METHODS AND USERS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

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2. ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE-BAPATLA COURSE NO:- AGRON 512 TITLE:- DRYLAND AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT TOPIC:-IMPACTS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING DRY LAND AREAS SUBMITTED BY- B.VENKATAKRISHNA BAM-18-09 2

3. Introduction and history. What is rain water harvesting and It’s Need. Rain water harvesting techniques in dry land areas. Benefits of rain water harvesting. Disadvantages of rain water harvesting. Future of Rain water h arvesting. CONTENTS 3

4. Only 2.5% of the world’s water is freshwater and most of this are in The form of polar ice-caps. Water use has increased by 70% since 1970 A recent report by Credit Suisse stated that by 2025 18countries will experience water demand beyond supply capabilities It takes up to 5000 lit of water to produce 1kg of rice. Every square mile of developed land causes16 million gallons of rain water to directly enter the rivers on a rainy day. Each person uses about 150 liters of water every day. INTRODUCTION 4

5. India is practicing rain water harvesting since 10th century. In 11th century largest rain water harvesting tank was created by chola kings and it is 16 kilometer long. In I ndia drylands are occupying 68% of total cultivated area India is a water rich country with 4% of world’s water resources Due to rapid urbanization infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has drastically reduced drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. HISTORY 5

6. Major parts of our country have been facing continuous failure of monsoon and consequent deficit of rainfall over the last few years. population of I ndia increasing so the use of ground water has increased drastically leading to constant depletion of ground water level causing the wells and tube well to dry up. In some places excessive heatwaves during summer create a situation similar to drought. It is imperative to take adequate measures to meet the drinking water needs of the people in the country beside irrigation and domestic needs Out of 8760 hours in a year most of the rain in I ndia falls in just in 100 hours. Need For Rainwater Harvesting 6

7. WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING IS NEEDED? 7

8. Availability safe drinking water Of ground water. Availability 8

9. Technique used for collecting ,storing and using of rain water for house hold needs and for irrigation and future storage. What is rain water harvesting 9

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11. Land based rain water harvesting Directly from roof tops and stored in tanks. Monsoon run off and water in swollen streams during the monsoon and storing it in underground tanks. Water from flooded rivers can be stored in small ponds . Collection and transfer of rainwater into percolation tanks so as to facilitate discharge into ground . Watershed based rain water harvesting. Pavements , lawns ,gardens & other open places Rainwater can be harvested in a variety of ways 11

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13. Roof tops are favored because of the large coefficient of run-off generated from them and relatively less likelihood of their contamination. Average roof collects 600 gallons of water for every inch of rainfall. ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING 13

14. URBAN MODEL OF RWH The main components Roof catchment Gutters Downpipe First flush pipe Filter unit Storage tank Collection pit . 14

15. Design of rooftop rain water harvesting system at CAET, Akola Nimkale (2011 ) 82.58%of total rainfall will be collected in recharge pit. Cost of construction per m 2 is 2.78/- and recharge cost of m 2 0.88/- Total area of CAET building was 5403 m 2 and estimated annual volume of water recharge from this area was 3414.76 meter 3 . International journal agricultural engineering, vol-4 no-1, 113-119 15

16. Planning and cost estimation of roof rainwater harvesting structure Reena Kumari et al.(2012) The estimated rainfall at 75 percent probability limit was 547.8 mm with recurrence interval of 1.33 years . T h e economics of harvested water was also estimated considering the useful life of the structure as 25 years. The designed dimensions of the reservoir were estimated 12x10x3.05 m with the storage capacity of 366 m 3 and the cost of storage of harvested water was estimated ` 0.10 per litre. Intl. J. Agric. Env . Biotech. 5(3): 225-232, 16

17. Rural model of RWH Rural areas generally use traditional methods of rainwater harvesting . Main motive of rainwater harvesting in these areas is to facilitate irrigation for agriculture and use of water for domestic and drinking purposes. Now a days practices are also been followed to as to recharge ground water levels. Many of the traditional structures include Tankas , Nadis , Talabs , Bavdis,Rapats , Kuis , Virdas , Kunds,Khadins,Johads etc . 17

18. Bavadi :- Traditional step wells are called vavadi in Gujarat, or baoris or bavadis in Rajasthan and northern India . Kunds :- Covered underground tank, developed primarily for tackling drinking water problems B avadi kunds 18

19. Pits: -recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed 1 to 2 m wide and 3 m deep. Which are back filled with boulders , gravels , coarse sand. Trenches:- these are constructed when the permeable stream is available at shallow depth. Trenches may be 0.5 to 1m.Wide 1 to 1.5m deep and 10 to 20 m Long depending on availability of water. These are back filled with filler materials. Dug wells:- existing dug wells may be utilized as recharge structure and water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well. METHODS OF RECHARGING GROUNDWATER 19

20. Hand pumps:- the existing hand pumps may be used for recharging the shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability of water is limited. Water should pass through filter media before diverting it into hand pumps. Recharge well:- recharge wells of 100 to 300 mm Diameter are generally constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid choking of recharge wells. 20

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22. the Benefit -Cost ratio was found to be 1.69 and all other financial viability criteria (IRR and NPV) were also found favorable for investment on a lined water harvesting tank integrated with a micro-irrigation system and fish farming. MEASURES OF FARM POND Top length (Lt) = 36.60 m Top width ( Wt ) = 18.30 m Depth (D) = 4.00 m Free board = 0.30 m A trench of 50 cm depth and 50 cm width was taken all around the pond to anchor the sheet. Improving water use efficiency by integrating fish culture and irrigation in coconut based farming system samuel et al.(2014) Int J Agric & Biol Eng Vol . 7 No.2 (36) April, 2014 22

23. treatments Yield(kg/ha) Net returns( Rs ) B:C ratio Rain fed cotton 977 6494 1.43 RDF(120:60:60) 1104 2288 1.10 50%RDF as Basal+RDF (50%)THROUGH FERTIGATION 1159 3598 1.16 T3+ZnSO4@10kg/ha 1336 7172 1.32 T3+azatobacter seed treatment 1365 7930 1.36 CD(0.05) 132 - - Source j. Cotton res.dev . 25(2) 186-196 WATER HARVEESTING A STRATEGIC TOOL FOR DROUGHT MITIGATION IN COTTON RAJU et.al (2011) 23

24. Treatments Yield (t ha-1) Gross return ( Rs . in lakhs) Net return ( Rs . in lakhs) B/C Ratio #RWHT + CT + DI + Mulch 13 2.4 1.8 2.0 Rain-fed system 8.5 1.5 1.1 1.7 Source:-National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) Enhancing Productivity of Citrus through Rainwater Conservation and Micro-irrigation in central India Panigrahi et al (2003) 24

25. Effects of rain water harvesting and sediment deposit of the crop growth stages Gao et al.(2007) Plant soil Environment, ss ,(4);146-153 25

26. Treatment Grain yield (kg per ha) Ear mass (kg per ear) No. of grains per ear 100 grain weight (g) Pot holes 2384.51 0.12 350.10 26.10 Tied ridges 3233.35 0.15 423.50 27.05 Mulch 3770.80 0.22 450.90 30.33 Flat 1593.36 0.09 237.70 24.58 ± S.e.d 195.323 0.0123 27.71 0.650 CV (%) 8.4 1.7 2.9 1.3 InSitu Rain Water Harvesting Techniques Increase Maize Growth and Grain Yield in a Semi-arid Agro-ecology of Nyagatare,Rwanda , zimbabwe Ferdinand Mudatenguha et al. (2012) Source:-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 13–1480/2014/16–5–996–1000 26

27. Evaluation of rain water harvesting technologies in semi-arid areas of Malawi for crop production Chilimba et al.(2008) Chitedze agricultural research station 27

28. Effect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on scion shoot length and diameter and branches of Aonla buddings. Negi et al.(2007) HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(1): 1-7 28

29. Prevents water wastage by arresting runoff as well as prevents soil erosion and mitigates flood . Sustains and safe guards existing water table through recharge. Arrests sea-water intrusion and prevents salinization of ground water. rainwater percolates into the soil, it forces the salts down and away from the root zone area. This allows for greater root growth and water uptake, which increases the drought tolerance of plants. Rain-water is a clean and pure source of drinking water which requires minimal chemical treatment as the amount of pollutants are not much . ADVANTAGES 29

30. RWH provides a good supplement to water sources thus relieving pressure on other water sources. It can supply as a buffer and can be used in times of emergency or breakdown of public water supply systems. Helps reduce the storm drainage load and flooding in the cities. It is a flexible technology and can be built to require meets of any range. Also the construction, operation and maintenance is not very labour intensive in most systems. 30

31. DISADVANTAGES In terms of complex constructions, there is a requirement for high costs, trained professionals. Maintenance costs may add to the monetary burden. If not maintained properly then it can cause various problems in terms of algal or bacterial growth. Tanks if not constructed properly might result in leakages and metal tanks may also lead to problems such as corrosion harming the water quality. All these factors might prove harmful and result in various kinds of Health issues. The system is very much rainfall dependent and hence if there are problems with the rainfall in the area, it may not be very effective. 31

32. FUTURE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting systems serve as an alternative decentralized water source especially in the age when groundwater supplies are depleting and municipal water infrastructures are facing high replacement costs. The use of decentralized rainwater harvesting systems is growing nationally and internationally , especially in industrial countries like Asia, Europe and the US. 32

33. PRESENT FUTURE 33

34. Fore fathers-lakes, streams Fathers- ponds,wells Ourselves- watertanks , tankers Our children- waterbottles FUTURE-? SO PLESE HARVEST WATER 34