Microprocessors historical background

This slide contains the historical background of the microprocessors.

1. Microprocessors Historical Background Hasnain Yaseen (Ee171021) 1

2. What is microprocessor? A  microprocessor  is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC),or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory , and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic . Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system. 2

3. I NTRODUCTION Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959. In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors. They founded their own company Intel (Integrated Electronics). Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 3

4. Generation of Microprocessor This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of microprocessor’s history. In 1971, INTEL created the first microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock speed of 108 KHz. microprocessors in the market including Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL-8008 and National semiconductors IMP-16 were in use. But, all these were not TTL compatible processors 1st Generation: 4

5. I NTEL 4004 Introduced in 1971. It was the first microprocessor by Intel. It was a 4-bit µP. Its clock speed was 740KHz. It had 2,300 transistors. It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second. 5

6. I NTEL 4040 Introduced in 1974. It was also 4-bit µP. 6

7. 2 nd   Generation:  This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in which very efficient 8-bit microprocessors were implemented like Motorola 6800 and 6801, INTEL-8085 and Zilogs-Z80, which were among the most popular ones. Owing to their superfast speed, they were costly as they were based on NMOS technology fabrication. Its clock speed was 500 KHz. Could execute 50,000 instructions per second. 7

8. I NTEL 8008 Introduced in 1972. It was first 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 500 KHz. Could execute 50,000 instructions per second. 8

9. I NTEL 8080 Introduced in 1974. It was also 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 2 MHz. It had 6,000 transistors. Was 10 times faster than 8008. Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second. 9

10. I NTEL 8085 Introduced in 1976. It was also 8-bit µP. Its clock speed was 3 MHz. Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. It had 6,500 transistors. Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second. It could access 64 KB of memory. It had 246 instructions. 10

11. 3rd Generation: During this period 16 bit processors were created and designed using HMOS technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL 8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed. Speeds of those processors were four times better than the 2nd generation processors. 11

12. I NTEL 8086 It was first 16-bit µP. Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version. Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit. It had 29,000 transistors. Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. It could access 1 MB of memory. It had 22,000 instructions. 12

13. I NTEL 8088 Introduced in 1979. It was also 16-bit µP. It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086. It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus. 13

14. I NTEL 80186 & 80188 Introduced in 1982. They were 16-bit µPs. Clock speed was 6 MHz. 14

15. I NTEL 80286 Introduced in 1982. It was 16-bit µP. Its clock speed was 8 MHz. 15

16. 4th Generation: From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32 bit microprocessors by using HCMOS fabrication. INTEL-80386 and Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the popular processors. 16

17. I NTEL 80386 Introduced in 1986. It was first 32-bit µP. Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. It could address 4 GB of memory. 17

18. I NTEL 80486 Introduced in 1989. It was also 32-bit µP. It had 1.2 million transistors. Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions. 18

19. I NTEL P ENTIUM Introduced in 1993. It was also 32-bit µP. It was originally named 80586. Its clock speed was 66 MHz. 19

20. I NTEL P ENTIUM II Introduced in 1997. It was also 32-bit µP. 20

21. I NTEL P ENTIUM II X EON Introduced in 1998. It was also 32-bit µP. 21

22. I NTEL P ENTIUM III Introduced in 1999. It was also 32-bit µP. 22

23. I NTEL P ENTIUM IV Introduced in 2000. It was also 32-bit µP. 23

24. 5th Generation: From 1995 to until now this generation has been bringing out high-performance and high-speed processors that make use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include Pentium, Celeron, Dual and Quad core processors. 24

25. I NTEL C ORE 2 Introduced in 2006. It is a 64-bit µP. 25

26. I NTEL C ORE I 3 Introduced in 2010. It is a 64-bit µP. 26

27. I NTEL C ORE I 5 Introduced in 2009. It is a 64-bit µP. 27

28. I NTEL C ORE I 7 Introduced in 2008. It is a 64-bit µP. 28

29. INTEL core i9 Introduce in 2019. It is the latest microprocessor. 16 MB smart cache 8 core 16 Threads 5.00 GHz Max turbo frequency K-unlocked 29

30. Mobile Microprocessors A  mobile processor  is found in mobile computers and cellphones. A CPU chip is designed for portable computers, it is typically housed in a smaller chip package, but more importantly, in order to run cooler, it uses lower voltages than its desktop counterpart and has more sleep mode capability. A mobile processor can be throttled down to different power levels or sections of the chip can be turned off entirely when not in use. Further, the clock frequency may be stepped down under low processor loads. This stepping down conserves power and prolongs battery life. 30

31. Snapdragon Snapdragon  is a suite of system on a chip (SoC) semiconductor  products for mobile devices designed and marketed by Qualcomm Technologies Inc. The Snapdragon central processing unit (CPU) uses the ARM RISC instruction set. A single SoC may include multiple CPU cores, a graphics processing unit(GPU), a wireless modem, and other software and hardware to support a smartphone's global positioning system (GPS), camera, gesture recognition and video. Snapdragon semiconductors are embedded in devices of various systems, including Android and Windows Phone devices 31

32. MediaTek Inc MediaTek Inc is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company that provides chips for wireless communications, High-definition television, handheld mobile devices like smartphones and tablet computers, navigation systems, consumer multimedia products and Digital subscriber line services as well as optical disc drives 32