Micro1New introduction on microbiology.pptx

this contains presentation for the introduction on microbiology

1. Chapter 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. BIOL 2420 - Microbiology Ed McCraw MS 111C Office phone [phone] Syllabus & Course Contract Cell phones – m r not 2 b usd n cls, tlkn r txtn App – if you want to be a Disease Detective, then get Solve the Outbreak for iphones & androids (App Store & Google play) *

3. Microbiology The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Microorganisms include: Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Helminths (microscopic worms) Algae *

4. Microbiological Endeavors * Jack Dykinga, USDA/ARS Photo courtesy of Sartorius Stedim Biotech CDC James Gathany/CDC

5. Origins of Microorganisms Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about 3.5 billion years Prokaryotes (pre-nucleus): Simple cells Eukaryotes (true nucleus): Complex cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Prokaryotes appeared. Probable origin of earth 15 billion years ago 4 billion years ago 3 billion years ago 2 billion years ago 1 billion years ago Present time Eukaryotes appeared. Reptiles appeared. Cockroaches, termites appeared. Mammals appeared. Humans appeared. *

6. Microbial Structure Two cell lines Prokaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles Eukaryote – unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Viruses - Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cell membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes Cell membrane Cell wall Flagellum Flagellum Chromosome Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Capsid Envelope AIDS virus Bacterial virus Nucleic acid Ribosomes (a) Cell Types (b) Virus Types *

7. Janice Carr/CDC © Tom Volk © Charles Krebs Photography CDC © Yuuji Tsukii, Protist Information Server CDC Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Reproductive spores Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped cell (15,500x). Fungi: Thamnidium , a filamentous fungus (400x) Algae: desmids, Spirogyra filament, and diatoms (golden cells) (500x). A single virus particle Virus: Herpes simplex , cause of cold sores (100,000x). Protozoa: A pair of Vorticella (500x), stalked cells that feed by means of a whirling row of cilia. Helminths: Cysts of the parasitic roundworm, Trichinella spiralis (250x) embedded in muscle. Microbial Diversity: 6 Types of Microbes *

8. Microbial Dimensions 10 nm 100 nm 200 nm 10 μ m Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Louse Reproductive structure of bread mold Macroscopic Macroscopic (1 Angstrom) Range of human eye Range of light microscope Range of electron microscope Require special microscopes 1 nm 1 mm 100 μ m Amino acid (small molecule) Hydrogen atom Diameter of DNA Large protein Flagellum Poliovirus AIDS virus Mycoplasma bacteria Rickettsia bacteria Rod-shaped bacteria ( Escherichia coli ) Red blood cell Most bacteria fall between 1 to 10 μ m in size Amoeba White blood cell Coccus-shaped bacteria ( Staphylococcus ) Poxvirus 0.1 nm Colonial alga ( Pediastrum ) Hepatitis B virus Metric Scale Log 10 of meters 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 1,000 100 10 1. 0 0 0, 0, 0, Angstrom (Å ) kilometer (km) hektometer (hm) dekameter (dam) meter (m) decimeter (dm) centimeter (cm) millimeter (mm) micrometer ( μ m) nanometer (nm) picometer (pm) Nucleus 1 μ m *

9. Microbes in Energy & Nutrient Flow The flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems Photosynthesis : Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material Decomposition : Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds *

10. Human Use of Microorganisms Biotechnology : Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms Genetic engineering : Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products Bioremediation: Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem *

11. Lifestyles of Microorganisms Majority live a free existence, are relatively harmless and often beneficial Some microorganisms have close associations with other organisms Parasites live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host. *

12. Microbes & Infectious Diseases Pathogens : Microbes that do harm, cause disease Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases 10 B new infections/year worldwide 12 M deaths from infections/year worldwide * Malaria Diarrheal diseases (cholera, dysentery, typhoid) AIDS 26% 18% 17.5% 11% 9% 7% 5% Tetanus 2.5% Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Measles Hepatitis B Tuberculosis Respiratory infections (pneumonia, influenza) Parasitic diseases 2.5% Miscellaneous 1.5%

13. Top Causes of Death in the United States and Worldwide *

14. Historical Foundations of Microbiology Thousands of microbiologists over 300 years Prominent discoveries include: Microscopy Scientific method Development of medical microbiology Microbiology techniques *

15. Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.) Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis - the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

16. * Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch linen merchant First to observe living microbes Single-lens magnified up to 300X

17. Scientific Method Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted Deductive approach “If…, then….” A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis Results must be published and repeated by other investigators. If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory . If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a Law or principle . *

18. Concept Check: A Scientific Theory has little or no evidence to support it and could be best described as a “best guess”. A. True B. False *

19. Discovery of Spores and Sterilization John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes. Cohn determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial endospores . Sterility requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses. *

20. Using the Scientific Method to Investigate Bacterial Endospores * Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Additional tests show that endospores have thick coverings and protective features and that endospores are known to survive over millions of years. Cells without endospores are ordinary bacteria, fungi, animal cells. Endospores of certain bacteria Bacterial endospores are the most resistant of all cells on earth. Hypothesis Predictions Testing Theory/Principle Endospores Endospores are the only cells consistently capable of surviving a wide range of destructive environmental conditions. In order to sterilize, these cells must be eliminated. If hypothesis is true, endospores can survive extreme conditions such as: Compare endospore formers to non-endospore microbes. Survival of endospore former Survival of non-endospore former temperature (boiling)................................ + ............................. –/+* radiation (ultraviolet)................................. + .............................. – lack of water (drying)................................ + ............................. –/+ chemicals................................................. + ............................. –/+ (disinfectants) *Only 1 out of 4 cell types survives.

21. Development of Aseptic Techniques The human body is a source of infection Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes – observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals (Why?) Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery Use of heat for sterilization *

22. The Germ Theory of Disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. which was the belief for centuries. (Why?) Two major contributors: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch *

23. * Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms Developed pasteurization Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

24. * Robert Koch (1843-1910) Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera Developed pure culture methods

25. Taxonomy Taxonomy : organizing, classifying, and naming living things Formal system originated by Carl von Linné Concerned with: Classification – orderly arrangement of organisms into groups Nomenclature – assigning names Identification – determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes *

26. Concept Check: Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class. A. True B. False *

27. Assigning Specific Names Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names: Genus - capitalized species - lowercase Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Inspiration for names is extremely varied and often imaginative! Sometimes informative. *

28. The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms Phylogeny : natural relatedness between groups of organisms Evolution: living things change gradually over long period of time All new species originate from preexisting species Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. *

29. Three Domains of Life Bacteria - true bacteria Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. Eukarya - have a nucleus and organelles * Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Earliest cell Early eukaryotes MONERANS PROTISTS FUNGI PLANTS ANIMALS Angiosperms Gymnosperms Seed plants Ferns Mosses Yeasts Club fungi Molds Chordates Arthropods Echinoderms Nematodes Annelids Mollusks Flatworms Kingdom (Myceteae) Kingdom (Plantae) Kingdom (Protista) Kingdom Monera Sponges Amoebas Apicomplexans Flagellates Slime molds Ciliates Green algae Red algae Brown algae Diatoms Archaea Bacteria Dinoflagellates First multicellular organisms appeared 0.6 billion years ago. First cells appeared 3–4 billion years ago. Kingdom (Animalia) 5 kingdoms 2 cell types First eukaryotic cells appeared 6 2 billion years ago. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

30. The Evolutionary Relationships Between Earth’s Inhabitants * Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Kingdoms Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista Domain Bacteria Cyanobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Endospore producers Gram-negative bacteria Domain Archaea Methane producers Prokaryotes that live in extreme salt Prokaryotes that live in extreme heat Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Ancestral Cell Line (first living cells)