mechanial history discussion discovery of wheed

mechanial history discussion discovery of wheed

1. Experiments of Relativity & Its Application Presenter:

2. Michelson–Morley Experiment Procedure The method, which used two perpendicular light beams to create interference to compare the difference in light speeds, was expected to have an accuracy of up to one part in a hundred million, potentially able to detect the "ether wind," or the drift of the ether (Illingworth, 1927). Michelson–Morley Experiment Description: The Michelson-Morley experiment, conducted in 1887 by Michelson and Morley in Cleveland, USA, was a famous physical experiment that used the Michelson interferometer to measure the difference in the speed of light in two perpendicular directions. Purpose: Michelson-Morley experiment was originally aimed to test the existence of the "ether“(Illingworth, 1927). Fig. 1: The Michelson interferometer with two perpendicular light beams(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998)

3. If the Earth's motion relative to the ether could not be measured, there were only two possible explanations: either the Earth was completely stationary, or the hypothetical ether did not exist. The idea that the Earth was motionless was unacceptable, as it contradicted all astronomical observations. This left only the second possibility—that electromagnetic phenomena also obey the principle of relativity (Khan, 2011). It would therefore be impossible to determine whether an observer's reference frame was at rest or in uniform motion using electromagnetic phenomena. Result Analysis Michelson–Morley Experiment (from Internet)

4. Before the Michelson-Morley experiment, it was believed that either existed as the medium of light. After the experiment, this hypothesis was greatly challenged. The experiment inspired some of the era’s leading physicists to develop theories on the electrodynamics of moving bodies, ultimately paving the way for Einstein’s formulation of special relativity. One discovery is Lorentz transformation, which was proposed by Lorentz to explain the result of The Michelson-Morley experiment. IMPACT Michelson–Morley Experiment

5. Photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect In December 1886, the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect during his experimental research on electromagnetic waves (Pratt et al., 1973). To study the phenomenon in which metal emits electrons when exposed to light on its surface. . Purpose Fig. 2: Setup of Photoelectric Effect (Wong et al., 2011)

6. Procedure Welcome to About Design In Hertz's transmitter, there was a spark gap that generated electromagnetic waves by creating sparks. The receiver contained a coil and another spark gap; whenever the coil detected electromagnetic waves, a spark would appear in the gap (Wong et al., 2011). Since the spark was not very bright, Hertz enclosed the entire receiver in an opaque box to make it easier to observe. However, he noticed that the maximum spark length decreased as a result. To determine the cause, he dismantled the box piece by piece and discovered that an opaque plate placed between the receiver's spark and the transmitter's spark was responsible for the shielding effect ( Blakeway et al., 1983). Fig. 2: Procedure of Photoelectric Effect ( https://files.askiitians.com/cdn1/images/20141031-142013590-5488-photo-electric-effect.gif )

7. Numerous academics grew interested in and investigated this phenomena following Hertz's experimental discovery. In 1888, Hallmarks found that zinc plates that were negatively charged would get discharged when exposed to UV light, whereas zinc plates that were positively charged would remain charged. Before the experiment, light was believed as the wave, and after this experiment, light was known with the properties of both particle and wave. Moreover, this research opened up numerous new fields of application in physics, accumulating invaluable material and intellectual wealth for scientific development (Wong et al., 2011). Impact In 1905, Einstein published several papers in which he introduced the concept of "light quanta" and used this concept to explain phenomena such as photoluminescence and the photoelectric effect (Einstein, 1905). According to Einstein (1905), the photoelectric effect occurs when a photon's frequency exceeds a specific limit frequency because it has sufficient energy to force an electron to escape. Result Analysis

8. GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS) is usually known for its use in traveling and navigation. . Field of Application Since the satellites are farther from the Earth's massive gravitational field, they experience a weaker gravitational pull, which makes their clocks run faster compared to those on the Earth's surface (Burchell, 2018). General Relativity Satellites' clocks in orbit behave differently as compared with those on earth due to gravitational time dilation from general relativity as well as velocity-based time dilation from special relativity (Love, 1994) . Concept Used GPS satellites fly at 14,000 km/h speed, thus their clocks run slower, the system of GPS expresses time dilation due to their speed (Love, 1994). Special Relativity Application GPS

9. The clocks of GPS satellites are pre-timed by engineers who take into consideration the special and general relativity effects that would exist when they are on their orbit (Burchell, 2018). In the absence of such calibration changes, the adjustment system might be susceptible to errors that will keep increasing in size until they reach 10 km per day, and hence the GPS will be rendered useless. How RELATIVITY Is Used Fig. 3: Relativistic Effects on GPS (Burchell, 2018)

10. Significance of Relativity Relativity principles will not only guide the way in which GPS systems function, but also will be a standard for all the sciences. The GPS system will no longer be effective if the relativistic effects were not corrected and the system would continue to large timing errors. This scenario could no longer help the technologies which are applying the concept of relativity into GPS transport technology. Now, these navigators can give you the pinpoint accuracy that classical methods never imagined to be achieved.

11. Society Impact Advantages GPS has led to a greater precision in logistics, delivery, and transportation systems brought by the workforce. For instance, companies such as FedEx, Amazon, or other shipping firms use GPS for tracking the shipments' locations at any moment, develop the optimal routes ( Tawalbeh et al., 2016). According to the latest research report (Upendra et al., 2024), vehicles equipped with GPS-based autonomous driving systems have shown a significant reduction in traffic accidents. GPS technology can monitor vehicle location and speed in real-time, enabling the autonomous driving system to more accurately predict and avoid potential traffic hazards (Islam, 2024). Natural Disaster Response: Controllers in artificial intelligence programs, like GPS, predict and track natural calamities such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods (Sadaf, 2024). GPS is very useful in prediction of tsunami effects as well as the monitoring of motion of tectonic plates. Wildlife Monitoring: One of the applications is detection of animal migrations. Scientists can arm animals with GPS devices and watch the movements of the endangered species (Fischer et al., 2018). Environmental Concern Addressed 行业 PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/

12. Conclusion The Michelson-Morley experiment disproved the ether hypothesis, paving the way for Einstein's relativity. The photoelectric effect revealed light's quantum nature, advancing modern physics. Both discoveries underscore the importance of precision in science. Their applications, like GPS, revolutionized navigation, transportation, and disaster response, profoundly impacting society and technology.

13. Thank you! Blakeway , S. J., Gelletly , W., Faust, H. R., & Schreckenbach , K. (1983). Studies of the photoelectric effect at high energy. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 16(20), 3751–3765. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3700/16/20/012 Burchell, B. (2018). GPS, Relativity, and pop-Science Mythology. Part 2. https://www.alternativephysics.org/book/GPSmythology2.htm Einstein, A. (1905). Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig ? Annalen Der Physik , 323(13), 639–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053231314 Fischer, M., Parkins , K., Maizels , K., Sutherland, D. R., Allan, B. M., Coulson, G., & Di Stefano, J. (2018). Biotelemetry marches on: A cost-effective GPS device for monitoring terrestrial wildlife. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0199617. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199617 Illingworth, K. K. (1927). A repetition of the michelson-morley experiment using Kennedy’s refinement. Physical Review, 30(5), 692–696. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.30.692 Islam, Md. M. (2024). Autonomous systems revolution: Exploring the future of self-driving technology. Journal of Artificial Intelligence General Science (JAIGS) ISSN:3006-4023, 3(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.60087/jaigs.v3i1.61 Khan, M. S. (2011). Michelson– Morley experiment: A misconceived & misinterpreted experiment. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(10), 1347–1357. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i10.15 Love, A. W. (1994). GPS, atomic clocks and relativity. IEEE Potentials, 13(2), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/45.283881 Pratt, R. H., Ron, A., & Tseng, H. K. (1973). Atomic Photoelectric Effect Above 10 keV. Reviews of Modern Physics, 45(2), 273–325. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.45.273 Sadaf. (2024). Application of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management. Disaster Management and Environmental Sustainability, 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394167463.ch16 Tawalbeh , L. A., Basalamah , A., Mehmood, R., & Tawalbeh , H. (2016). Greener and smarter phones for future cities: Characterizing the impact of GPS signal strength on power consumption. IEEE Access, 4, 858–868. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2532745 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Michelson-Morley experiment. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Michelson-Morley-experiment Upendra, M., Reddy, V., & M, S. (2024). Smart GPS Based Vehicle Speed Limit Controller on zone identification using Geo-Fencing Algorithm. 2024 3rd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/inocon60754.2024.10511421 Wong, D., Lee, P., Shenghan , G., Xuezhou , W., Qi, H. Y., & Kit, F. S. (2011). The photoelectric effect: Experimental confirmation concerning a widespread misconception in the theory. European Journal of Physics, 32(4), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/32/4/018 Reference