Migration: factors barriers its impact

Ppt includes Basic Information regarding Migration, Factors influencing Migration like Push and Pull Factors.
Brain-Drain and Refugee Migration etc

1. Presented By:
Neeti Kushwaha
Research Scholar
University of Lucknow
Email: [email protected]
Migration:
Factors, Barriers and Impacts

2. What we are going to study:
Concept of Migration
Influencing Factors
Push and Pull Factors
Barriers
Brain-Drain Migration
Refugee Migration

3. ‘Migration’: Points to be Remember
MigrationwordoriginatedfromtheLatinWord‘Migrat’thatmeans
‘Moved/Shifted’ortheverb‘Migrare’whichmeans“movementfromone
placetoanother”.
Innormalwords,Migrationisthemovementofpeoplefromoneplaceor
spatialareatotheanotherforthepurposeoftakinguppermanentor
temporaryresidence,usuallyacrossapoliticalboundary.Anexampleof
"temporaryresidence"wouldbetheseasonalmovementsofmigrantlike
farmerlaborers.Peoplecaneitherchoosetomovevoluntarilyorbeforced
tomoveinvoluntarilybecauseofunfavorableconditionslikeflood,
drought,religiouspersecutionetc.
Here,Spatialareaorgeographicalunitisawelldefinedborderofa
Village,acity,acountryoracontinentetc.
BasedonGeographicalUnits,MigrationmaybeInternational,National,
Inter-ContinentalorIntra-Continentalinnature.ItmaybeTemporaryof
Permanent.

4. Factors influencing Migration
Push Factors or Negative factors
Pull Factors or Positive Factors

5. Push or Negative Factors
•Less Job Opportunities
•Inappropriate conditions of living,
education
•Poor Health care services
•Environmental Degradation, Pollution,
Desertification, Deforestation, drought
etc.
•Political/ Religious persecution
•Underpaid Employment Condition,
Slavery/forced labor
•High Mortality and Morbidity rates
•More probability of Natural disasters
like flood, Drought etc.
•Less political freedom
•Lack of Religious freedom
•Poor Economic condition
•Poor housing and Living Standard
•Indebtness
•Discrimination and War like condition
•Gender Inequalities and Anti-Social
Rituals
•Due to acquisition of land
•Poor economic condition of the family
etc.

6. Pull or Positive factors of Migration
•Good Job opportunities and
More demand of Labor
•Better living conditions and
good life style
•More Political and Religious
freedom
•More Entertainment
opportunities
•Better Educational services
•Better Health Care Facilities
•Attractive environment
•Social Security and Family
connections
•Urbanization and Industrial
Development
•Better Demographic Structure
•Low population density
•Good Environment
•Well developed Infrastructure
etc.

8. Some main factors that influences migration process of any area related to
host and origin place:
1. Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters like flood, drought etc.)
2. Political (e.g., war, religious or racial persecution etc.)
3. Economic (e.g., demand of labor, availability of working opportunities of the area,
industrial development etc.)
4. Cultural (e.g., Language, customs, religious freedom, education etc.)
5. Place Utility(e.g., Market availability, transportation availability, availability of Health
care services etc.)
6. Intervening Opportunities(e.g. Expenses, Travelling mean or transportation, Family
beliefs or restrictions etc.)
7. Distance (Distance from origin or current place etc.)
8. Social Factors ( Rituals, taboos, education, discrimination and inequality etc.)
9. Demographical Factors( Sex ratio, mortality rate, morbidity rate, population density, age
structure etc.)

9. Barriers of Migration
1.DistancebetweenOriginplaceandDestinationPlace
2.TravellingandotherExpenses
3.AttachmentwithyourWorkandcolleagues
4.AttachmentwithFamilyandFriends
5.VariationsinLanguage,CultureandSocialCustoms
6.MigrationCapacity
7.MigrationPoliciesorRules
8.PoorHousingCondition,LivingCondition,Environmentalissues
9.LackofDemandofLabororJobopportunities
10.TransportationProblem,LackofAccesstoHealthcareand
EducationServices
11.HighPopulationDensity,MortalityRate,etc.

10. Impacts of migration:
1.
•Positive
2.
•Negative

11. Positive and Negative impacts of Migration
When people migrate from a particular underdeveloped area/country to a developed
area/country, their place of origin undergoes with both positive and negative effects.
Positive effects include
1.Increase of share of land holdings
2.improvement in the economic condition and living condition by the construction of
good house, lack of pressure on resources etc.
3.the social status of the family improves because of education and better social contacts.
But the region which donates migrants experiences some negative impacts too, like
1.shortage of manpower/human resource
2.sometimes movement of young/work force restricts the proper growth of the area. It has
been observed mostly that people receive their basic education even technical or general
education from origin place but they rarely serve the place of their origin.

12. Collectivelytheimpactofmigrationareasfollowing:
Migrationaffectsboththepopulationpatternanditscharacteristics,socialandcultural
patternsandprocesses,economies,andphysicalenvironmentsaswell.Aspeoplemove
withtheirculturaltraitsandideasdiffuse,creatingandmodifyingculturallandscapes.
ItoccurschangesinthePopulationsizeandstructure/compositionofthemigratedarea.
Diffusion:Theprocessthroughwhichcertaincharacteristics(e.g.,culturaltraits,ideas,
disease)spreadoverspaceandthroughtime.
RelocationDiffusion:Ideas,culturaltraits,etc.thatmovewithpeoplefromoneplace
toanotheranddonotremaininthepointoforigin.
ExpansionDiffusion:Ideas,culturaltraits,etc.,thatmovewithpeoplefromoneplace
toanotherbutarenotlostatthepointoforigin,suchaslanguage.
Culturalmarkers:Structuresorartifacts(e.g.,buildings,spiritualplaces,architectural
styles,signs,etc.)thatreflecttheculturesandhistoriesofthosewhoconstructedor
occupythem.

13. IncreasedEconomicgrowth
FlexibilityinlabormarketbecauseofMoreHumanResources
ImpactonGDPandPerCapitaIncome
AvailabilityofSkilledandYoungHumanResourceatlowcost
OverPopulationandUnderPopulation
MoreorLessPressureonNaturalResourcestoFulfillhumannecessities
CulturalDiversity,Diffusionofvariouscultures
MoreavailabilityofLaborforceaswellasWorkForceduetothatpotentialfallin
realwages
IncreasedpressureonPublicHealthServices,MedicalFacilities,EducationServices
etc.
DuetoOverPopulationincreaseinrateofHousingandRenting.

14. BecauseofMigrationchangesoccursinDemographicstructureofOriginandHostplace
inthetermofSize,structureanddistributionofpopulation.
Manymigrantsareunfitformostjobs,butalsolackbasicknowledgeandlifeskills
becauseofilliteracyandlackofrequiredskills.
Poverty,UnderemploymentandUnemploymentrateincreasesduetothatitmakes
migrantsunabletoliveanormalandhealthylife.
Childrengrowingupinpovertyhavenoaccesstopropernutrition,educationorhealth.
Migrationincreasedtheslumareasincitieswhichincreasemanyproblemssuchas
unhygienicconditions,crime,pollutionetc.
Migrationisoneofthemaincausesofincreasingnuclearfamilywherechildrengrowup
withoutawiderfamilycircle.

15. Impact of Migration on Individual
Positive:
1.Feeling of personal accomplishment & Confident
2.Self-Reconstruction and reliant
3.Conscious decision making
4.Career advancement and growth
Negative:
1.Loneliness
2.Stress
3.Identity Crisis
4.Perceived threat of “Self’

16. Brain Drain Migration
Braindrainmigrationisthemigrationofskilledhumanresourcesor
intellectualsofanycountryfortrade,education,etc.Trainedhealth
professionals,engineers,architecturesetc.areneededineverypartofthe
world.BetterQualityoflife,Livingstandards,highsalaries,accessto
advancedtechnology,religiousfreedomandstablepoliticalconditionsofthe
developedcountriesattractstalentfromlessdevelopedareasordeveloping
countries.Themajorityofmigrationisfromdevelopingtodeveloped
countries.Theintellectualsorskilledhumanresourcesorprofessionalsofany
countryaresomeofthemostexpensiveresourcesofitbecauseoftheir
trainingintermsofmaterialisticcostandtimeinvestment,andmost
importantly,becauseoflostopportunity.

17. Refugee Migration
AsperUNHigherCommissionforrefugees,
‘Refugeesarepersonswhoareoutsidetheir
countryoforiginforreasonsoffeared
persecution,conflict,generalizedviolence,
orothercircumstancesthathaveseriously
disturbedpublicorderand,asaresult,
requireinternationalprotection.Therefugee
definitioncanbefoundinthe1951
Conventionandregionalrefugee
instruments,aswellasUNHCR’sStatute.’
andMigrationamongthesepeoplebecause
ofsomeunusualcircumstancestothenearest
areamostprobablyacrossborderknownas
Refugeemigration.

18. Keep Asking.. Keep Learning..
All the Best..
Thank You..!

Note: This content is gathered from various E-Sources like research articles, papers and books only for educational purpose. TheAuthor does not claims for the originality of the
Content.
References:
1. https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Migration-Studies