mICORPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER, NIUMBER SYSTMENS

mICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER

1. Overview of
Microprocessors
Microprocessor and Microcontroller
BMHA204L Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

2. Microprocessor

3. Introduction
•The microprocessor also known as the central processing unit, is the
brain of all computers and many household and electronic devices.
Multiple microprocessors, working together, are the "hearts" of
datacenters, super-computers, communications products, and other
digital devices.

4. History
•Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959.
•In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew Grove resigned from
Fairchild Semiconductors.
•They founded their own company Intel (Integrated Electronics).
•The first microprocessor invented was of 4-bit, after that 8-bit,16-
bit,.32-bit & 64-bit are founded

5. History
4-bit microprocessor
•Intel 4004
•Intel 4040
8-bit microprocessor
•Intel 8008
•Intel 8080
•Intel 8085
16-bit microprocessor
•Intel 8086
•Intel 8088
•Intel 80186 & 80188

6. History
•Intel 80286
32-bit microprocessor
•Intel 80386
•Intel 80486
•Intel pentium
•Intel pentium pro
•Intel pentium II
•Intel pentium II xeon
•Intel pentium III
•Intel pentium IV
•Intel dual core

7. History
64-bit microprocessors
•Intel core 2
•Intel core i7
•Intel core i5
•Intel core i3

8. Microprocessor (MPU)
•MPU (CPU)
•Read instructions
•Process binary data
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9. Memory
•Storage Device
•Addresses
•Registers
•Major Categories
•Read/Write Memory (R/W)
•Read-only-Memory (ROM)
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D
7
D
0

10. Input/Output (I/O)
•Input Devices
•Switches and Keypads
•Provide binary information to the MPU
•Output devices
•LEDs and LCDs
•Receive binary information from the MPU
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11. Microprocessor Architecture
•The MPU communicates with Memory and I/O using the System Bus
•Address bus
•Unidirectional
•Memory and I/O Addresses
•Data bus
•Bidirectional
•Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
•Control lines
•Read and Write timing signals
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12. Microprocessor – Basic concept
CPU
contains
CCU
ALU
data registers
and
pointer registers
ADDRESS BUS
32-bit / 64-bit wide
CONTROL BUS
Timing signals, ready signals,
interrupts etc
DATA BUS – bidirectional
8-bit / 16-bit / 32-bit / 128-bit
Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals to
Interact with outside world

13. Microcontroller

14. Micro controller
•A self-contained system in which a processor, support, memory, and
input/output (I/O) are all contained in a single package.
•A small computer system on a single IC
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15. History of Microcontroller
•First used in 1975(Intel 8048)
•The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed microcontrollers to be
electrically erased
•The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using Flash
memory.

16. Microcontroller

17. Types of microcontroller

18. Basic Features of Microcontroller
•Processor reset
•Device clocking
•Central processor
•Program and Variable Memory (RAM)
•I/O pins
•Instruction cycle timers

19. More Sophisticated Features
•Built-in monitor/debugger program
•Interrupt capability
•Analog I/O (PWM and variable dc I/O
•Serial I/O (synchronous, a synchronous)
•Parallel I/O (including direct interface to a master processor
•External memory interface

20. Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)

21. Basic microcontroller architecture (2/3)
•Memory
•RAM
•ROM
•Store data and code
•CPU
•Mathematical and logical operation
•Memory units are called Register

22. Basic microcontroller architecture (3/3)
•BUS
–Group of 8,16 or more wires
–Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus
•Input-output unit
–port A, port B, port C … …
–Input, output and bidirectional ports
•Serial communication
•Timer unit
•Watchdog
–Automatic reset to prevent stall
•Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

23. Processor Architecture
CISC
Large amount of instructions each carrying out a
different permutation of the same operation
Functionality of the instructions is more
dependent upon the processor’s designer.
RISC
Fundamental set of instructions
More control for users to design their own
operations

24. Von Neumann Architecture

25. Processor Architecture
•Princeton (Van Neumann) architecture
Common memory for program and data
Simple chip design
Execution of an instruction can take multiple
cycles

26. Processor Architecture
•Princeton architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1Read instruction
Cycle 2 Read data out of
Ram and put into
Acc

27. Processor Architecture
•Harvard architecture
Separate memory space program and data
Instructions are executed in one cycle
Easier timing of loops and delays

28. Harvard Architecture

29. Processor Architecture
•Harvard architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1Execute previous
instruction
Read “move acc, reg”
Cycle 2 Execute “move acc,
reg” instruction

30. Block diagram of Microcontroller

31. Memory
•The memory in a computer system stores the data and instructions of
the programs.
Adress
decoder Storage
Area
Adress
bus
Data
bus
Other signals
(Vcc,Gnd, CS,
etc.)

32. Microcontrollers Memory Types
•Variable Area (RAM)
•Control Store (ROM)
•Program Counter Stack
•I/O Space (Hardware interface Registers)

33. I/O Space
- Memory Mapped I/O Versus Programmed I/O
•Programmed I/O
Special instructions such as IN and OUT are used to transfer data between
a CPU register and an external device.
•Memory Mapped I/O
Standard instructions are used to transfer data between a CPU register and
an external device.
I/O ports appear as memory addresses.

34. Difference between microprocessor &
microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Contains ALU, general purpose register, stack pointer,
programme counter, clock timing & interrupt circuit
Contains the circuitary of microprocessor & in addition it
has built in ROM, I/O devices, timer & counter
It has too many instructions to move the data between
CPU & memory
It has one or two instruction to move the data between
CPU & memory
It has one or two bit handling instruction It has many bit handling instruction
Access time for memory & I/O devices is more Less access time for built in memory & I/O devices
Microprocessor based system requires more hardwareMicrocontroller based system requires less hardware,
reducing PCB size & increasing the reliability
More flexible in design point of view Less flexible in design point of view
It has single memory map for data & code It has separate memory map for data & code
Less number of pins are malfunctioned More number of pins are malfunctioned

35. Number Systems in
Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers

36. Introduction to Number Systems
•Microcontrollers work on digital logic: 0 and 1.
•Binary is the natural language of hardware.
•Need for compact and understandable representations → Number
Systems.

37. Binary Number System (Base-2)
•Uses only 0 and 1.
•Each bit = power of 2.
•Example: 1011₂ = 11₁₀
•Used in logic control, bit manipulation, flags.

38. Decimal Number System (Base-10)
•Human-friendly system (digits 0-9).
•Not used internally in microcontrollers.
•Used for displaying numbers, inputs/outputs.

39. Hexadecimal Number System (Base-16)
•Digits: 0-9, A-F (A=10 to F=15).
•Each hex digit = 4 binary bits.
•Example: 0x3F = 00111111 (binary) = 63 (decimal).
•Used in memory addresses, registers, assembly code.

40. Octal Number System (Base-8)
•Digits: 0 to 7.
•Each octal digit = 3 binary bits.
•Used in early computing systems like PDP-8, UNIX file permissions.

41. Applications in Microcontrollers
•Binary: bit masking, logic operations, flag control.
•Hex: memory addressing, register values.
•Decimal: displaying output on LCD/Serial Monitor.
•Octal: legacy systems only.

42. Number System Conversions
•Binary ↔ Decimal ↔ Hex ↔ Octal.
•Manual practice essential for low-level programming.
•Example: Binary 101011 = Hex 2B = Decimal 43.
Binary to Decimal
(1×32) + (0×16) + (1×8) + (0×4) + (1×2) + (1×1)
32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43
Binary to Hexa
Binary: 101011
Padded: 0010 1011 ← Pad 2 zeros at front to make it 8 bits
↑ ↑
2 B

43. Thank you