MergeResult_2024_08_06_06_2disinfectants7_43.pptx

Disinfectants

1. Disinfectant

2. Types of disinfectant: Alcohols: Ethanol and isopropanol are effective against many bacteria and viruses. They’re commonly used for hand sanitizers and surface wipes.
Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite): A strong disinfectant effective against a broad range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It’s often used in hospitals and households. Hydrogen Peroxide: Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It breaks down into water and oxygen, making it less harmful to the environment.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats): These are used in many cleaning products and are effective against bacteria and viruses. They are often used in commercial settings. Phenols: These are used in some disinfectants and are effective against a range of pathogens. They can be more toxic and irritating, so they’re used carefully.

3. Usage Guidelines: Surface Preparation: Surfaces should be clean before disinfecting. Dirt and grime can shield microorganisms from the disinfectant. Contact Time: Disinfectants need to remain on the surface for a specific period to be effective. This “contact time” varies depending on the product. Safety: Some disinfectants can be toxic or irritating. It’s important to use them in well-ventilated areas and follow safety instructions on the label.

4. Proper use : Surface Cleaning: Clean surfaces with soap and water before applying a disinfectant. This removes dirt and grime, allowing the disinfectant to work more effectively. Contact Time: Disinfectants often need to remain wet on the surface for a specific amount of time to be effective. Follow the product instructions for the recommended contact time. Ventilation: Some disinfectants can release fumes or vapors. Ensure adequate ventilation when using these products to avoid respiratory irritation.

5. Safety considerations: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves and, if necessary, eye protection when handling disinfectants, especially stronger chemicals. Storage: Store disinfectants according to the manufacturer’s recommendations to maintain their effectiveness and prevent accidents.

6. Effectiveness: Not all disinfectants are effective against all types of microorganisms. For example, some may be less effective against bacterial spores or certain viruses. Check the product label to ensure it meets your needs. Environmental Impact: Some disinfectants, like bleach, can be harsh on the environment. Consider using environmentally friendly options when possible.

7. Disinfectant category: Phenolic Compounds: Examples: Lysol, Pine-Sol.
Uses: Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Often used in healthcare and industrial settings.
Considerations: Can be irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. Some are less effective in the presence of organic matter. Aldehydes: Examples: Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde.
Uses: Broad-spectrum disinfectants used in medical and laboratory settings.
Considerations: Highly effective but toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Requires careful handling and ventilation.

8. Continuation Biguanides: Examples: Chlorhexidine.
Uses: Common in antiseptics and hand sanitizers. Effective against a range of bacteria and some viruses.
Considerations: Less effective against certain types of bacteria and viruses compared to other disinfectants. Iodophors: Examples: Povidone-iodine.
Uses: Used for skin antisepsis and disinfection of surfaces.
Considerations: Can cause staining and irritation in some individuals. Effective against a wide range of pathogens.

9. Application and best practices: Hospital Disinfection: High-Touch Surfaces: Use disinfectants effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Ensure proper contact time and follow protocols for cleaning and disinfecting. Food Preparation Areas: Food-Safe Disinfectants: Use disinfectants specifically designed for food contact surfaces to avoid contamination. Rinse surfaces with water after applying disinfectants if required. Household Use: Frequency: Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch areas such as doorknobs, light switches, and countertops.
Combination Products: Some household cleaners combine cleaning agents with disinfectants, simplifying the process.

10. Emerging Trends and Technologies: Electrolyzed Water: Description: Uses electrical currents to generate a disinfecting solution from salt and water.
Benefits: Environmentally friendly and effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. UV-C Light: Description: Uses ultraviolet light to kill or inactivate microorganisms.
Benefits: Effective without chemicals, useful for disinfecting surfaces and air. However, it requires direct exposure and proper safety measures to avoid harm. Nanotechnology: Description: Incorporates nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties.
Benefits: Promises enhanced effectiveness and durability of disinfectants.

11. APPLICATIONS Autoclaves are important devices to ensure the sterilization of materials containing water as they cannot be sterilized by dry heat sterilization. Besides ,autoclaves are used for various other purposes They are used to decontaminate specific biological waste & sterilize media, instruments & labware. Regulated medical waste that might contain bacteria, viruses & other biological materials are recommended to be inactivated by autoclaving before disposal. In medical labs autoclaves are used to sterilize medical equipment, glassware, surgical equipment & medical wastes. Similarly, autoclaves are used for sterilization of culture media, autoclavable containers, plastic tubes & pippete tips.

12. Regulations and Standards: EPA Registration: Disinfectants in the U.S. must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and labeled with their efficacy claims. OSHA Standards: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides guidelines for the safe handling and use of disinfectants in the workplace. Effectiveness against Specific Pathogens: COVID-19: Many disinfectants, including those based on alcohol and bleach, are effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus when used properly.
Norovirus: This virus is highly resistant to many common disinfectants, so stronger agents or specific protocols may be needed.
If you have specific scenarios or further questions about disinfectants, feel free to ask!

13. Effectiveness against specific pathogens : COVID-19: Many disinfectants, including those based on alcohol and bleach, are effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus when used properly. Norovirus: This virus is highly resistant to many common disinfectants, so stronger agents or specific protocols may be needed.

14. Mechanism : Disinfectants work by targeting and destroying microorganisms on surfaces, in liquids, or in the air. Their mechanisms vary based on their chemical composition, but the general principles include:

1. Disruption of Cellular Structures: Cell Membrane Disruption: Many disinfectants, such as alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds, disrupt the cell membranes of microorganisms, leading to leakage of cellular contents and cell death.
Protein Denaturation: Some disinfectants, like bleach and aldehydes, denature proteins, causing them to lose their functional structure and thereby inactivating the microorganisms.

15. Continuation.. 2. Oxidation: Oxidizing Agents: Substances like bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and hydrogen peroxide release oxygen or chlorine that reacts with cellular components, causing oxidative damage. This can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to microbial death. 3. Interference with Metabolic Processes: Enzyme Inhibition: Some disinfectants inhibit key enzymes required for microbial metabolism. This prevents the microorganisms from reproducing and eventually leads to their death. 4. Disruption of Genetic Material: DNA/RNA Damage: Certain disinfectants, like formaldehyde and some ultraviolet (UV) light treatments, damage the genetic material of microorganisms, preventing replication and leading to cell death. 5. Alteration of pH: Acidic or Alkaline Environments: Some disinfectants create environments that are hostile to microorganisms by significantly altering the pH. For example, acids can denature proteins and enzymes, while alkalis can saponify fats and disrupt cell membranes.

16. General usage tips : Contact Time: Most disinfectants need to remain in contact with the surface or material for a specified time to be effective. The contact time allows the disinfectant to interact fully with the microorganisms. Surface Cleaning: Cleaning surfaces with soap and water before applying a disinfectant removes dirt and organic matter, which can otherwise shield microorganisms from the disinfectant.

17. Conclusion: In conclusion, disinfectants play a crucial role in maintaining hygiene and preventing the spread of infections by targeting and eliminating harmful microorganisms. They achieve this through various mechanisms such as disrupting cellular structures, oxidizing cellular components, and interfering with microbial metabolism. Effective use of disinfectants involves following manufacturer instructions, allowing adequate contact time, and often cleaning surfaces before disinfection to ensure optimal efficacy. Understanding the specific action of different disinfectants helps in selecting the right product for various applications, ensuring safety and effectiveness in both domestic and industrial settings.

18. DETTOL SUITABILITY : General household disinfection, skin antiseptic. DOSAGE AND DILUTION :For surface disinfection: Use 1 capful (approximately 25 ml) of Dettol in 1 liter of water.For personal hygiene: Add 1 capful (approximately 25 ml) to a bath. CONTACT PERIOD:- Allow to remain on surfaces for at least 10 minutes before

19. DETTOL ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:- Chloroxylenol (4.8% w/v) MECHANISM OF ACTION :- Chloroxylenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant that works by disrupting the cell walls of bacteria, leading to cell lysis and death. SUITABILITY :- Effective against a broad range of bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. SAFETY CONSIDERATION:- Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.Not suitable for ingestion; in case of accidental ingestion, seek medical help immediately.Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

20. LYZOL Lyzol Active Ingredients ::-Varies by product, but commonly includes Benzalkonium Chloride or Hydrogen Peroxide. Mechanism of Action:- Depending on the formulation, Lysol products can kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membranes, denaturing proteins, and interfering with metabolic processes. Suitability:- Effective against bacteria, viruses (including flu viruses and coronaviruses), and fungi. Safety Considerations :- Avoid inhalation of spray mist; use in well-ventilated areas.Keep out of reach of children and pets.Do not mix with other household chemicals, especially ammonia or acids, to avoid hazardous reactions.

21. LYZOL SUITABILITY :- Disinfection of surfaces, fabrics, and air. DOSAGE AND DILUTION:- For hard, non-porous surfaces: Use Lysol Disinfectant Spray directly without dilution. Use lyzol fabric mist directly for soft surfaces. CONTACT PERIOD : -Let it sit for atleast 10 minutes for effective disinfection

22. SAVLON Suitability : Skin antiseptic, wound cleaning, general household disinfection. Dosage and dilution:- For wound cleaning: Use Savlon Antiseptic Liquid undiluted.For surface disinfection: Dilute 1 part Savlon in 30 parts water. Contact period:- Leave for at least 5-10 minutes on surfaces before wiping off

23. SAVLON Active Ingredients :- Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Cetrimide. Mechanism of Action:- Chlorhexidine and Cetrimide work by disrupting the cell membrane integrity and precipitating cell contents, effectively killing the microorganisms. Suitability : -Suitable for skin antisepsis, wound cleaning, and disinfection of non-critical surfaces. Safety Safety Considerations :-Avoid using on deep wounds or severe burns unless directed by a healthcare professional. May cause irritation in sensitive individuals; discontinue use if irritation occurs.Store in a cool place and keep the container tightly closed when not in use.

24. BLEACHING POWDER Suitability :- Surface disinfection, water treatment. Dosage and dilution :- General disinfection:- Mix 1 tablespoon of bleaching powder in 1 liter of water.For water treatment: Use 1 teaspoon of bleaching powder in 20 liters of water. Let it stand for 30 minutes before use. Contact period:- For surfaces, leave for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off

25. BLEACHING POWDER Active Ingredients:- Calcium Hypochlorite Mechanism of Action:- Calcium hypochlorite releases chlorine, which is a strong oxidizing agent. It disrupts cellular processes, denatures proteins, and damages nucleic acids, leading to microbial death. Suitability:- Effective for disinfection of surfaces, water treatment, and sanitation purposes. Safety Considerations:- Handle with care as it is a strong oxidizer and can cause burns. Wear protective gloves and eyewear when handling.Ensure proper dilution before use to avoid skin and respiratory irritation. Do not mix with acids or ammonia to prevent the release of toxic gases

26. AUTOCLAVE Machines & mechanics….

27. INTRODUCTION All about Autoclave that we need to know – What is an Autoclave? Who & how was it invented? Principle of an Autoclave Parts of an autoclave Stages of Working : Mechanics Applications

28. WHAT IS AN AUTOCLAVE? Autoclaves are also known as steam sterilizers, and are typically used for healthcare or industrial applications. An autoclave is a machine that uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores on items that are placed inside a pressure vessel. In healthcare, the term “autoclave” is typically used as the nomenclature to describe a Steam Sterilizer. ANSI/AAMI4, which provide standards and guidelines for the processing of medical devices, refers to autoclaves for healthcare specifically as Steam Sterilizers.

29. WHO INVENTED AUTOCLAVE? The steam digester, a prototype of the autoclave that is better known now as a pressure cooker, was invented by French-born physicist Denis Papin in 1679. It wasn’t until 1879 that the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland created a new version called the autoclave to be used in medical applications. The science of disinfection and sterilization began in 1881 with the research of Robert Koch on the disinfecting properties of steam and hot air. Finally, in 1933 modern autoclave technology was introduced with the first pressure steam sterilizer that controlled performance by measuring the temperature in the chamber drain line (thermostatic trap). Over time, new autoclave technology has been developed including pre-vacuum cycles in 1958, and steam-flush pressure-pulse in 1987 allowing the science to evolve into the autoclaves, or steam sterilizers, used in hospitals today.

30. PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE – Moist Heat Sterilisation An autoclave is a device that works on the principle of moist heat sterilization, wherein saturated steam is generated under pressure in order to kill microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses & even heat resistant endospores from various types of instruments. The items are heated to an appropriate sterilization temperature for a given amount of time. The moisture in the steam efficiently transfers heat to the items to destroy the protein structure of the bacteria and spores.

31. Introduction A disinfectant is a chemical agent used to destroy or inactivate microorganisms on surfaces and objects. It’s commonly used in various settings, such as homes, hospitals, and public spaces, to prevent the spread of infections. Disinfectants come in various forms, including liquids, wipes, and sprays, and are effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Common types include bleach, alcohol-based solutions, and hydrogen peroxide.

32. CONSTRUCTION

33. PARTS OF AN AUTOCLAVE It consists of following parts – 1) Pressure Chamber 2) Lid / Door – It consists of following components - a) Pressure Gauge b) Pressure Releasing Unit/ Whistle c)Safety Valve 3) Steam Generator / Electrical Heater 4) Wastewater Cooler

34. PARTS 1) PRESSURE CHAMBER The pressure chamber is the main component of steam autoclave consisting of an inner chamber & an outer jacket. The inner chamber is made up of stainless steel or gunmetal, which is present inside the out chamber made up of an iron case. The inner chamber is the case where the materials to be sterilized are put. The size of the pressure chamber ranges from 100L to 3000L.

35. PARTS 2) LID/DOOR The purpose of the lid is to seal off the outside atmosphere & create a sterilized condition on heat inside of the autoclave. The lid is made airtight via the screw clamps & asbestos washer. It consists of various components like – a) Pressure Gauge b) Pressure Releasing Unit/Whistle c) Safety Valve

36. PARTS COMPONENTS OF LID A) PRESSURE GAUGE – A pressure gauge is present on the lid of the autoclave during sterilization. The pressure gauge is essential as it assures the safety of the autoclave & the working condition of the operation. B) PRESSURE RELEASING UNIT/WHISTLE – A whistle is present on the lid of the autoclave, the same as that of pressure cooker. The whistle controls the pressure inside the chamber by releasing a certain amount of vapor by lifting itself. C) SAFETY VALVE – A safety valve is present on the lid of autoclave, which is crucial in cases where the autoclave fails to perform its action or the pressure inside increases uncontrollably. The valve has a thin layer of rubber that bursts itself to release the pressure & to avoid the danger of explosion.

37. PARTS 3) STEAM GENERATOR/ELECTRICAL HEATER An electrical steam generator & boiler is present underneath the chamber that uses an electrical heating system to heat the water & generate steam in the inner & the outer chamber. The level of water present in the inner chamber is vital as if the water is not sufficient ; there are chances of the burning of the heating system. Similarly, if the water is more than necessary, it might interfere with the trays & other components present inside the chamber. 4) WASTEWATER COOLER Many autoclaves are provided with a system of cool the effluent before it enters the draining pipe. This system prevents any damage to the draining pipe due to the boiling water being sent out of the autoclave.

38. WORK MODE : MECHANICS Autoclaves are commonly used in healthcare settings to sterilize medical devices. The items to be sterilized are placed inside a pressure vessel, commonly referred to as the chamber. Three factors are critical to ensuring successful steam sterilization in an autoclave: Time Temperature Steam Quality

39. STAGES OF WORKING To meet these requirements of maintaining mechanics, there are three phases to the autoclave process: STAGE 1 - CONDITIONING PHASE (C) STAGE 2 – EXPOSURE PHASE (S) STAGE 3 – EXHAUST PHASE (E) Quality steam is vital to a successful autoclave sterilization process. The steam used for sterilization should be composed of 97% steam (vapor) and 3% moisture (liquid water). This ratio is recommended for the most efficient heat transfer. When the steam moisture content is less than 3%, the steam is described as superheated (or dry). Superheated steam is too dry for efficient heat transfer and is ineffective for steam sterilization.

40. STAGE 1 STAGE 1 – CONDITIONING PHASE Air inhibits sterilization and must be removed from the chamber during the first phase of the sterilization cycle known as conditioning. In dynamic air removal-type steam sterilizers, the air can be removed from the chamber using a vacuum system. It can also be removed without a vacuum system using a series of steam flushes and pressure pulses. Gravity-type sterilizers use steam to displace the air in the chamber and force the air down the sterilizer drain.

41. STAGE 2 STAGE 2 – EXPOSURE PHASE (S) After the air is removed, the sterilizer drain closes and steam is continuously admitted into the chamber, rapidly increasing the pressure and temperature inside to a predetermined level. The cycle enters the exposure phase and items are held at the sterilization temperature for a fixed amount of time required to sterilize them.

42. STAGE 3 STAGE 3 – EXHAUST PHASE (E) During the final phase of the cycle, exhaust, the sterilizer drain is opened and steam is removed, depressurizing the vessel and allowing the items in the load to dry. Prior to this date, pressure was the sole indication of control with no means to verify temperature or air elimination.

43. WORKING

44. WORKING

45. WORKING

46. Problem based solution on disinfectants

47. Problem and background BACKGROUND – large urban hospital has reported an increase in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) over the past six months. The infections are predominantly caused by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The hospital administration aims to identify and implement more effective disinfectants to mitigate these infections. PROBLEM STATEMENT To determine which disinfectants are most effective against C. diff, MRSA, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to develop a protocol for their use in the hospital

48. Solutions steps Identify the key pathogen Review the current disinfectant Literature review Laboratory testing Field trials Cost benefits analysis Training and implementation Monitoring and evaluation Conclusion

49. Identify the key Pathogens Collect infection data from various departments (ICU, surgical wards, etc.). - Example:Data analysis reveals that C. diff, MRSA, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for 70% of HAIs in the last six months. The ICU and surgical wards report the highest infection rates. - Outcome : These pathogens are prioritized for the study

50. Review of current disinfectant Inventory all disinfectants currently used in the hospital. - Example: The current disinfectants include quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolics, and bleach solutions. Outcome : Review reveals that while bleach is effective against C. diff, quaternary ammonium compounds and phenolics may not be as effective against MRSA and Pseudomonas.

51. Literature review Conduct a literature review on disinfectants’ efficacy. - Example: Research shows that hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid have high efficacy against C. diff, MRSA, and Pseudomonas. The CDC recommends sporicidal disinfectants like bleach for C. diff. - Outcome : Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid are identified as potential alternatives.

52. Laboratory testing Test the selected disinfectants in the lab against the key pathogens. - Example: In vitro tests show that hydrogen peroxide vapor and peracetic acid are highly effective against all three pathogens, achieving a 99.9% kill rate within recommended contact times Outcome : These disinfectants are shortlisted for field trials

53. Field trials Implement a pilot program in high-infection areas (e.g., ICU and surgical wards). Example:Hydrogen peroxide vapor and peracetic acid are used in these areas for six weeks. Infection rates are monitored and compared to previous months. Outcome : Significant reduction in HAIs observed: C. diff infections dropped by 50%, MRSA by 40%, and Pseudomonas by 45%.

54. Cost-Benefit Analysis Calculate the costs of implementing the new disinfectants and compare them with the benefits of reduced HAIs Example: The total cost of hydrogen peroxide vapor and per acetic acid implementation is $50,000 annually. Estimated savings from reduced HAIs, including shorter patient stays and fewer complications, are $200,000 annually. Outcome : The cost-benefit ratio supports the adoption of the new disinfectants

55. Training and implementation Develop and conduct training sessions for staff. Example: Create training materials detailing the use of hydrogen peroxide vapor and peracetic acid, emphasizing proper application techniques and contact times. Outcome : Staff are trained, and the new protocols are implemented hospital-wide. Compliance is ensured through regular audits.

56. Monitoring and Evaluation Continuously monitor infection rates and surface cleanliness. - Example: Monthly infection data and cleanliness audits show sustained reduction in HAIs. Adjustments are made to protocols based on feedback and new data. - Outcome :The hospital maintains a lower rate of HAIs, ensuring patient safety and improving overall outcomes.

57. Conclusion By following this systematic approach, the hospital effectively reduces HAIs through the implementation of more effective disinfectants. This comprehensive strategy includes scientific evaluation, practical application, cost analysis, and continuous monitoring, ensuring long-term success and improved patient safety.