Memory, Its Components, Its Types, Seven Sins of Memory, Strategies to Improve Memory, Memory in Plants......pptx

Today's topic is Memory, Its Components, How Information Becomes Memory, Its Types; wrt Information Research Perspectives, Seven Sins of Memory, Strategies to Improve Memory, Memory in Plants with examples....

1. Memory

2. Introduction Memory is the faculty of the mind responsible for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
It influences our perceptions, behaviors, and interactions with the world.

3. Components Memory operates through sensory processing, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory captures fleeting impressions, short-term memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor, and long-term memory stores information categorically.

4. How information becomes Memory Sensory Memory: Briefly retains sensory information like visual, auditory, and touch stimuli.
Short-term Memory: Holds information temporarily, with limited capacity and duration.
Long-term Memory: Stores vast quantities of information for extended periods, including episodic and semantic memories.

5. Sensory Memory Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory where sensory information is briefly retained. It briefly retains sensory information from the environment before it either decays or moves to short-term memory for further processing.

6. Types Iconic Memory: Stores visual information for a short duration.
Echoic Memory: Retains auditory information briefly.
Haptic Memory: Represents touch stimuli.

7. Duration It holds a large amount of information for a very brief duration, typically less than a second.

8. Short Term Memory Limited capacity, holding about 4-5 items.
Chunking can increase memory capacity by grouping information into meaningful units.  Relies on acoustic coding for storing information.

9. Duration The commonly cited capacity of 7 items, found in Miller’s Law, has been superseded by 4±1 items The limited duration of short-term memory (~18 seconds without rehearsal) suggests that its contents spontaneously decay over time.

10. Types Verbal Short-Term Memory : Involves the temporary storage and manipulation of verbal information, such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Visual Short-Term Memory : Pertains to the temporary retention and manipulation of visual information, such as recalling a sequence of shapes or colors. Spatial Short-Term Memory: Focuses on the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial information, like remembering the layout of a room or a map. Auditory Short-Term Memory : Involves the temporary storage and manipulation of auditory information, such as remembering a sequence of sounds or notes. Tactile Short-Term Memory : Relates to the temporary storage and manipulation of tactile information, such as remembering the feel or texture of an object.

11. Long Term Memory Long-term memory is the vast repository of information stored in the brain for an extended period. It includes experiences, facts, skills, and procedures accumulated throughout one’s life.

12. Duration Long-term memory stores information for an extended period, ranging from minutes to years, or even a lifetime. Memories stored in long-term memory can be retrieved consciously or unconsciously.

13. Types Implicit (Declarative) Memory Explicit (Non-Declarative) Memory

14. Explicit Memory Explicit Memory, also known as Declarative Memory, is type of memory that involves information that is consciously recalled and can be verbally described. It is further subdivided into two types: Episodic Memory : This is the memory of specific events or episodes, such as your first day of school or a recent vacation. Semantic Memory : This type involves general knowledge and facts that are not tied to any specific event or time, like knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

15. Implicit Memory Implicit memory refers to the retention of information without conscious awareness. It is further divided into: Procedural Memory: This involves the memory of how to perform certain tasks or activities, like riding a bike or tying shoelaces. Priming : Priming occurs when exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus, often without conscious awareness. Classical Conditioning : This type of memory involves associations between stimuli that result in learned responses, as demonstrated by Pavlov’s famous experiments with dogs.

16. Perspectives for Types of Memory

17. Perspectives There are two perspectives for the types of Memory: Information Perspective Research Perspective

18. Research Perspective The information processing perspective views memory as a system that involves several stages, including encoding, storage, and retrieval. This perspective helps explain how information is processed and stored in memory.

19. Types There are two types: Recognition Memory : Recognizing previously encountered stimuli. Recall Memory: Retrieving previously learned information.

20. Information Perspective The research perspective for types of memory involves the systematic investigation of various memory phenomena, including their cognitive processes, neural mechanisms, development, and disorders. Researchers employ diverse methodologies and theoretical frameworks to study the different types of memory and understand their underlying mechanisms.

21. Types There are two types: Topographical Memory : Orienting oneself in space. Flashbulb Memory: Clear recollections of highly emotional events.

22. 7 Sins of Memory The “Seven Sins of Memory” is a concept introduced by Daniel Schacter , a well-known and prominent psychologist, in his book “7 Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remember”. These are: Transience Absent-mindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence

23. Strategies for Memory Enhancement: Intellectual activity, Physical Exercise Social Engagement Stress Management Regular Sleep Proper nutrition Promote Cognitive Health and Memory

24. In Plants Plants lack a specialized organ devoted to memory retention, so plant memory has been a controversial topic in recent years. New advances in the field have identified the presence of neurotransmitters in plants, adding to the hypothesis that plants are capable of remembering. Action potentials, a physiological response characteristic of neurons, have been shown to have an influence on plants as well, including in wound responses and photosynthesis.

25. Example # 1 The Venus Flytrap in the eastern United States has rudimentary memory, snapping shut when prey triggers its three trigger hairs. Closure only happens when two hairs are stimulated within thirty seconds, conserving energy for efficient prey capture.

26. Example # 2 Mimosa Pudica plants exhibit memory by reducing their leaf-curling response after repeated dropping experiments. Shaking post-experiment restored normal reactions, confirming memory over exhaustion. A month later, plants retained this memory, indicating long-term memory capability.

27. Conclusion Memory serves as a cornerstone of human cognition and adaptation.
Understanding its complexities enriches our understanding of cognition, behavior, and adaptation across various organisms, including humans and plants.