METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY BY alveera riyaz

PRESENTING ONE OF MY SEMINAR. I WISH IT WOULD BE USEFULL FOR STUDENTS LIKE ME. REFERENCE - WIKIPEDIA ,NEUROLOGY JOURNALS AND INTERNET

1. METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY PRESENTED BY.... ALVEERA RIYAZ...

2. ENCEPHALOPATHY ??? Derived from greek word.... “ENKEPHALOS” – MEANING BRAIN “PATHOS”- DISEASE SO ,ENCEPHALOPATHY MEANS DISEASE OR DISORDER OF BRAIN.

3. METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY... Encephalopathy means disorder or damage of brain. IN MODERN USE THE TERM ENCEPHALOPATHY DOESNT REFER TO A SINGLE DISEASE, BUT RATHER TO A SYNDROME OF OVERALL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION. SO... DEFINITION – “METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IS AN IMPAIRMENT OF BRAIN FUNCTION RESULTING FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WHICH OCCUR IN ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SUCH AS DIABETES , CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE,LIVER DISEASE ,RENAL FAILURE”. THE DAMAGE TO THE BRAIN MAY BE PERMANENT OR REVERSIBLE IF THE PREDISPOSING CONDITION IS TREATED OR ELIMINATED.

4. TYPES OF METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY.. There are two major types of metabolic encephalopathies... 1.PHYSIOLOGIC – OCCURS AS A RESULT OF DEFICIT RELATED TO GLUCOSE,OXYGEN,METABOLIC COFACTORS. 2. PATHOLOGIC – OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS.

5. Causes... Causes of metabolic encephalopathies are diverse ranging from... PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATES PERIPHERAL ORGAN DYSFUNCTION INFECTION SYSTEMIC DISEASES POISONING “THE MOST COMMON TOXIC AGENT IS ALCOHOL”.

6. Symptoms.. The symptoms of metabolic encephalopathy are.... 1.Lapse of memory 2.confusion or agitation 3.Habitual sleeplessnes 4.Difficulty in speaking 5.changes in behaviour 6.Tremor 7. Muscle stiffness 8.stupor or coma 9.uncontrollable movements or rarely seizure 10.Loss of consciousness

7. “ EARLY RECOGNITION OF THESE MANIFESTATIONS AND IMMEDIATE TREATMENT MAY SERVE TO REVERSE THE ENCEPHALOPATHY” “

8. INVESTIGATIONS..

9. Investigation Routine blood test: CBC ,COAGULATION TEST,GLUCOSE ,CREATININE ,LFT. BLOOD AND CSF CULTURE FOR INFECTION TOXICOLOGIC SCREENING OF BLOOD AND URINE FOR POISONING THYROID FUNCTION TEST AND SERUM CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS FOR ENDOCRINOPATHY CT SCAN MRI CRANIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

10. PROGNOSIS PROGNOSIS DEPENDS UPON THE UNDERLYING CAUSE AND POTENTIAL FOR REVERSING THE CAUSE. THUS, RECOVERY VARIES AMONG PATIENTS. POOR PROGNOSIS MAY LEAD TO COMPLETE LOSS OF BRAIN FUNCTION OR DEATH DELAYED TREATMENT MAY LEADNTO SEIZURES OR COMA...

11. Treatment.. DELIRIUM SHOULD BE TREATED AS MEDICAL EMERGENCY. MONITORING RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTION IS FIRST PRIORITY WITH NEUROLOGICAL ,LABORATORY AND NEUROIMAGING EVALUATION. .ANALGESIC MAY BE GIVEN FOR PAIN CONTROL. ANTIPSYCHOTICS SUCH AS HALOPERIDOL IN LOW DOSES. BENZODIAZEPINES ARE USED IN CASES OF ALCOHLISM AND COCAINE WITHDRAWAL.