MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VOLUME , THERMODYNMAIC PROPERTIES.

Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties.
Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics.

1. TOPIC : MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VOLUME , THERMODYNMAIC PROPERTIES. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BHARUCH SUBJECT : ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS DIV : MECHANICAL B (3 RD SEM ) PREPARED BY : RAVAL KRUNAL - 160140119096 SAKHIWALA MAHIR -160140119098 SARDHARA KISHAN -160140119099 SHAH VRAJ -160140119101

2. THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties. Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics. A set of of mathematical models and concepts that allow us to describe the way changes in the system state (temperature , pressure, and composition) affect equilibrium. 2

3. MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSOPIC APPROACH Macroscopic Thermodynamics: when matter are considered as continuous function of space variables . It is classical approach of thermodynamics , which requires simple mathematical for mule for analyzing the system . Microscopic Thermodynamics: All the atoms and molecules of the system are considered and the summation of all the atoms and molecules are used . it is statistical approach of thermodynamics 3

4. MICROSCOPIC V/S MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC • Overall Behaviour Few properties can be needed Properties like pressure, temperature can be calculated easily Properties can be taken as the average molecules. MACROSCOPIC Structural knowledge Large number of variable is needed Properties like velocity, momentum can never be calculated easily Properties are defined for each molecules . 4

5. SYSTEM, SURROUDING & BOUNDARY A thermodynamic system is defined as quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The region outside the system is called surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called boundary. Universe =System + Surroundings 5

6. TYPES OF SYSTEMS: Closed System Open System Isolated System 6

7. :CLOSED SYSTEM: A closed system consists of fixed amount of mass and no mass may cross the system boundary but energy in form of heat and work may cross the system boundary. The closed system boundary may move. Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks and piston cylinderdevices without valves 7

8. Example of closed system: Water heated in a closed vessel – Here only heat energy can pass in and out of the vessel. 1.Pressure cooker 2.A rubber balloon filled with air and tightly closed 3.The gas confined between a piston and cylinder 8

9. :OPEN SYSTEM : An open system has mass as well as energy crossing the boundary, called a control surface. Examples of open systems are pumps, compressors, turbines, valves and heat exchangers . 9

10. EXAMPLE OF OPEN SYSTEM:- Internal combustion engines Air compressor Water pump Steam engine Boiler Tutbine Water heated in an open container – Here, heat is the energy transferred, water is the mass transferred and container is the Thermodynamic system. Both heat and water can pass in and out of the container. 10

11. :ISOLATED SYSTEM: An isolated system is one in which there is no interaction between the system and surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the system boundary . Examples of isolated system are universe and hot coffee in a well insulated flask 11

12. Example of Isolated system: A perfectly insulated , rigid and closed vessel is an example of an isolated system as neither mass nor energy can enter or leave the system Thermos flaks The universe 12

13. Control volume and control surface Control volume: – A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out of a system called as control volume. Control surface – Both mass and Energy can cross the boundary of a control volume which is called control surface 13

14. PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM Any measurable characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a property . The property is independent of the path used to arrive at the system condition . Properties are point functions. Properties are exact differentials. Properties may be intensive or extensive . 14

15. Extensive Properties Extensive properties depends on size or mass of the system. Some extensive properties are: a. Mass b. Volume c. Total Energy d. Electric Charge e. Magnetization 15

16. Intensive Properties Intensive properties are independent of size or mass of the system. Some intensive properties are: a. Pressure b. Temperature c. Density d. Velocity e. Viscosity 16

17. HOMOGENEOUS AND HETROGENEOUS SYSTEM :- Homogeneous System :- A system which consist a single phase is termed as a homogeneous system. For ex;- mixture of air and water vapour, water + nitric acid . Heterogeneous System :- A system consist two or more phases is called heterogeneous system. For ex;- water + steam, ice + water, water + oil, 17

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