or metal may be applied again as a cathode. Later, the entire stack of materials is encapsulated. The TFT layer, addressable grid, or ITO segments serve as or are connected to the anode, which may be made of ITO or metal.[8] OLEDs can be made flexible and transparent, with transparent displays being used in smartphones with optical fingerprint scanners and flexible displays being used in foldable smartphones

1. CHAPTER TWOCHAPTER TWO
Measurement ErrorsMeasurement Errors

2. Objectives:Objectives:
•Explain the various types of errors that occur
in measurements.
•Explain and apply the following measurement
terms: Accuracy, Precision, Resolution.
•Determine the resultant error for various
calculations involving instrument and component
error combinations.
•Use basic statistical methods for analyzing
measurement error.

3. Ways of Expressing ErrorsWays of Expressing Errors
•The measurement errors are usually The measurement errors are usually
expressed in two ways.expressed in two ways.
Absolute ErrorsAbsolute Errors
•Definition:Definition: it is the difference between the it is the difference between the
measured value (Xmeasured value (X
mm) and the true value (X).) and the true value (X).
ΔΔX = XX = X
mm-X-X

4. Ways of Expressing ErrorsWays of Expressing Errors
Relative ErrorsRelative Errors
•Definition:Definition: is the ratio between the absolute is the ratio between the absolute
errorerror ( (ΔΔX) and the true value (X)X) and the true value (X)
δδX = ± X = ± ΔΔX /X X /X
•Percentage Relative ErrorsPercentage Relative Errors
δδX% = (± X% = (± ΔΔX /X)x100X /X)x100
•The percentage relative errors are often calledThe percentage relative errors are often called
Accuracy or Tolerance Accuracy or Tolerance especially.especially.

5. •If the errors are still very small If the errors are still very small {specially, when {specially, when
dealing with Temperature Coefficient of dealing with Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance} Resistance} the relative percentage errors can the relative percentage errors can
be expressed as the part per million (PPM)be expressed as the part per million (PPM)

i.e i.e PPM = PPM = (±(±ΔΔX /X)x10X /X)x10
6 6 
δδX% =(± X% =(± ΔΔX /X)x100X /X)x100
±±ΔΔX=X=

PPM(X)10PPM(X)10
-6-6

6. Ex: The temperature coefficient (ΔR/ΔT) of a
1MΩ resistor might be stated as 100 ppm/°C
which means:
A 1
o
C change in temp. may be cause the
1MΩ resistance to increase or decrease by
ΔR:
ΔR = (temp. coff.) x ΔT
ΔR =(100 ppm/°C) X 1°C
ΔR =100x1MΩ x10
-6
x 1 =100 Ω

7. Illustrative Examples
1-The true value of a resistor is 500Ω. It is
measured using repeated experiments.
The result value is between 490 Ω and
510 Ω.
Calculate the absolute error, the relative
error, and the percentage relative error percentage relative error
of measurements.

8. Illustrative ExamplesIllustrative Examples
•Solution:Solution:
ΔR = R
m– R = 490 – 500 = -10Ω
ΔR = R
m– R = 510 – 500 = +10Ω
ΔR = ±10Ω
The relative error isThe relative error is
δδR = R = ± ΔR /R
= ±10Ω/500Ω= ±0.02
The percentage relative error is:The percentage relative error is:
δδRR% = (% = (± ΔR /R) x100) x100
=( =( ±10Ω/500Ω)x100
= ± 2%

9. Illustrative ExamplesIllustrative Examples
2- If the temperature coefficient of a 2- If the temperature coefficient of a
100K100KΩΩ resistor is TCR=100PPM/ resistor is TCR=100PPM/
oo
c, find c, find
its value when its temperature rise from its value when its temperature rise from
2525
oo
c to 40c to 40
oo
c.c.
•Solution:Solution:
RR
4040
oo
cc=R=R
25oc25oc+TCR . +TCR . ∆∆TT
RR
4040
oo
cc = 100K= 100KΩΩ +100 X 100KΩ X 10 +100 X 100KΩ X 10
-6 -6
(40-25)(40-25)
RR
4040
oo
cc =100.15KΩ =100.15KΩ

10. Accuracy, Precision, Resolution, Accuracy, Precision, Resolution,
and Significant Figuresand Significant Figures
•AccuracyAccuracy: It is the closeness of the
individual results of repeated measurements
to its true value.
•PrecisionPrecision تابثلا ةقدتابثلا ةقد It is the closeness of the
individual results of repeated measurements
to some mean value. سايقلا ىف تابثلا سايقم

11. Take experimental measurements for
example of precision and accuracy.
If you take the measurements of the mass of a
50.0 gram standard sample and get values of
47.5, 47.6, 47.5, and 47.7 grams, your scale is
precise, but not very accurate.
If your scale gives you values of 49.8, 50.5, 51.0,
49.6, it is more accurate than the first balance,
but not as precise. The more precise scale
would be better to use in the lab, providing you
made an adjustment for its error.

12. Illustrative ExamplesIllustrative Examples
•The accuracy of ±1 % The accuracy of ±1 %
defines how close the defines how close the
measured result to the measured result to the
actual value.actual value. (Measured (Measured
value = 99 % to 101 % of value = 99 % to 101 % of
the actual value). the actual value).
•Precision of the Precision of the
deflection instrument deflection instrument
=(1/4)(its minimum scale =(1/4)(its minimum scale
division).division).
•Precision of the digital Precision of the digital
instrument = its least instrument = its least
significant digit.significant digit.

13. The term accuracy and tolerance are also The term accuracy and tolerance are also
used as:used as:
•A resistor with a
possible error of ±10%
is said to be accurate
to ± 10%
•Or to have
a tolerance of ± 10% .

14. ConclusionConclusion
•The accuracy of the instrument The accuracy of the instrument
depends on the accuracy of its depends on the accuracy of its
internal components. internal components.
•Where as, its precision depends on Where as, its precision depends on
its scale division or the number of its scale division or the number of
its displayed digits. its displayed digits.

15. ResolutionResolution
•It is defined as the smallest change in
the measured quantity that can be
observed.
Resolution PResolution Precision

16. ResolutionResolution

17. IIllustrative Examplesllustrative Examples
ResolutionResolution of the potentiometer
whose total resistance =100 Ω and
its number of turns = 1000 ……is
equal to the resistance of one turn
which is 100/1000 = 0.1 Ω,
Because the resistance of one turn is
its minimum adjustable resistance.

18. Illustrative ExamplesIllustrative Examples
•The resolution of the instruments is the same as
its precision. For example the resolution of the
voltmeter shown in
Fig. 2-1a = ±1 mV
and that of the voltmeter shown in
Fig. 2-1b = ±50 mV

19. Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
•Ex: The precision of the 4-
significant figures voltmeter
read out 6.432 V is ±1 mV. But
the precision of the 3-
significant figures voltmeter
read out 6.43 V is ±10 mV.

20. Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
•The number of significant figures of the The number of significant figures of the
result of any calculations must be less result of any calculations must be less
than or equal to the least number of than or equal to the least number of
significant figures of any number used significant figures of any number used
in calculation.in calculation.
•If R= V/I = 8.14/2.330 If R= V/I = 8.14/2.330
=3.493562 K=3.493562 KΩΩ
=3.49K=3.49KΩΩ

21. Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
•The numerator has 4-significant The numerator has 4-significant
figures only, then the resultant figures only, then the resultant
significant figures must not exceed significant figures must not exceed
3-figures.3-figures.
• { i.e. the precision of the result (R) { i.e. the precision of the result (R)
must not better than precision of the must not better than precision of the
used instruments (V, and I)}.used instruments (V, and I)}.

22. Classifications of
Measurement Errors
•The Measurement Errors are The Measurement Errors are
classified into three main categories:classified into three main categories:
•GrossGrossةميسجةميسج errors, Random errors, errors, Random errors,
and Systematic errorsand Systematic errors

23. Gross ErrorsGross Errors
•These errors are happened due to fatigue fə
ˈtēg داهجاand/or carelessness of the operators.
They are sometimes called human errors.
•They are non-determinant errors
(can't be calculated or estimated)

24. Examples of These ErrorsExamples of These Errors

Incorrect reading of instrument.Incorrect reading of instrument.

Incorrect recording of experimental data.Incorrect recording of experimental data.

Incorrect use of instruments “Incorrect use of instruments “reading on a reading on a
wrong scale of the multi-scale instruments”wrong scale of the multi-scale instruments”
These errors can be minimized by being These errors can be minimized by being
careful when doing the experimentscareful when doing the experiments

25. Random ErrorsRandom Errors
•These errors are happened due to the
unexpected changes of the environments
such as:
–Changing of the mains power supply voltage
or frequency,
–Changing of the ambient temperature, aging
ةطيحملا ةرارحلا ةجرد، of the instruments,…………
etc.

26. Random ErrorsRandom Errors
•These errors are not determinate.These errors are not determinate.
•It can be minimized by repeating the It can be minimized by repeating the
experiment many times and taking experiment many times and taking
the average value of its results as the the average value of its results as the
final result. final result.

27. Systematic ErrorsSystematic Errors
•They are produce due to the used system They are produce due to the used system
of measurement.of measurement.
•These errors are determinateThese errors are determinate
(Their values can be calculated).
•They are classified into:They are classified into:
1- Connection Errors1- Connection Errors
2- Instrumental Errors2- Instrumental Errors

28. 1-Connection Errors1-Connection Errors
•It happened due to ignoring some
essential quantities during
measurements.
•It depends on the chosen connection
diagram.

29. Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods
of Resistance Measurementsof Resistance Measurements
•The voltmeter The voltmeter
measures the voltage measures the voltage
E across the resistor’s E across the resistor’s
terminals.terminals.
•The ammeter indicates The ammeter indicates
the current the current I +II +I
vv..
•The calculatedThe calculated
R= E /I+IR= E /I+I
vv

30. Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods
of Resistance Measurementsof Resistance Measurements
•SinceSince R R
actuallyactually = E/I = E/I
•Then Then II
v v constitutes constitutes
an error.an error.
•If If II
vv << I << I the error the error
may be negligible.may be negligible.

31. Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods
of Resistance Measurementsof Resistance Measurements
•The ammeter The ammeter
indicates the resistor indicates the resistor
current current I.I.
•The voltmeter The voltmeter
measures the measures the
voltage voltage E + EE + E
AA . .

32. Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods
of Resistance Measurementsof Resistance Measurements
•Calculated resistorCalculated resistor
R = E+ ER = E+ E
AA / I / I
RR
actuallyactually= E/I= E/I
If R>> ammeter resistance.If R>> ammeter resistance.
•So So EE
AA<< E<< E the error the error
may be negligible.may be negligible.

33. 2- Instrumental Errors2- Instrumental Errors
•This type of errors This type of errors is due to the is due to the
limited accuracy of the used limited accuracy of the used
instruments.instruments.
•For example:For example: if the accuracies of if the accuracies of
voltmeter and ammeter in the above voltmeter and ammeter in the above
figures are figures are δδV%, V%, δδII% respectively, then % respectively, then
the instrumental error in both figures is:the instrumental error in both figures is:
δδR%= ±(R%= ±(δδV%+ V%+ δδI%)I%)

34. Specified AccuracySpecified Accuracy
•This accuracy is called the device This accuracy is called the device
accuracy or its specified accuracy accuracy or its specified accuracy a, (aa, (a
II
for ammeter, afor ammeter, a
vv for voltmeter). for voltmeter).
•It is specified of the full scale deflection It is specified of the full scale deflection
FSD or the range.FSD or the range.
•The absolute error (The absolute error (ΔΔ)) at any pointer at any pointer
deflection on the scale is obtained as deflection on the scale is obtained as
follows:follows:
ΔΔ=(±a/100) x FSD=(±a/100) x FSD

35. Specified AccuracySpecified Accuracy
Ex:Ex:
•An instrument which indicates 100 An instrument which indicates 100 µµA at A at
FSD has specified accuracy of FSD has specified accuracy of ±1%. ±1%.
Calculate the upper and lower limits of Calculate the upper and lower limits of
measured current measured current and the and the percentage percentage
error in the measurement error in the measurement if the if the
measured value is:measured value is:
•FSDFSD
•0.5 FSD0.5 FSD
•0.1 FSD 0.1 FSD

36. SOLUTIONSOLUTION
The absolute error The absolute error ΔΔII at any pointer deflection at any pointer deflection
on the scale is obtained as follows:on the scale is obtained as follows:
ΔI=(
±a/100 )x FSD
ΔI=

(±1/100)X100= ±1 µA
•At FSD:At FSD:
Minimum and Maximum measured current are:Minimum and Maximum measured current are:
100 µA± ΔI= 100 µA ± 1 µA
=99µA to 101µA.
The percentage error of the measurement The percentage error of the measurement
(measurement accuracy)(measurement accuracy)
δδII% = (% = (± ΔI/ Reading) x100/ Reading) x100
= (± 1= (± 1 µA/100 µA)x100 = ±1µA/100 µA)x100 = ±1 %%
of measured currentof measured current..

37. SOLUTIONSOLUTION
•At 0.5 FSD:At 0.5 FSD:
Minimum and Maximum measured Minimum and Maximum measured
current are:current are:
50 µA± ΔI= 50 µA ± 1 µA
=49µA to 51µA.
The percentage error of the measurement The percentage error of the measurement
(measurement accuracy)(measurement accuracy)
δδII% = (% = (± ΔI/ Reading)x100/ Reading)x100
=± (1=± (1 µA/50 µA)x100=±2µA/50 µA)x100=±2 % %
of measured currentof measured current

38. SOLUTIONSOLUTION
•At 0.1 FSD:At 0.1 FSD:
Minimum and Maximum measured current Minimum and Maximum measured current
are:are:
10 µA± ΔI= 10 µA ± 1 µA
=9µA to 11µA.
The percentage error of the measurement The percentage error of the measurement
(measurement accuracy)(measurement accuracy)
δδII% = (% = (± ΔI/ Reading) x100/ Reading) x100
=± (1=± (1 µA/10 µA)x100=±10µA/10 µA)x100=±10 % %
of measured currentof measured current
COMMENT ………??????COMMENT ………??????

39. Measurement Error CombinationsMeasurement Error Combinations
Sum of Quantities


E=(V1+V2)±(E=(V1+V2)±( ΔΔV1+ V1+ ΔΔV2)V2)

40. Measurement Error CombinationsMeasurement Error Combinations
Difference of Quantities

41. Measurement Error CombinationsMeasurement Error Combinations
Product or quotient ˈkwō SHənt of Quantities
% error in P = % error in I + % error in E% error in P = % error in I + % error in E
% error in R = % error in I + % error in E% error in R = % error in I + % error in E

42. Measurement Error CombinationsMeasurement Error Combinations
Quantity Raised to a PowerQuantity Raised to a Power
See ReferenceSee Reference