Microbiology of mastitis

mastitis and risk factors

1. Subject: Diseases of MAMMARY GLANDS of dairy animals 1 Microbiology of Mastitis Gul Muhammad 2018-mphil-1077

2. Outline 2 Mastitis Types of Mastitis Microbiology of Mastitis Staph.aureus Mycoplasma E.coli

3. Mastitis Mastitis is an inflammation of the udder. Common in dairy herds causing important economic losses. C an not be eradicated but can be reduced to low levels by good management of dairy cows. Mastitis reduces milk yields, Increases the cost of production. Makes milk less valuable. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/T0218E/T0218E04.htm 3

4. Types of Mastitis 4 On Basis Of Clinical Symptoms: 2 types Clinical Mastitis It is further divided into four categories depending upon severity: Per Acute Acute Sub Acute Chronic Sub Clinical Mastitis

5. Continue 5 On Basis of Mode of Transmission 4 types Contagious Mastitis Environmental Mastitis Summer Mastitis Non Specific Mastitis

6. Contagious Mastitis 6 Referred to as Cow-to-Cow mastitis Major organisms causing contagious mastitis are S.agalactiae , Stap.aureus , or M.bovis

7. Environmental Mastitis 7 Referred to as Environment-to-Cow mastitis . The major organisms causing environmental mastitis include E.coli , Streptococcal spps , and Pseudomonas spps

8. Summer Mastitis 8 Often called 'August bag‘. Mostly caused by S.dysgalactae and A.pyogenes . https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/animal-health-welfare/mastitis/working-arena-prevention-of-infection/summer-mastitis-the-warmer-months/#.XBKg99szbIU

9. Microbiology 9 Bacteria ( ~ 70%) Yeasts and molds ( ~ 2%) Others ( ~ 28%) Viral Physical

10. Staphylococcus. aureus 10 Gram-positive Cocci Grow in clusters in clusters resembling bunches of grapes About 90% cause of Bacterial Mastitis Distribution World wide as commensals on skin Mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract Vet-Microbiology and Microbial diseases by PJ Quinn

11. Characteristics 11 Staphylococci are generally catalase-positive. Catalase is the enzyme which has one of the highest turnover numbers compared to all other enzymes; one molecule of catalase has the ability to convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen in each second. Organisms which produce the enzyme break down the hydrogen peroxide, and the resulting O2 production produces bubbles in the reagent drop, indicating a positive test. https://www.jfmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/jlf/Pracoviska/ustav-mikrobiologie-a-imunologie/VLa/STAPHYLOCOCCI.pdf

12. Procedure of catalase test (Slide Test) 12 Transfer a small amount of bacterial colony to a surface of clean, dry glass slide using a loop or sterile wooden stick. Place a drop of 3% H2O2 on to the slide and mix. A positive result is the rapid evolution of oxygen (within 5-10 sec.) as evidenced by bubbling. A negative result is no bubbles or only a few scattered bubbles

13. Colony on Blood agar 13 S. aureus usually produce both alpha- haemolysin and beta- haemolysin . On ruminant (sheep or ox) blood agar alpha- haemolysin causes a narrow zone of complete haemolysis immediately around the colony, beta- haemolysin produces a wider zone of partial or incomplete haemolysis . Vet-Microbiology and Microbial diseases by PJ Quinn

14. 14 Selective Media Golden colony on MSA Vet-Microbiology and Microbial diseases by PJ Quinn

15. Control of Staph.aureus Mastitis 15 S. aureus mastitis is extremely difficult to control by treatment alone. Deep penetration in udder tissue. Successful control is gained only through prevention of new infections and culling of infected animals. During milking, irregular vacuum fluctuations can force bacteria up into the teat canal, leading to the potential for new infection. Good hygiene. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/404/404-229/404-229_pdf.pdf

16. Mycoplasma . bovis 16 Occur in outbreak form. Haematogenous spread occur between quarters. Mastitic udder secretion appears like sand. Characteristically, clinical mastitis occurs in more than one quarter. There is a marked drop in milk production. Vet-Microbiology and Microbial diseases by PJ Quinn page#467

17. General characteristics 17 Smallest free-living prokaryotic microorganisms. lack cell wall. Possess triple-layered outer membrane. Do not stain by the Gram method. With Giemsa stain it appears purple. Resistant to penicillin Usually habitat on mucosal surfaces of the nasal cavity, oropharynx and intestinal and genital tracts of animals and humans.

18. Colony characteristics 18 1 mm in diameter. Growth in liquid media gives rise to many different forms. Growth on solid media consists principally of plastic protoplasmic masses of indefinite shape that are easily distorted. (Fried egg’ appearance on agar)

19. Fried egg’ shaped colony on agar 19

20. Risk Factors 20 Purchase of new, untested animals Poor housing ventilation Over crowding Poor hygiene practices in the milking parlor. https://www.vdl.umn.edu/sites/vdl.umn.edu/files/mycoplasma-mastitis.pdf

21. Control 21 There is no treatment for Mycoplasma mastitis. Once infected, cows should be considered infected for life. The only means of control is identification, segregation and culling . Affected animals must be milked last. Excellent hygiene practices are required to avoid transmitting Mycoplasma in the milking parlor.

22. E.coli 22 Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria Considered as opportunists. Infection occur through utensils and bedding. 90% of coliform IMI present in lactation will result in clinical mastitis.   8-10% of coliform IMI present in lactation will result in peracute mastitis. Systemic effects of  the endotoxin (anorexia, fever, diarrhea).  http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/Mastitis/coliform.htm

23. Cultural Characteristics 23 The optimum growth temperature is 37°C.  On Nutrient agar, colonies are large, thick, greyish white. On MacConkey agar medium , colonies are bright pink due to lactose fermentation.

24. 24

25. 25

26. Controlling of coliform mastitis 26 Keep cows (and their environment) clean, dry and comfortable. Milk dry teats. Pre and post dip. Shut off vacuum before removing teat cups. Keep areas for dry cows and calving areas clean https://extension.usu.edu/dairy/files/dairy01.pdf

27. 27 Thank You for your attention