Micriobilogy contribution of scientists

Microbiology renowned scientists.

1. QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI Generic BScN Subject: Microbiology Year . 1 Semester . 1 Theory: 2.5 + Skill/Lab: 0.5 = Total 3 Credit Hours CONTIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY

2. CONTIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY Faculty : Aftab H. Abbasi RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B Lecturer Nursing Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

3. 1- A.V. LEEUNVENHORK Born :  October 24, 1632,  Delft, Netherlands Died :  August 26, 1723,  Delft, Netherlands Full name :  Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek Nationality :  Dutch

4. QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI A.V. LEEUNVENHORK Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek: was a  Dutch  businessman and scientist in the  Golden Age of Dutch science and technology . A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as " the Father of Microbiology ", and one of the first  microscopists  and  microbiologists . Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a  scientific discipline .

5. A.V . LEEUNVENHORK Van Leeuwenhoek worked as a  draper ( person who sells textile fabrics)  in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lens making. In the 1670s, he started to explore  microbial life  with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s). Using single- lensed microscopes of his own design and make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and to experiment with  microbes , "small animals“ He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as  unicellular organisms , although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations  of  muscle  fibers,  bacteria ,  spermatozoa (the mature motile male sex cell of an anima) ,   red blood cells ,  crystals (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) in   gouty tophi , (Nodular masses) and among the first to see blood flow in  capillaries . Although van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the  Royal Society , which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries.

6. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: Infusoria ( Infusoria  is a collective term for minute aquatic creatures such as ciliates , protozoa, unicellular algae that exist in freshwater ponds) ( protists ( Protists  are simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals or fungi)  in modern  zoological  classification), in 1674. B acteria , (e.g., large  Selenomonads  from the human mouth), in 1683. T he   vacuole ( a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells)  of the cell. S permatozoa (the mature motile male sex cell of an animal) in 1677. T he banded pattern of  muscular fibers , in 1682. A.V . LEEUNVENHORK

7. 2 - F. REDI Francesco Redi was an Italian physician, naturalist, biologist and poet. He is referred to as the "founder of experimental biology", and as the "father of modern parasitology ". He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots (a larva of the common fly) come from eggs of flies. Born :  February 18, 1626,  Arezzo, Italy Died :  March 1, 1697,  Pisa, Italy Nationality :  Italian Education :  University of Pisa Known for :  Experimental biology ;  Parasitology ; Criticism of spontaneous generation.

8. Francesco Redi Redi’s Experiments: When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed. Meat exposed to flies was soon infested. As a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle’s theory. What was Francesco Redi theory called? Aristotelian abiogenesis ( Abiogenesis  is the theory that life comes from non-living things. Spontaneous generation was an early model for  abiogenesis  developed by  Aristotle  (384-322 BCE) which said that flies formed directly from decaying material) Entomology (the scientific study of insects) and spontaneous generation.

9. 3: Louis Pasteur  What Causes Disease? Pasteur developed germ theory ( It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or " germs " can lead to disease) of disease. What did Louis Pasteur discover? He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry;  discovered  that microorganisms cause fermentation (the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms) and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies. was a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation (Fermentation  is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes) , and pasteurization. Born :  December 27, 1822,  Dole, France Died :  September 28, 1895,  Marnes -la-Coquette, France Invention :  Pasteurization

10. Louis Pasteur Pasteur’s Experiments: When the “swan-necked flasks (used as laboratory glassware, mostly for chemical or biochemical work) ” remained upright, no microbial growth appeared. When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day.

11. 4 - Robert Koch Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch Born: 11 December 1843 Died: 27 May 1910 (aged 66) Nationality: German Known  for Discovery   bacteriology Koch's postulates  of  germ theory Isolation of  anthrax ,  tuberculosis  and  cholera Nobel Prize in Medicine  (1905 ) Scientific career Fields Microbiology Institutions Imperial Health Office, Berlin,  University of Berlin Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease Anthrax Examined colonies of microorganisms

12. Robert Koch Koch’s Experiments: Simple staining techniques. First photomicrograph of bacteria. First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue. Techniques for estimating CFU/ml. Use of steam to sterilize media. Use of Petri dishes. Aseptic techniques. Bacteria as distinct species. Koch’s Postulates.

13. Robert Koch Koch's postulates are the following : 1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms . 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure  culture . 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism . 4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

14. CONTIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY Some other renowned scientists of microbiology: Edward Jenner Robert Hooke John Needham Lazzaro Spallanzani Joseph   Lister Alexander Fleming Selman Abraham Waksman Fanny Hesse

15. CONTIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY