methods of training.pptx

FUNDAMENTALS OF HORTICULTURE

1. LEC 8. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TRAINING IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS

2. Trunk: The main stem of the plant. Head: The point on the trunk from which first branches arise. Scaffold branches: The main branches arising from the head are known as scaffold branches. Trees in which scaffold branches arise with in 60-70cm height from the ground level are called low head trees and those in which they come out from the trunk above 120cm are called high head trees. Crotch: The angle made by the scaffold limb to the trunk or the secondary branch to the scaffold limb is called crotch. Leader: The main stem growing from ground level up to the tip dominating all other branches is called leader. Water shoot: A vigorous growing unbranched shoot arising on any branch or leader is called water shoot. Water sucker: The growth appearing on rootstock portion is called water sucker.

3. Central Leader In this system a tree is trained to form a trunk which extends from the surface of the soil to the top of the tree. This system of training is also known as closed centered one.

4. Open Centre In this system the main stem is allowed to grow only upto a certain height and the leader stem is pruned to encourage scaffold branches production. This system is also known as Vase- shapedsystem .

5. It is intermediate between the open centre and central leader. This is developed by first training the trees to the leader type by allowing the central axis to grow unhampered for the first four or five years. The central stem is then headed back and lateral branches are allowed to grow as in the open centre system. Modified Leader

6. Special training practices

7. Bower system It is also called as ‘ Pandal ’ or ‘Arbour’ or ‘Pergola’ system. It is generally practiced in grapes and other cucurbitaceous vegetables like snake gourd, ribbed gourd, bitter gourd etc. In this system, the vines are spread over a criss cross net work of wires, usually at 2.1 to 2.4m above ground, supported by concrete or stone pillars or live support. The vine is allowed to grow single shoot till it reaches the wire net and is usually supported by bamboo sticks tied with jute thread. When the vine reaches the wires, its growing point is pinched off to facilitate the production of side shoots.

8. Espalier system Plants are trained to grow flat on trellis or on horizontal wires by training the branches perpendicularly to the main stem on both the sides, and trained horizontally on the wires. Plants trained in this systems are called ‘espaliers’. An espalier with one shoot or two shoots growing in opposite or parallel directions are called a ‘cordon’.

9. Kniffin system In this system, two trellis of wire are strongly supported by vertical posts. The vines such as grape when trained in this system has four canes one along each wire and the bearing shoot hangs freely with no tying being necessary.