Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in nature

Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in nature

1. MICROBES INVOLVED IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESSES IN NATURE GUIDE BY PRESENTED BY VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN Veerachipalayam - 637 303, Sankagiri , Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu, India. (Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem ; Recognised Under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 ) Dr.R . DINESH KUMAR Assistant Professor of Microbiology Vivekanandha Arts and Science C ollege for Women DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY P.SOWMIYA I- MSc.,Microbiology Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women

2. OUTLINE BIOREMEDIATION BIOREMEDIATION CYCLE BIO-DEGRADATION BIODEGRADATION PROCESS MICROORGANISM IN BIOREMEDIATION STAGES OF MICROBIAL PURIFICATION BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION

3. BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced Microorganisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean the pollutant site. Bioremediation is a process where biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an environmental pollutant by metabolic process. In the earth’s biosphere, microorganisms grow in the widest range of habitats. They grow in soil, water, plants, animals, deep sea and freezing ice environment. “ Bioremediation is a ‘ Treatment Techniques ’ that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down harmful materials into less toxic or non-toxic materials. ”

4. DEFINITION OF BIOREMEDIATION BIO – LIFE REMEDIATION – To restore something that is wrong (or) damaged (or) to improve a bad situation Bio-Remediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil, by using Microorganisms, plant enzymes etc .

5. BIOREMEDIATION CYCLE First the contaminant are analyzed and microorganisms are chosen . Microbes then grow enormously and consume all organic nutrients andaconvert them into carbon dioxide and water. The microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as an energy source

6. BIO-DEGRADATION Bio degradation is the break down of organic matter by M icroorganisms , such as bacteria , fungi. This can take days, weeks or even centuries. Product that biodegrade quickly are preferable to those that don’t : their harmful content broken down in shorter period of time. ORGANIC MATTER : Lichens Branches of trees Moss Leaves Earthworm Animal Insects Algae / Fungi

7. Biodegradable waste They are such type of waste materials which can be degraded by natural factors like microbes(Bacteria ,Fungi) and abiotic elements like temperature,UV , oxygen etc., MECHANISMS OF BIODEGRADATION Bio degradation divided into 3 main stages Bio deterioration Bio fragmentation Assimilation BIO- DETERIORATION Bio deterioration is described as the undesirable degradation of materials by microorganisms. It is also referred as surface level degradation that modifies the physical and chemical properties of material . Some abiotic factor are light, temperature and chemical in environment.

8. BIO-FRAGMENTATION Bio fragmentation of a polymer is the lytic process in which bonds within a polymer are cleaved, generating oligomers and monomers in its place . This fragmentation of materials also differ based on the presence of oxygen in system. AEROBIC DIGESTION - Breakdown of material by microorganisms occurs in the presence of oxygen. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION- Break down of material by micro oraganisms in the absence of oxygen. C polymers + Oxygen C residue + C biomass +H2O+CO2 C polymers C residue + C biomass + H2O+CO2 +CH4

9. ASSIMILATION Result product from Bio fragmentation get integrated into microbial cell. Some of the products are easily transported by membrane carrier and other products required further bio fragmentation/ bio transformation reaction to yield product that can be transported inside of the cell. Inside the cell, the product involves in catabolic pathway and lead to the production of ATP and cell structure elements. MINERALIZATION Mineralization metabolism of monomer ,oligomers into CO2 , CH3, H2O , H2S , etc.

10. BIODEGRADATION PROCESS

11. Types of bioremediation MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION uses microorganisms to break down contaminants by using them as a food source. PHYTOREMEDIATION uses plants to bind , extract and clean up pollutants such as pesticides , petroleum hydrocarbons ,metal and chlorinated solvents . MYCOREMEDIATION uses fungi ’s digestive enzymes to break down contaminants such as pesticides , hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

12. Microorganism in Bioremediation Living microorganism are used in bioremediation to convert complex toxic compounds into harmless. Pure mixed enriched and genetically engineered microorganism have been used for degradation of complex compounds. Microoraganism play an important role on nutritional chains that are important part of the biological balance in life. Bioremediation involves the removal of the contaminated material with the help of bacteria fungi, and yeast. Bioremediation process was carried out by microbial consortium in different environment. Microbes can grow at below zero temperature as well as extreme heat in the presence of hazardous compounds or any waste stream. Microorganisms respiration based 2 type: Aerobic Microorganisms Anaerobic Microorganisms

13. USES OF MICROORGANISMS INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISMS : This refers to microorganisms that are already present at the site to be remediated. However, to stimulate the growth of this group of microorganisms, adequate levels of oxygen proper soil temperature and sufficient nutrient necessary for the growth of the microorganisms must be supplied. EXOGENOUS MICROORGANISMS : Microorganisms belonging to this category are those which were introduced into the soil to be bio-remediated. This occurs as a result of the absence of the required biological activity needed to degraded the contaminant in the soil of a given area to be bio remediated.

14. AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS Aerobic is the presence of oxygen needed for microbial development. I n contaminated soil conditions, regularly tilling the soil is one aerobic enhancement method. Microbes have been reported to degrade pesticides , Hydrocarbons, Alkanes and polyaromatic compounds. Many of these bacteria use the contaminants as carbon and energy source. Aerobic bacteria have degradative capacities to degrade the complex compounds. Some Aerobic organisms : Pseudomonas , Acinetobacter , Sphingomonas , Nocardia , Flavobacterium , Rhodococcus ,Mycobacterium .

15. ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS Anaerobic is the absence or reduction of oxygen in water or soil. Anaerobic are not as regularly used as aerobic bacteria. Anaerobic remediation is a specialized form requiring advanced techniques and precise monitoring. This bioremediation form is uncommon , except in heavy metal conditions such as mitgating sites polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls or trichloroethylene. Some example of anaerobic organisms Clostridia Eubacteria etc.

16. STAGES OF MICROBIAL PURIFICATION 1. Isolation of the microorganisms 5. Determination of the biodegradation efficiency. 2. Purification of the obtained isolates 6. Identification of the biodegradation product 3. Identification of the microbial isolate 7. Cell or enzyme immobilization 4. Optimization of the bio degradation condition 8. Enzyme identification

17. FACTORS OF MICROORGANISMS MOISTURE influence the rate of contaminant metabolism. NUTRIENTS like Nitrogen ,Potassium ,Sulphur , Phosphorous etc. are not available in sufficient amount microbial activity will be limited . OXYGEN increase the concentration of electron acceptor in water as it is the main electron acceptor in aerobic bioremediation. SOIL pH may effect the availability of nutrients . Optimum pH is 6.5- 8.5. TEMPERATURE influence it by controlling the rate of enzymatic reactions within organism.

18. BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Bioremediation is defined as “ the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers”. The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up. The other names / terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment bioreclamation and biorestoration . The term “ Xenobiotics ” refers to the unnatural foreign and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides , refrigerants solvents and other organic compounds. The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism effectively degrades xenobiotics . Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than 100 organic compounds have been identified.

19. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION Advantages Disadvantages A natural process. Limited to only biodegradable compounds Useful for the complete destruction of contaminant. Product of biodegradation may be more toxic than the parent compound It’s not disrupting normal activities. Biological processes are often highly specific Less expensive. Require sustainable environmental growth conditions Eliminate the potential threats to human health Takes Longer time than other treatment The pollutant need to transport the waste off site. It’s need appropriate level of nutrients

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