microbialtransformation-Class.ppt Biotechnologyx

Biotechnology

1. Microbial Biotransformation 1

2. Introduction ( Bio+ transformation) Biotransformation Living process which carry changes in organic compound. biological processes in which microorganisms convert organic compounds into structurally modified reusable products. In other word, biotransformation deals with microbial (enzymatic) conversion of a substrate into a product with limited number by enzymatic reactions. This is in contrast to fermentation which involve a large number reactions e.g. steroids produced by chemical synthesis or by microbial biotransformation. This are physically active compounds which includes testosterone, progesterone etc. act as bio regulator in body.

3. Ad v a n t a g es This process is carried out by enzyme secreted by microorganism React specifically No side reactions Specific micro-organism used to carry out specific type of transformation. It can be carried out mild condition like neutral pH , RT & at normal pressure. Reduce multistep chemical reaction. Occurs in less labour, time, money, and release good y iel d Less env ironmen t al pollution .

4. Methods in Biotransformation Mi c r obia l c ell pl a y m ajor r ol e i n biot r an s f orm a tio n . Ma j or step is fermentation. It is carried out in following phases Phase I: Growth Phase Phase II :Transformation Phase Phase I: Growth Phase Culture is grown in medium, provided with areation, agitation, with optimum temperature for growth. Incubated for few days depend on type of micro-organism.

5. Phase II :Transformation Phase Transformation phase starts by addition of steroid at end of growth phase. With incubation period, amount of steroid depends on capacity of culture, toxicity & type of product . Enzymes secreted by micro-organism acts on steroids. And transformation occurs depend on temp, pH, agitation, aeration and incubation time.

6. General Process for biotransformation of steroids carried out in stainless steel tank Prepare media to carry out high extraction & purification of transform product Add steroids to start process of transformation require 24-48 hrs for incubation After transformation micro-organism separated from culture media & extracted with solvent. (CHCl3, ethyl acetate etc .) by solvent extraction & precipitation method Extract samples separated properly & analyzed by TLC, Paper chromatography ,GC or HPLC And then new structure is identified by IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy

7. Types of Biotransformation reactions M a n y t y p e s o f c h emi c al r eacti o n s oc c u r in biotransformations. These include various reactions like oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, condensation, isomerization, formation of new C-C bonds, synthesis of chiral compounds and reversal of hydrolytic reactions. Among these, oxidation, isomerisation and hydrolysis reactions are more commonly occur.

8. Various applications of microbial biotransformation Steroids constitute a natural product class of compounds that is widely distributed throughout nature present in bile salts, adrenal-cortical and sex-hormones, insect molting hormones, sapogenins, alkaloids and in some antibiotics. Testosterone was produced from dehydroepiandrosterone by using Corynebacterium sp. Subsequently cholesterol was produced from 4- dehydroeticholanic and 7-hydroxycholestrol using Nocardia spp. .

9. All s t e r o ids h a v e the same basic s tructu r e, a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene which consists of four fused rings Cortisone and prednisolone is very useful because of its anti- inflammatory action against rheumatoid arthritis and skin diseases. By changing the structure, specifically by incorporating a 1,2 double bond in ring A of the cortisone molecule to produce prednisone have anti-inflammatory with the help of an enzyme named as Arthrobacter simplex . 9

10. Transformation of non-steroid compounds Dihydroxyacetone from glycerol It is used in lotions and cosmetics. Various acetic acid bacteria such as Gluconobacter melanogenus used in this microbial transformation. Prostaglandins unsaturated fatty C-20 fatty acids hormones. used as t r e a tm e n t o f c on g eni t al hear t f ailu r e contraceptive, alleviation of pain of child-birth, and also for the treatment of digestive diseases. These prostaglandins can be produced from unsaturated fatty acids by microbial transformation with pathogenic fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans .

11. Transformation of antibiotics Develop modified and improved antibiotics with reduced toxicity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, enhanced oral adsorption, allergic effects Transformation of pollutants biotransformation of various pollutants carried out by using microorganisms to clean up the polluted environment. Petroleum biotransformation Petroleum is important for industry and daily life. Now a day hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Leaks and accidental release are the main source of soil and water pollution. Petroleum oil is carcinogenic and neurotoxic for all living forms.So various mechanical and chemical methods have been employed for soil and water remediation. But, bioremediation using microbes is the most efficient method to detoxify the pollutants because it leads to complete mineralization and is cost effective.