Methods of data collection.pptx (Statistics)

The PPT tells about the different methods used by a researcher to collect data. The PPT is useful for statistics students and anyone who wants to understand research in simple terms.

1. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION DR. ANUJ KUMAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPT. OF COMMERCE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY VRINDAVAN,MATHURA (U.P.)

2. DATA A systematic record of a particular quantity. It is the Different Values of that quantity represented together in a set. It is a compilation of facts and figures intended for a specific purpose, such as a survey or analysis.

3. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

4. OBSERVATION METHOD Meaning A method of data collection where the researcher observes the participants in their natural settings without interference or manipulation. It is a qualitative method that involves systematic observation and recording of behaviour, actions, or interactions. Merits: Realistic Insights, Flexible and Adaptive. Demerits: Time-consuming, Limited Control, Observer bias

5. INTERVIEW METHOD Meaning The interview method is a way of collecting information by asking questions directly to a person (called the respondent) and recording their answers. It is like a face-to-face conversation where the interviewer asks questions and the other person gives responses. In simple words, an interview means talking to people to get facts, opinions, or experiences about a topic. Merits: Detailed and Clear Information, Accurate and Reliable, Feelings, Attitudes, and Opinions. Demerits: Costly, Shy or Nervous, More Time, Interviewer’s Bias. Types: Personal & Telephonic Interview, Structured, Unstructured Interview

6. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD Meaning In simple words, a questionnaire is a list of questions prepared by a researcher to collect facts, opinions, or information from many people. The questionnaire method is a way of collecting information by giving people a set of written questions to answer. These questions can be answered on paper or online. Merits Demerits 1. Cheap And Easy 1. Low rate of return 2. Saves Time And Effort 2. Incomplete or careless. 3. Many People At Once 3. Explain or clear doubts. 4. Quantitative Data 4. Time-Taking & Lengthy Types: Open-ended & Closed-ended Good Questionnaire: Short & Simple, Logical Sequence, No Technical Terms, Brief Directions, etc.

7. SCHEDULE METHOD Meaning In simple words, a schedule is like a questionnaire, but instead of the respondent filling it out, the investigator records the answers after asking the questions. The schedule method is a way of collecting information where a trained investigator (or enumerator) asks questions face-to-face to the respondent and fills in the answers on a prepared form (called a schedule). Merits Demerits Illiterate or Unable to Fill Forms 1. Needs trained investigators. Cannot Skip Questions 2. Time-consuming Complete and Reliable 3. Costly Explanation of Questions 4. Investigator’s presence.

8. CASE STUDY METHOD Meaning In simple words, a case study means studying one case in detail to understand everything about it, just like telling the full story of that case. The case study method is a way of collecting detailed information about a single person, group, event, or situation over a period of time. Merits Demerits Detailed & Complete Information 1. Difficult To Generalize Study Real-life Problems. 2. Time-consuming Accurate Data 3. Researcher’s Bias. Study Rare or Unique Cases 4. Large Groups Can’t Study Steps in Case Study Method: Select the case - Collect information- Study deeply- Prepare report.

9. SURVEY METHOD Meaning In simple words, a survey means going to many people, asking them the same set of questions, and collecting their answers to study opinions, behaviors, or facts. The survey method is a way of collecting primary data by asking questions to a large number of people (called respondents) about a particular topic. It is one of the most common research methods. Merits Demerits Cover a Large Number of People. 1. False / Careless Answers Less Costly 2. Unwillingness of Respondents Compare & Analyse. 3. Needs Proper Planning Collecting Opinions, /Behaviors 4. Unsuitable For Deep Personal Info.

10. PANEL METHOD Meaning In simple words, the panel method means choosing the same respondents and asking them questions at regular intervals (weekly, monthly, yearly, etc.) to see how their opinions, habits, or behaviors change over time. The panel method is a way of collecting primary data where a fixed group of people (called a panel) is selected and information is collected from them again and again over a period of time. Merits Demerits Study changes over time. 1. panel attrition (Drop out) Reliable and continuous data 2. Bored Respondents Saves time and cost. 3. costly and time-consuming. Marketing/economics/social research. 4. Influence of repeated contact

11. DELPHI TECHNIQUE Meaning The Delphi Technique is a method of collecting primary data where opinions of a group of experts are gathered in several rounds of questionnaires. After each round, the responses are summarized and shared with the experts so they can revise their answers. This continues until a common agreement (consensus) is reached. Merits Demerits Collects expert opinions 1. Time-consuming Solve complex/uncertain problems. 2. Costly Reduces the influence of personal bias 3. biased answers. Reliable & systematic results. 4. groupthink ( agreeing just to finish) Steps : Select experts - Send first questionnaire - Collect and summarize - Send revised questionnaire - Experts revise their opinions - final consensus

12. PROJECTIVE METHOD Meaning The projective method is a way of collecting primary data where people are asked indirect questions using pictures, words, or situations. Instead of answering directly, they “project” their own feelings, thoughts, or attitudes onto the situation. It is mainly used in psychology, market research, and advertising to know hidden feelings. Merits Demerits Find true feelings/Hidden Motives 1. Time-consuming Express Freely . 2. Trained Researchers Attitudes and Personality 3. Subjective Responses 4. Not useful for a large group Important Projective Technique : Word Association Test – Say the first word that comes to mind. Completion Test- Fill in the blank in an unfinished sentence. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - Create a story about a picture shown.

13. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Meaning A focus group interview is a method of collecting data where 6–12 people are brought together to discuss a specific topic under the guidance of a moderator (interviewer). It is like a group discussion where people share their opinions, ideas, and experiences. Merits Demerits Detailed insights 1. Some people may dominate free ideas 2. Others may feel shy Flexibility 3. Difficult to organize and control Quicky 4. Data is qualitative Low cost

14. How it Works A group of people is selected (having some common features, e.g., same age group, customers, students, etc.). A moderator leads the discussion by asking questions. Everyone shares their views, agrees, or disagrees. The researcher records the discussion for analysis.

15. OTHER METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

16. METHODS OF SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION INTERNAL SOURCES These are within the organisation EXTERNAL SOURCES These are outside the organisation

17. INTERNAL SOURCES

18. EXTERNAL SOURCES OF DATA

19. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Registrar General of India: Demographic Data, ex. Gender, Age, etc. Central Statistical Org. : Publish NAS ex. NI of several years. Director General of Commercial Intelligence: Info. About foreign trade. Ministry of Commerce & Industries : WPI & CPI Planning Commission: Basic statistics of the Indian Economy. Reserve Bank of India: Info. On Banking & Savings Labour Bureau: Skilled, Unskilled, and white colour jobs.

20. Department of Economic Affairs: Conducts economic surveys and collects information on income, consumption, investment, saving, foreign trade, etc. National Sample Survey: done by the Ministry of Planning ,provides data on socio-economic, demographic, industrial & agricultural. State Statistical Abstract: Commercial activities, education, etc.

21. NON-GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS These include publications of various industrial & trade associations, such as : The Indian Cotton Mill Association Various Chambers Of Commerce The Bombay Stock Exchange Various Associations Of Press Media Export Promotion Council Confederation Of Indian Industries Small Industries Development Board Of India

22. SYNDICATE SERVICES These services are provided by certain organizations that collect & tabulate the marketing information regularly for several clients who are subscribers of these services. Useful in television viewing, the movement of consumer goods.