Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 2004 Monika Hardygora Gabriela Paszkowska Marek Sikora
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About This Presentation
Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 2004 Monika Hardygora Gabriela Paszkowska Marek Sikora
Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 2004 Monika Hardygora Gabriela Paszkowska Marek Sikora
Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 2004 Monika Hardygora Gabriela Paszkowska Marek Sikora
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Cover
Page i
MINE PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION 2004
MINE PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION 2004
Page ii
This page intentionally left blank.
This page intentionally left blank.
Page iii
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MINE PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION, WROC ŁAW,
POLAND, 1–3 SEPTEMBER, 2004
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 2004
Edited by
Monika Hardygóra & Gabriela Paszkowska
Wrocław University of Technology, Poland
Marek Sikora
Wrocław University of Technology and SITG—Association of Mining Engineers and Technicians, Wrocław, Poland
A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LEIDEN/LONDON / NEW YORK/PHILADELPHIA/SINGAPORE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MINE PLANNING AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION, WROC ŁAW,
POLAND, 1–3 SEPTEMBER, 2004
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 2004
Edited by
Monika Hardygóra & Gabriela Paszkowska
Wrocław University of Technology, Poland
Marek Sikora
Wrocław University of Technology and SITG—Association of Mining Engineers and Technicians, Wrocław, Poland
A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LEIDEN/LONDON / NEW YORK/PHILADELPHIA/SINGAPORE
Page iv
Copyright © 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc
www.balkema.nl and www.tandf.co.uk
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2006.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
ISBN 0203023412 Master ebook ISBN
ISBN 04 1535 937 6 (Print Edition)
Copyright © 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc
www.balkema.nl and www.tandf.co.uk
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2006.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
ISBN 0203023412 Master ebook ISBN
ISBN 04 1535 937 6 (Print Edition)
Page v
Table of Contents
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Foreword
XIII
Organization
XV
Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design
Study on application of Petri Nets in opencast mining
K.C.Brahma, B.K.Pal & C.Das
03
Planning mines by digital methods
T.Cichoń
07
Graph algorithms in a mining CAD system
J.Chen, J.Li & T.S.Golosinski
13
Determining underground stope mineability using dynamic block value assignment approach
B.Ding, C.W.Pelley & J.J. de Ruiter
19
Designing and planning of mining operations development at open cast on the basis of integration of optimization methods and nonformal procedures of decision
making
U.A.Dzharlkaganov, D.G.Bukeikhanov & M.Zh.Zhanasov
27
Evaluation of Sungun copper mine design
M.Heidari & F.Rashidinejad
31
Resources estimation of a coal deposit using ordinary block kriging
M.N.Heriawan, J.Rivoirard & Syafrizal
37
A 2D dynamic programming algorithm to optimize stope boundaries
S.E.Jalali & M.Ataeepour
45
Shortterm scheduling and blending in a lignite openpit mine with BWEs
W.Kawalec
53
Use of Lagrange’s polynomial theory for calculation of optimal and limit depths in open pit mine
M.Mukalay, K.D.Mboko, M.Kamulete & S.Ngoie
61
Identification of mineable blocks in dimension stone rock masses
R.Prissang, P.Hellä, T.Lehtimäki, P.Saksa, J.Nummela & A.Vuento
69
Computer modeling of an airflow in ventilation network
F.Rosiek, M.Sikora, J.Urbanski & J.Wach
75
An underground coal mine area design based on digital terrain modelling
J.Toraño, R.Rodríguez, J.M.Rivas & A.Pelegry
79
Mineral resource evaluation based on AHP
X.Li & Y.Zhang
85
Geomechanics
Post failure stability analysis and management of Wanagon Overburden dump
I.Arif, I.W.Sengara, G.S.Adisoma, W.J.Sungkawa, M.Stawski & Y.Nasution
91
Table of Contents
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Foreword
XIII
Organization
XV
Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design
Study on application of Petri Nets in opencast mining
K.C.Brahma, B.K.Pal & C.Das
03
Planning mines by digital methods
T.Cichoń
07
Graph algorithms in a mining CAD system
J.Chen, J.Li & T.S.Golosinski
13
Determining underground stope mineability using dynamic block value assignment approach
B.Ding, C.W.Pelley & J.J. de Ruiter
19
Designing and planning of mining operations development at open cast on the basis of integration of optimization methods and nonformal procedures of decision
making
U.A.Dzharlkaganov, D.G.Bukeikhanov & M.Zh.Zhanasov
27
Evaluation of Sungun copper mine design
M.Heidari & F.Rashidinejad
31
Resources estimation of a coal deposit using ordinary block kriging
M.N.Heriawan, J.Rivoirard & Syafrizal
37
A 2D dynamic programming algorithm to optimize stope boundaries
S.E.Jalali & M.Ataeepour
45
Shortterm scheduling and blending in a lignite openpit mine with BWEs
W.Kawalec
53
Use of Lagrange’s polynomial theory for calculation of optimal and limit depths in open pit mine
M.Mukalay, K.D.Mboko, M.Kamulete & S.Ngoie
61
Identification of mineable blocks in dimension stone rock masses
R.Prissang, P.Hellä, T.Lehtimäki, P.Saksa, J.Nummela & A.Vuento
69
Computer modeling of an airflow in ventilation network
F.Rosiek, M.Sikora, J.Urbanski & J.Wach
75
An underground coal mine area design based on digital terrain modelling
J.Toraño, R.Rodríguez, J.M.Rivas & A.Pelegry
79
Mineral resource evaluation based on AHP
X.Li & Y.Zhang
85
Geomechanics
Post failure stability analysis and management of Wanagon Overburden dump
I.Arif, I.W.Sengara, G.S.Adisoma, W.J.Sungkawa, M.Stawski & Y.Nasution
91
Page vi
Study on floor heave mechanical principle of underground roadways with the action of abutment pressure
X.H.Li, Q.D.Qu, Z.J.Wan & F.Q.He
97
The effect of simulation method and distribution shape on the selection of iteration frequency in rock engineering risk analysis
P.A.Lilly & K.Oageng
101
Rock pressure regularity of the gobside entry retaining in fully mechanized coalface with topcoal caving with roadin packing
L.Ma & D.Zhang
105
Vital role of instrumentation & rock mechanics for manganese underground mines of Manganese Ore (India) Limited (MOIL) for introduction of Rapid Mining
Technology (RMT)
G.G.Manekar & P.M.Reddy
111
Characterization of pillar burst in deep underground mines
H.S.Mitri & X.Y.Yun
117
Dependence of pillar strength on excavation depth in Estonian oil shale mines
O.Nikitin
123
The strength asymmetry effect in laminar rocklike materials on crack propagation
J.Podgórski, J.Jonak & P.Jaremek
129
Study of rockstrata pressure on the base of ant colony optimization algorithm
X.H.Zhao, X.F.Wang & D.J.Tan
133
Research of a geological hole state in rock massif with mining work
M.A.Zhuravkov, S.I.Bogdan & O.V.Stagurova
137
Applied theory of cracks behavior in rock massifs
M.A.Zhuravkov, S.V.Pavlov & A.I.Amjed
143
Mining and processing methods
Production preparation, control and storing process in an open pit Silver Mine in Turkey
H.Akçakoca, H.Akdaş & Ö.Uysal
151
Changing from gallery blasting to bench blasting method in a quarry
H.Akçakoca, B.Elevli, O.Uysal & I.G.Ediz
157
Means for optimizing of coal dressing at Coroesti Coal Processing Plant in Valea Jiului
S.Arad, S.Cierpisz & N.Craciun
161
Probabilistic model of the blasting process from the Turcoaia—Iglicioara open pit
V.Arad, S.Arad, C.Danciu & V.Partnoi
167
Improvement of coal quality fed to power plant by using selective excavation method at Seyitömer Coal Mines
H.Aykul & E.Yalçin
171
Development of a direct rippability assessment method
H.Basarir, C.Karpuz & T.Bozdag
181
Mechanical excavation of hard rocks
R.Ciccu, B.Grosso, C.Loddo, J.Vašek & A.Bortolussi
189
Use of hydraulic backhoe excavator in Vietnam open pit coal mines
X.N.Bui & C.Drebenstedt
197
Method of regulation of regime of mining operations at open cast
D.G.Bukeikhanov, R.K.Shakirtova & O.S.Isachenko
203
Study on floor heave mechanical principle of underground roadways with the action of abutment pressure
X.H.Li, Q.D.Qu, Z.J.Wan & F.Q.He
97
The effect of simulation method and distribution shape on the selection of iteration frequency in rock engineering risk analysis
P.A.Lilly & K.Oageng
101
Rock pressure regularity of the gobside entry retaining in fully mechanized coalface with topcoal caving with roadin packing
L.Ma & D.Zhang
105
Vital role of instrumentation & rock mechanics for manganese underground mines of Manganese Ore (India) Limited (MOIL) for introduction of Rapid Mining
Technology (RMT)
G.G.Manekar & P.M.Reddy
111
Characterization of pillar burst in deep underground mines
H.S.Mitri & X.Y.Yun
117
Dependence of pillar strength on excavation depth in Estonian oil shale mines
O.Nikitin
123
The strength asymmetry effect in laminar rocklike materials on crack propagation
J.Podgórski, J.Jonak & P.Jaremek
129
Study of rockstrata pressure on the base of ant colony optimization algorithm
X.H.Zhao, X.F.Wang & D.J.Tan
133
Research of a geological hole state in rock massif with mining work
M.A.Zhuravkov, S.I.Bogdan & O.V.Stagurova
137
Applied theory of cracks behavior in rock massifs
M.A.Zhuravkov, S.V.Pavlov & A.I.Amjed
143
Mining and processing methods
Production preparation, control and storing process in an open pit Silver Mine in Turkey
H.Akçakoca, H.Akdaş & Ö.Uysal
151
Changing from gallery blasting to bench blasting method in a quarry
H.Akçakoca, B.Elevli, O.Uysal & I.G.Ediz
157
Means for optimizing of coal dressing at Coroesti Coal Processing Plant in Valea Jiului
S.Arad, S.Cierpisz & N.Craciun
161
Probabilistic model of the blasting process from the Turcoaia—Iglicioara open pit
V.Arad, S.Arad, C.Danciu & V.Partnoi
167
Improvement of coal quality fed to power plant by using selective excavation method at Seyitömer Coal Mines
H.Aykul & E.Yalçin
171
Development of a direct rippability assessment method
H.Basarir, C.Karpuz & T.Bozdag
181
Mechanical excavation of hard rocks
R.Ciccu, B.Grosso, C.Loddo, J.Vašek & A.Bortolussi
189
Use of hydraulic backhoe excavator in Vietnam open pit coal mines
X.N.Bui & C.Drebenstedt
197
Method of regulation of regime of mining operations at open cast
D.G.Bukeikhanov, R.K.Shakirtova & O.S.Isachenko
203
Page vii
Roomandpillar mining systems in Polish copper mines
J.Butra & W.Pytel
211
An experimental research on diamond cutting tools operation on rocks
M.Cardu, E.Lovera, E.Michelotti & G.Montaldo
217
Development of alternate roomandpillar mining geometries for improved extraction and ground control in coal and copper mines
Y.P.Chugh & W.Pytel
223
Environmental balance in mining—basics and results
C.Drebenstedt
229
Considerations upon extraction technology influence on quality production
D.Fodor, L.Maria & V.Ion
235
Water as a mining tool
W.T.Hennies, A.Stellin Jr., F.Fujimura & L.Soares
241
Dimension stone cut with synthetic abrasive water jet
W.T.Hennies, C.T.Lauand, G.R.M.Cortés & L.Curimbaba
247
Rock cutting process simulation by dynamic finite element analysis
A.W.Khair & B.Yu
253
Prediction of fragmentation for ring blasting in largescale sublevel caving
A.Lith, M.Kuchta & C.Quinteiro
257
Actual aspects of lignite mining in Mongolia
D.Purevsuren & C.Drebenstedt
267
Extraction of tabular seam of a moderate thickness within areas protecting the existing development entries in the LGOM copper mines
W.Pytel, R.Dębkowski & A.Kosiorowski
273
Study on paste stowing mining technology in coal mines
Q.Qu, H.Zhou, C.Hou & X.Li
279
Determination of rules and formulas of blasting engineering by Rough Set theory
Q.Lu, G.Huang & Z.Zhang
285
New classification of mineral opencast mining systems
B.R.Rakishev
291
Long hole drilling in narrow vein mining
S.M.Rupprecht
297
Improvement of quartz sand quality using attrition cleaning
B.Salopek, I.Sobota, R.Halle & G.Bedeković
303
Analysis of ground vibration and fragmentation by blasting: case study at limestone and shalestone quarries of PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, West Java,
Indonesia
G.M.Simangunsong, K.Matsui, H.Shimada, B.Sulistianto, I.Arif & S.Kramadibrata
309
Assessment and prediction of rock mass damage by blast vibrations
S.P.Singh & R.Narendrula
317
Dimension stone milling by abrasive water jet
A.Stellin Jr., W.T.Hennies & V.H.Lauand
323
Environmentally sensitive drilling and blasting design for a surface mining
O.Uysal, B.Elevli & H.Akcakoca
329
A semicaving method applied at level 600 Ciurug vein, Pongkor underground gold mine, PT Aneka Tambang Tbk
R.K.Wattimena, B.Sulistianto, Risono & K.Matsui
333
Roomandpillar mining systems in Polish copper mines
J.Butra & W.Pytel
211
An experimental research on diamond cutting tools operation on rocks
M.Cardu, E.Lovera, E.Michelotti & G.Montaldo
217
Development of alternate roomandpillar mining geometries for improved extraction and ground control in coal and copper mines
Y.P.Chugh & W.Pytel
223
Environmental balance in mining—basics and results
C.Drebenstedt
229
Considerations upon extraction technology influence on quality production
D.Fodor, L.Maria & V.Ion
235
Water as a mining tool
W.T.Hennies, A.Stellin Jr., F.Fujimura & L.Soares
241
Dimension stone cut with synthetic abrasive water jet
W.T.Hennies, C.T.Lauand, G.R.M.Cortés & L.Curimbaba
247
Rock cutting process simulation by dynamic finite element analysis
A.W.Khair & B.Yu
253
Prediction of fragmentation for ring blasting in largescale sublevel caving
A.Lith, M.Kuchta & C.Quinteiro
257
Actual aspects of lignite mining in Mongolia
D.Purevsuren & C.Drebenstedt
267
Extraction of tabular seam of a moderate thickness within areas protecting the existing development entries in the LGOM copper mines
W.Pytel, R.Dębkowski & A.Kosiorowski
273
Study on paste stowing mining technology in coal mines
Q.Qu, H.Zhou, C.Hou & X.Li
279
Determination of rules and formulas of blasting engineering by Rough Set theory
Q.Lu, G.Huang & Z.Zhang
285
New classification of mineral opencast mining systems
B.R.Rakishev
291
Long hole drilling in narrow vein mining
S.M.Rupprecht
297
Improvement of quartz sand quality using attrition cleaning
B.Salopek, I.Sobota, R.Halle & G.Bedeković
303
Analysis of ground vibration and fragmentation by blasting: case study at limestone and shalestone quarries of PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, West Java,
Indonesia
G.M.Simangunsong, K.Matsui, H.Shimada, B.Sulistianto, I.Arif & S.Kramadibrata
309
Assessment and prediction of rock mass damage by blast vibrations
S.P.Singh & R.Narendrula
317
Dimension stone milling by abrasive water jet
A.Stellin Jr., W.T.Hennies & V.H.Lauand
323
Environmentally sensitive drilling and blasting design for a surface mining
O.Uysal, B.Elevli & H.Akcakoca
329
A semicaving method applied at level 600 Ciurug vein, Pongkor underground gold mine, PT Aneka Tambang Tbk
R.K.Wattimena, B.Sulistianto, Risono & K.Matsui
333
Page viii
Application of presplitting at Chuquicamata mine, Chile
A.Zablocki
337
Driving predriven roadway for coalface passing rapidly through fault and disposing of associated waste in underground
J.Zhang, D.Zhang & L.Zhang
341
Remaining material exploration in underground mines using reverse air techniques
P.Zuñiga R. & R.Miranda V.
347
Design, monitoring and maintenance of mine equipment
Automation of inferring process in gearbox diagnostic
W.Bartelmus, R.Zimroz & H.Batra
353
The load of the longwall tumble heading machine’s head
W.Biały
359
Construction of bucket wheel excavators determined by specific mining conditions
J.Bojczuk
365
Microprocessor based solid state control system for improving efficiency of the conventional coal mine hauler
R.N.Gupta & S.Tadisetty
371
Machine maintenance from the viewpoint of present procedural understanding maintenance
F.Helebrant & J.Fries
377
Application test of rock fall detection system using steel wire cable sensor and mobile multimedia network for a cropped slope
F.Ito, D.F.Akhmetov, M.Komazaki & M.Ujihira
383
Experimental tests on the influence of mining conditions on powered roof supports advancement
M.Jaszczuk & J.Krodkiewski
391
Theoretical analysis of the external load determination of support units
M.Jaszczuk, K.Stoiński, J.Markowicz & S.Szweda
397
Specific power consumption as factor disintegration process control of diggingwheel excavators
J.Jurman & M.Balìček
403
Analysis and synthesis of spatial structures of the crossing longwall and gallery supports
A.Kalukiewicz & M.Szyguła
407
Support for mine rescue purposes made from light alloys
A.Kalukiewicz, D.Kwieciński & J.Senderski
415
The new longwall mechanized complex with daily output of 20,000 tons in “Bogdanka” mine in Lublin coal basin in Poland
J.Kasprzak & B.Kozek
425
Newdesign cutting tools and tool holders to be used in hard rocks mining
K.Kotwica & P.Gospodarczyk
431
Selection of combined cutterloader parameters for unidirectional and bidirectional longwall mining systems
K.Krauze
439
Dynamic startup calculations for belt conveyors with measured torque curves of fluid couplings
P.Kulinowski
443
Mine equipment selection by using failure mode and effects and criticality analysis
R.Kumar & A.K.Ghosh
449
Application of presplitting at Chuquicamata mine, Chile
A.Zablocki
337
Driving predriven roadway for coalface passing rapidly through fault and disposing of associated waste in underground
J.Zhang, D.Zhang & L.Zhang
341
Remaining material exploration in underground mines using reverse air techniques
P.Zuñiga R. & R.Miranda V.
347
Design, monitoring and maintenance of mine equipment
Automation of inferring process in gearbox diagnostic
W.Bartelmus, R.Zimroz & H.Batra
353
The load of the longwall tumble heading machine’s head
W.Biały
359
Construction of bucket wheel excavators determined by specific mining conditions
J.Bojczuk
365
Microprocessor based solid state control system for improving efficiency of the conventional coal mine hauler
R.N.Gupta & S.Tadisetty
371
Machine maintenance from the viewpoint of present procedural understanding maintenance
F.Helebrant & J.Fries
377
Application test of rock fall detection system using steel wire cable sensor and mobile multimedia network for a cropped slope
F.Ito, D.F.Akhmetov, M.Komazaki & M.Ujihira
383
Experimental tests on the influence of mining conditions on powered roof supports advancement
M.Jaszczuk & J.Krodkiewski
391
Theoretical analysis of the external load determination of support units
M.Jaszczuk, K.Stoiński, J.Markowicz & S.Szweda
397
Specific power consumption as factor disintegration process control of diggingwheel excavators
J.Jurman & M.Balìček
403
Analysis and synthesis of spatial structures of the crossing longwall and gallery supports
A.Kalukiewicz & M.Szyguła
407
Support for mine rescue purposes made from light alloys
A.Kalukiewicz, D.Kwieciński & J.Senderski
415
The new longwall mechanized complex with daily output of 20,000 tons in “Bogdanka” mine in Lublin coal basin in Poland
J.Kasprzak & B.Kozek
425
Newdesign cutting tools and tool holders to be used in hard rocks mining
K.Kotwica & P.Gospodarczyk
431
Selection of combined cutterloader parameters for unidirectional and bidirectional longwall mining systems
K.Krauze
439
Dynamic startup calculations for belt conveyors with measured torque curves of fluid couplings
P.Kulinowski
443
Mine equipment selection by using failure mode and effects and criticality analysis
R.Kumar & A.K.Ghosh
449
Page ix
New technologies available to maximizing equipment reliability
M.D.Kuruppu
455
Testing of conveyor belts made by the FTT Stomil Wolbrom S.A. Company and used in modern conveyors designed for underground mining applications
A.Lutyński, M.Lutyński & J.Dyduch
461
A new technology for ground monitoring in underground mines using instrumented rockbolts
H.S.Mitri & L.Laroche
469
eMaintenance for equipments effectiveness in mining and mineral based industry
A.Parida & U.Kumar
475
Material aspects in the degradation theory of the surface mining machinery
G.Pękalski
479
New methods of design and dynamic control of shaft steelworks performance and conveyance guiding in mine shafts
M.Płachno
489
Transport of heavy loads in Czech deep mines
J.Polák
495
Design objectives for a new (allpurpose) rock drill
J.Reś & K.Władzielczyk
499
Electrical equipment upgrading of contactless electric locomotive power supply system
A.Ya.Rybalko, V.I.Panchenko & M.V.Rogoza
505
Shearer drum design using Visual Basic environment
S.Somanchi, V.Kecojevic & T.Kozminski
509
Monitoring and analysis of hydraulic chock shields behavior on real time
S.Tadisetty, R.N.Gupta, K.Matsui & H.Shimada
513
Simulation, optimalization and control of technological processes
Precut operation in the Nochten opencast mine—efficient overburden removal and winning on the basis of innovative equipment and use of suitable geological
and technological models
W.Bahrt & T.Bauch
521
A new developed software for equipment selection in mining engineering
A.Başçetin, O.Öztaş & A.İ.Kanli
527
Optimization of freight traffic and schemes of the openingup in CAD system of open cast
D.G.Bukeikhanov, V.F.S’edin, B.Zh.Bekmurzayev, A.A.Jarilkasinov & M.Zh.Zhanasov
537
Analysis of possible alternatives for the exploitation and hauling system in a marl mine (Tavernola BG, Italy)
M.Cardu, I.Sacerdote, A.Magro & M.Crosa
543
To what extent the number of conveyors affects the operating efficiency of haulage systems in coal mines
M.Grujic & I.Ristov
553
Virtual reality lab and control of mine technological process
O.Kodym
557
Cauê mine primary crushing material handling optimization
L.G.M.Lança & C.C.Cabral
563
Application of data mining tools for scientific and economic data analysis
M.Macháčová
567
New technologies available to maximizing equipment reliability
M.D.Kuruppu
455
Testing of conveyor belts made by the FTT Stomil Wolbrom S.A. Company and used in modern conveyors designed for underground mining applications
A.Lutyński, M.Lutyński & J.Dyduch
461
A new technology for ground monitoring in underground mines using instrumented rockbolts
H.S.Mitri & L.Laroche
469
eMaintenance for equipments effectiveness in mining and mineral based industry
A.Parida & U.Kumar
475
Material aspects in the degradation theory of the surface mining machinery
G.Pękalski
479
New methods of design and dynamic control of shaft steelworks performance and conveyance guiding in mine shafts
M.Płachno
489
Transport of heavy loads in Czech deep mines
J.Polák
495
Design objectives for a new (allpurpose) rock drill
J.Reś & K.Władzielczyk
499
Electrical equipment upgrading of contactless electric locomotive power supply system
A.Ya.Rybalko, V.I.Panchenko & M.V.Rogoza
505
Shearer drum design using Visual Basic environment
S.Somanchi, V.Kecojevic & T.Kozminski
509
Monitoring and analysis of hydraulic chock shields behavior on real time
S.Tadisetty, R.N.Gupta, K.Matsui & H.Shimada
513
Simulation, optimalization and control of technological processes
Precut operation in the Nochten opencast mine—efficient overburden removal and winning on the basis of innovative equipment and use of suitable geological
and technological models
W.Bahrt & T.Bauch
521
A new developed software for equipment selection in mining engineering
A.Başçetin, O.Öztaş & A.İ.Kanli
527
Optimization of freight traffic and schemes of the openingup in CAD system of open cast
D.G.Bukeikhanov, V.F.S’edin, B.Zh.Bekmurzayev, A.A.Jarilkasinov & M.Zh.Zhanasov
537
Analysis of possible alternatives for the exploitation and hauling system in a marl mine (Tavernola BG, Italy)
M.Cardu, I.Sacerdote, A.Magro & M.Crosa
543
To what extent the number of conveyors affects the operating efficiency of haulage systems in coal mines
M.Grujic & I.Ristov
553
Virtual reality lab and control of mine technological process
O.Kodym
557
Cauê mine primary crushing material handling optimization
L.G.M.Lança & C.C.Cabral
563
Application of data mining tools for scientific and economic data analysis
M.Macháčová
567
Page x
Discreteevent simulation of a tunneling haulage system
T.N.Michalakopoulos, A.D.Kouvardas & G.N.Panagiotou
573
Computeraided simulation of loading and transport in medium and small scale surface mines
C.NiemannDelius & B.Fedurek
579
Fuzzy model for truck allocation in surface mines
K.Oraee & B.Asi
585
Prediction of loading system (shovel) productivity based up on large fragmented rock caused by blasting operation in GoleGohar iron mine of Iran
M.Osanloo & A.Hekmat
593
Optimization of extracting work technology at the quarries of nonferrous metallurgy of Kazakstan
B.R.Rakishev, A.B.Begalinov & E.B.Muhamedzhanov
599
Computer simulation technology and demonstration
S.Schafrik, M.Karmis, Z.Agioutantis & T.Henderson
605
Simulation analysis model of mining methods
J.Szymanski, R.Suglo, S.Planeta & J.Paraszczak
613
The control of mining operations at OJSC “SSGPO” with due account of distinctions of simulating the preparation processes
M.M.Turdakhunov, O.S.Isatchenko, V.D.Scherba, S.I.Petrovitch, M.A.Faizulin & N.G.Stukalova
619
The attempts at the integration of information from different levels of coal mines
J.T.Wojciechowski
625
Rope shovel productivity improvements—site trials experimental design
E.WidzykCapehart & A.McDonald
629
Application of genetic algorithm to optimize the number and size of equipment of surface mine
X.Z.W.Li & Y.Zhang
637
Management, mine economics and financial analysis
A computerized evaluation of mining project
J.Čech & V.Bauer
643
The breakeven point in the case of a curvilinear function of exploitation costs
K.Czopek
647
Activity Based Costing (ABC) in the conditions of a mining enterprise
K.Czopek & B.Tyrała
653
Valuation of longterm postmining activities
C.Drebenstedt & D.Slaby
659
Sensitivity analysis of production plans of mines to changes in demand using the Monte Carlo method
D.Fuksa
667
Tandem lignite opencast mine & power plant as a bilateral monopoly
L.Jurdziak
673
Possibilities and barriers in the utilisation of rock mining for economic development of municipalities and area planning
U.Kaźmierczak & J.Malewski
681
Grouping of mines using simulation
V.L.Konyukh & V.V.Sinoviev
687
Sterilization of mineral resources by area planning and urban sprawl
K.Nielsen
691
Discreteevent simulation of a tunneling haulage system
T.N.Michalakopoulos, A.D.Kouvardas & G.N.Panagiotou
573
Computeraided simulation of loading and transport in medium and small scale surface mines
C.NiemannDelius & B.Fedurek
579
Fuzzy model for truck allocation in surface mines
K.Oraee & B.Asi
585
Prediction of loading system (shovel) productivity based up on large fragmented rock caused by blasting operation in GoleGohar iron mine of Iran
M.Osanloo & A.Hekmat
593
Optimization of extracting work technology at the quarries of nonferrous metallurgy of Kazakstan
B.R.Rakishev, A.B.Begalinov & E.B.Muhamedzhanov
599
Computer simulation technology and demonstration
S.Schafrik, M.Karmis, Z.Agioutantis & T.Henderson
605
Simulation analysis model of mining methods
J.Szymanski, R.Suglo, S.Planeta & J.Paraszczak
613
The control of mining operations at OJSC “SSGPO” with due account of distinctions of simulating the preparation processes
M.M.Turdakhunov, O.S.Isatchenko, V.D.Scherba, S.I.Petrovitch, M.A.Faizulin & N.G.Stukalova
619
The attempts at the integration of information from different levels of coal mines
J.T.Wojciechowski
625
Rope shovel productivity improvements—site trials experimental design
E.WidzykCapehart & A.McDonald
629
Application of genetic algorithm to optimize the number and size of equipment of surface mine
X.Z.W.Li & Y.Zhang
637
Management, mine economics and financial analysis
A computerized evaluation of mining project
J.Čech & V.Bauer
643
The breakeven point in the case of a curvilinear function of exploitation costs
K.Czopek
647
Activity Based Costing (ABC) in the conditions of a mining enterprise
K.Czopek & B.Tyrała
653
Valuation of longterm postmining activities
C.Drebenstedt & D.Slaby
659
Sensitivity analysis of production plans of mines to changes in demand using the Monte Carlo method
D.Fuksa
667
Tandem lignite opencast mine & power plant as a bilateral monopoly
L.Jurdziak
673
Possibilities and barriers in the utilisation of rock mining for economic development of municipalities and area planning
U.Kaźmierczak & J.Malewski
681
Grouping of mines using simulation
V.L.Konyukh & V.V.Sinoviev
687
Sterilization of mineral resources by area planning and urban sprawl
K.Nielsen
691
Page xi
OPCE—software developed for cost estimation of mined material in open pit mines based on O’Hara’s detailed and escalation methods
M.Osanloo & H.Hamidian
697
Minecommunity relationships—the experience of Stawell Gold Mines (SGM), Stawell, Victoria, Australia
J.M.Osborne
703
Economic evaluation model for selective narrow vein cutandfill mining
S.Planeta, J.Szymanski & J.Paraszczak
709
The investment risk in the mineral and energetics sources
D.Rajkovic & M.Golub
715
A decision making model for lignite deposits exploitability
C.Roumpos, N.Akylas & N.Terezopoulos
721
Strategy and swot analysis of humancentered mine garden
Zh.H.Yang, H.Li, X.Zh.Wang, D.Zh.Ma & J.X.He
727
Health, safety and environmental protection
Sustainable development and environmental protection through coal bed methane drainage in India
A.K.Agarwal
735
Method of managing the environment
M.A.Aisautov & A.M.Aisautov
739
Environmental monitoring in the process of coal mines liquidation
Z.Bzowski & K.Bojarska
743
The management of former mining areas in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
J.M.Cabala, S.R.Cmiel & A.F.Idziak
749
Minewaste impact on soils in the Olkusz ZnPb ore district (Poland)
J.Cabała, E.Teper & L.Teper
755
Safety and legislative issues on environment and mine closure in India
S.K.Das
761
Whole body vibration in road tunnel excavation
V.Dentoni, G.Massacci, A.Contini, P.Mura, V.Presicci & A.Perra
767
A case study from the Victorian Goldfields: Australian sustainable endland uses on tailings
A.Doronila & J.M.Osborne
773
Environmental impact of mining in China and control measures
L.M.Dou, Y.H.Qin & Z.L.Mu
779
Development of the operative environmental monitoring system if the mine transport complex in the open cast mines
S.Zh.Galiev, E.E.Sarsenbaev & M.Zh Daribekov
783
Safety in American and Polish coal mines: a comparison
T.S.Golosinski & P.M.Szmigiel
787
Dynamic models for gas flow modeling—quantifying the capacity of an underground gas storage
J.Gottfried, H.Shimada & K.Matsui
791
Accidents in Brazilian mining waste dams
W.T.Hennies, M.H.Guilart, S.M.Eston, L.A.A. da Silva & G.R.M.Cortés
795
OPCE—software developed for cost estimation of mined material in open pit mines based on O’Hara’s detailed and escalation methods
M.Osanloo & H.Hamidian
697
Minecommunity relationships—the experience of Stawell Gold Mines (SGM), Stawell, Victoria, Australia
J.M.Osborne
703
Economic evaluation model for selective narrow vein cutandfill mining
S.Planeta, J.Szymanski & J.Paraszczak
709
The investment risk in the mineral and energetics sources
D.Rajkovic & M.Golub
715
A decision making model for lignite deposits exploitability
C.Roumpos, N.Akylas & N.Terezopoulos
721
Strategy and swot analysis of humancentered mine garden
Zh.H.Yang, H.Li, X.Zh.Wang, D.Zh.Ma & J.X.He
727
Health, safety and environmental protection
Sustainable development and environmental protection through coal bed methane drainage in India
A.K.Agarwal
735
Method of managing the environment
M.A.Aisautov & A.M.Aisautov
739
Environmental monitoring in the process of coal mines liquidation
Z.Bzowski & K.Bojarska
743
The management of former mining areas in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
J.M.Cabala, S.R.Cmiel & A.F.Idziak
749
Minewaste impact on soils in the Olkusz ZnPb ore district (Poland)
J.Cabała, E.Teper & L.Teper
755
Safety and legislative issues on environment and mine closure in India
S.K.Das
761
Whole body vibration in road tunnel excavation
V.Dentoni, G.Massacci, A.Contini, P.Mura, V.Presicci & A.Perra
767
A case study from the Victorian Goldfields: Australian sustainable endland uses on tailings
A.Doronila & J.M.Osborne
773
Environmental impact of mining in China and control measures
L.M.Dou, Y.H.Qin & Z.L.Mu
779
Development of the operative environmental monitoring system if the mine transport complex in the open cast mines
S.Zh.Galiev, E.E.Sarsenbaev & M.Zh Daribekov
783
Safety in American and Polish coal mines: a comparison
T.S.Golosinski & P.M.Szmigiel
787
Dynamic models for gas flow modeling—quantifying the capacity of an underground gas storage
J.Gottfried, H.Shimada & K.Matsui
791
Accidents in Brazilian mining waste dams
W.T.Hennies, M.H.Guilart, S.M.Eston, L.A.A. da Silva & G.R.M.Cortés
795
Page xii
The process of underground gas storing
I.Juettner & B.Kavedžija
801
Anticollision System
V.A.Kononov
805
Handheld instrument for remote and distributed gas monitoring
V.A.Kononov & M.J. de Beer
809
Prediction of dangerous states of degassing boreholes
D.Létavková
813
Coexistence of natural and technical hazards in the underground mines
B.MadejaStrumińska & A.Strumiński
819
Decision support system for management of municipal waste and mining voids
J.Malewski & J.GórniakZimroz
825
The safety status in Polish mining industry
J.Migda
833
Complex using of mineral raw materials as a way of resource base development in Kazakhstan
V.S.Muzgina, A.A.Zharmenov & A.Zh.Terlikbaeyva
839
Modelling and visualisation for the management of regeneration of a landscape affected by underground mining
Z.Neustupa
843
Environmental management plan for Sungun copper mine
F.Rashidinejad
849
Tailings disposal options study at Sungun copper mine
F.Rashidinejad & F.Raouf Sheibani
857
The importance of vegetation to the planning of mining landscape regeneration
B.Stalmachová
863
Experience with solution of Grant Task Methane
V.Strakoš & J.Gottfried
871
Environment protection in mining area resulted from green mining
S.H.Tu, L.Zhang & Y.X.Chen
879
Computer visualization of risk factors which occur during mining machines assembling in the underground workings
T.Winkler, D.Michalak & S.Bojara
883
Author index
887
The process of underground gas storing
I.Juettner & B.Kavedžija
801
Anticollision System
V.A.Kononov
805
Handheld instrument for remote and distributed gas monitoring
V.A.Kononov & M.J. de Beer
809
Prediction of dangerous states of degassing boreholes
D.Létavková
813
Coexistence of natural and technical hazards in the underground mines
B.MadejaStrumińska & A.Strumiński
819
Decision support system for management of municipal waste and mining voids
J.Malewski & J.GórniakZimroz
825
The safety status in Polish mining industry
J.Migda
833
Complex using of mineral raw materials as a way of resource base development in Kazakhstan
V.S.Muzgina, A.A.Zharmenov & A.Zh.Terlikbaeyva
839
Modelling and visualisation for the management of regeneration of a landscape affected by underground mining
Z.Neustupa
843
Environmental management plan for Sungun copper mine
F.Rashidinejad
849
Tailings disposal options study at Sungun copper mine
F.Rashidinejad & F.Raouf Sheibani
857
The importance of vegetation to the planning of mining landscape regeneration
B.Stalmachová
863
Experience with solution of Grant Task Methane
V.Strakoš & J.Gottfried
871
Environment protection in mining area resulted from green mining
S.H.Tu, L.Zhang & Y.X.Chen
879
Computer visualization of risk factors which occur during mining machines assembling in the underground workings
T.Winkler, D.Michalak & S.Bojara
883
Author index
887
Page xiii
Foreword
MPES2004 (Thirteenth International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection) is the thirteenth edition of annual symposium previously held in Calgary
(1998, 1995, 1998), Istanbul (1994), Sao Paulo (1996), Ostrawa (1997), Dnipropetrovsk (1999), Athens (2000), New Delhi (2001), Bouzov (2002), Calgoorie
(2003). This symposium is an annual event recognized by the mining society as a leader in promoting international technology transfer in the fields of mine planning,
mining systems design, equipment selection and operation techniques.
Organizers of the 13th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection are: Institute of Mining Engineering, Wroctew University of Technology,
Poland; National Technical University of Athens, Greece (NTUA); Department of Mines et Metallurgie, Universite Laval, Canada; Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e
Tecnologie Ambientali, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain; Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey; National Mining
University of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk; WH Bryan Mining Geology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia; International Journal of Surface Mining,
Reclamation and Environment; American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation; School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada;
CENTEK—International Training and Development Centre, Lulea University, Sweden; Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB—Technical University, Ostrava, Czech
Republic; Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Mining Mechanisation, Poland; Hokkaido University, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Japan.
The symposium’s call for papers has been answered by over two hundred and twenty abstracts, of which one hundred and forty seven papers from 33 countries
were accepted for publication and presentation. The major topics announced for the 13th MPES symposium are listed below:
• Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design,
• Geomechanics,
• Mining and processing methods,
• Design, monitoring and maintenance of mine equipment,
• Simulation, optimalization and control of technological processes,
• Management, mine economics and financial analysis
• Health, safety and environmental protection.
The papers of this volume are listed in an alphabetical order, by first author’s last name, for each of eight major topics of the symposium, in order to facilitate the
locating of specific papers during presentations.
The organization and success of such a large world mining event is due mainly to the timeless efforts of many individuals, authors included. Dr Raj K.Singhal,
chairman of the International Organizing Committee, and all committee members have contributed greatly.
Particular recognition is accorded to all members of the National Organizing Committee, sponsors, and to our publisher A.A.Balkema.
My greatest appreciation goes to Gabriela Paszkowska for her dedication and timeless work in organizing the symposium and editing this volume of proceedings.
Monika Hardygóra
MPES2004 Symposium Chair
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 041535 937 6
Foreword
MPES2004 (Thirteenth International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection) is the thirteenth edition of annual symposium previously held in Calgary
(1998, 1995, 1998), Istanbul (1994), Sao Paulo (1996), Ostrawa (1997), Dnipropetrovsk (1999), Athens (2000), New Delhi (2001), Bouzov (2002), Calgoorie
(2003). This symposium is an annual event recognized by the mining society as a leader in promoting international technology transfer in the fields of mine planning,
mining systems design, equipment selection and operation techniques.
Organizers of the 13th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection are: Institute of Mining Engineering, Wroctew University of Technology,
Poland; National Technical University of Athens, Greece (NTUA); Department of Mines et Metallurgie, Universite Laval, Canada; Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e
Tecnologie Ambientali, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain; Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey; National Mining
University of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk; WH Bryan Mining Geology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia; International Journal of Surface Mining,
Reclamation and Environment; American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation; School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada;
CENTEK—International Training and Development Centre, Lulea University, Sweden; Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB—Technical University, Ostrava, Czech
Republic; Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Mining Mechanisation, Poland; Hokkaido University, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Japan.
The symposium’s call for papers has been answered by over two hundred and twenty abstracts, of which one hundred and forty seven papers from 33 countries
were accepted for publication and presentation. The major topics announced for the 13th MPES symposium are listed below:
• Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design,
• Geomechanics,
• Mining and processing methods,
• Design, monitoring and maintenance of mine equipment,
• Simulation, optimalization and control of technological processes,
• Management, mine economics and financial analysis
• Health, safety and environmental protection.
The papers of this volume are listed in an alphabetical order, by first author’s last name, for each of eight major topics of the symposium, in order to facilitate the
locating of specific papers during presentations.
The organization and success of such a large world mining event is due mainly to the timeless efforts of many individuals, authors included. Dr Raj K.Singhal,
chairman of the International Organizing Committee, and all committee members have contributed greatly.
Particular recognition is accorded to all members of the National Organizing Committee, sponsors, and to our publisher A.A.Balkema.
My greatest appreciation goes to Gabriela Paszkowska for her dedication and timeless work in organizing the symposium and editing this volume of proceedings.
Monika Hardygóra
MPES2004 Symposium Chair
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 041535 937 6
Page xiv
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Page xv
Organization
SYMPOSIUM CHAIR
Prof. Monika Hardygóra
Poland
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chairman: Dr. Raj Singhal
Canada
CoChairs: Prof. Marek Jaszczuk
Poland
Prof. Sukumar Bandopadhyay
USA
Members:
Dr. Newton Amegbey
Ghana
Dr. Irwandy Arif
Indonesia
Dr. Arun Basu
United Kingdom
Prof. Nuh Bilgin
Turkey
Dr. Marilena Cardu
Italy
Prof. Raimondo Ciccu
Italy
Mr. I.Montenegro de Menezes
Brazil
Dr. Euler M.De Souza
Canada
Prof. Roussos Dimitrakopoulos
Australia
Prof. Michel Duchene
France
Dr. S.Frimpong
Canada
Mr. Laureano Fueyo
Spain
Prof. Kostas Fytas
Canada
Prof. Mircea Georgescu
Romania
Prof. Lech Gladysiewicz
Poland
Dr. John Hadjigeorgiou
Canada
Prof. Martin Haigh
United Kingdom
Prof. Wildor T.Hennies
Brazil
Mr. Zou Jian
P.R. of China
Prof. Celal Karpuz
Turkey
Dr. Vladimir Kebo
Czech Republic
Dr. Vladislav Kecojevic
USA
Dr. Valery Kononov
R. of South Africa
Prof. Uday Kumar
Sweden
Dr. Mahinda Kuruppu
Australia
Prof. Peter A.Lilly
Australia
Prof. Kikuo Matsui
Japan
Dr. Hani Mitri
Canada
Dr. Vera Muzgina
Kazakhstan
Prof. Joan Osborne
Australia
Mr. Sven Erik Österlund
Sweden
Prof. George N.Panagiotou
Greece
Prof. A.Günhan Pasamehmetoglu
Turkey
Prof. Gennadiy G.Pivnyak
Ukraine
Prof. Roman Y.Poderni
Russia
Prof. Richard Poulin
Canada
Prof. L.Puchkov
Russia
Prof. Bayan R.Rakishev
Kazakhstan
Mr. V.S.Rao
India
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 041535 937 6
Organization
SYMPOSIUM CHAIR
Prof. Monika Hardygóra
Poland
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chairman: Dr. Raj Singhal
Canada
CoChairs: Prof. Marek Jaszczuk
Poland
Prof. Sukumar Bandopadhyay
USA
Members:
Dr. Newton Amegbey
Ghana
Dr. Irwandy Arif
Indonesia
Dr. Arun Basu
United Kingdom
Prof. Nuh Bilgin
Turkey
Dr. Marilena Cardu
Italy
Prof. Raimondo Ciccu
Italy
Mr. I.Montenegro de Menezes
Brazil
Dr. Euler M.De Souza
Canada
Prof. Roussos Dimitrakopoulos
Australia
Prof. Michel Duchene
France
Dr. S.Frimpong
Canada
Mr. Laureano Fueyo
Spain
Prof. Kostas Fytas
Canada
Prof. Mircea Georgescu
Romania
Prof. Lech Gladysiewicz
Poland
Dr. John Hadjigeorgiou
Canada
Prof. Martin Haigh
United Kingdom
Prof. Wildor T.Hennies
Brazil
Mr. Zou Jian
P.R. of China
Prof. Celal Karpuz
Turkey
Dr. Vladimir Kebo
Czech Republic
Dr. Vladislav Kecojevic
USA
Dr. Valery Kononov
R. of South Africa
Prof. Uday Kumar
Sweden
Dr. Mahinda Kuruppu
Australia
Prof. Peter A.Lilly
Australia
Prof. Kikuo Matsui
Japan
Dr. Hani Mitri
Canada
Dr. Vera Muzgina
Kazakhstan
Prof. Joan Osborne
Australia
Mr. Sven Erik Österlund
Sweden
Prof. George N.Panagiotou
Greece
Prof. A.Günhan Pasamehmetoglu
Turkey
Prof. Gennadiy G.Pivnyak
Ukraine
Prof. Roman Y.Poderni
Russia
Prof. Richard Poulin
Canada
Prof. L.Puchkov
Russia
Prof. Bayan R.Rakishev
Kazakhstan
Mr. V.S.Rao
India
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 041535 937 6
Page xvi
Prof. Branko Salopek
Croatia
Prof. Malcolm Scoble
Canada
Mr. B.P.Singh
India
Ms. M.Singhal
Canada
Prof. Lindolfo Soares
Brazil
Prof. Vladimir Strakoš
Czech Republic
Prof. John R.Sturgul
USA
Dr. R.J.Thompson
R. of South Africa
Dr. Masuyuki Ujihira
Japan
Mr. Tsolo Voutov
Bulgaria
Dr. Marie Vrbova
Czech Republic
Prof. Yun Qing Xia
P.R. of China
Prof. Michael Zhurakov
R. of Belarus
NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Dr. Gabriela Paszkowska
Dr. Marek Sikora
Prof. Janusz Reś
Dr. Wojciech Sawicki
Dr. Radoslaw Zimroz
Dr. Anna Gogolewska
Mr. Jarosłew Gogolewski
Ms. Wanda Nowak
Prof. Branko Salopek
Croatia
Prof. Malcolm Scoble
Canada
Mr. B.P.Singh
India
Ms. M.Singhal
Canada
Prof. Lindolfo Soares
Brazil
Prof. Vladimir Strakoš
Czech Republic
Prof. John R.Sturgul
USA
Dr. R.J.Thompson
R. of South Africa
Dr. Masuyuki Ujihira
Japan
Mr. Tsolo Voutov
Bulgaria
Dr. Marie Vrbova
Czech Republic
Prof. Yun Qing Xia
P.R. of China
Prof. Michael Zhurakov
R. of Belarus
NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Dr. Gabriela Paszkowska
Dr. Marek Sikora
Prof. Janusz Reś
Dr. Wojciech Sawicki
Dr. Radoslaw Zimroz
Dr. Anna Gogolewska
Mr. Jarosłew Gogolewski
Ms. Wanda Nowak
Page 1
Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design
Open pit and underground mine planning, modelling and design
Page 2
This page intentionally left blank.
This page intentionally left blank.
Page 3
Study on application of Petri Nets in opencast mining
K.C.Brahma
S.O.M. RIVII, CMPDI, Bhubaneswar, India
B.K.Pal
HOD (Mining) N.I.T., Rourkela, India
C.Das
HOD (Math) N.I.T., Rourkela (Retd). Orissa, India
ABSTRACT: Mining is an unstructured environmental activity posing significant challenges for the improvement of the existing systems of working.
Many a mines detailed task planning is not possible because of the unexpected change in the work space environment. Petri Nets can be used to solve
a number of practical problems cropping up due to the unpredictable nature of the mining environment by making use of the essential components of
mobile robot. Highlevel Petri Nets have been found broadening applications to simulate complex systems in decision making, informatics and
manufacturing. This work proposes the use of Petri Nets in drilling, blasting, loading and transportation of coal in an open cast mine. The complete
mining systems can be modeled from standard components of Petri Net systems. The concept of design of a system using Petri Nets commences with
a process which is reflected as movement of tokens across logical transitions with time delays in places of net. This paper discusses the application of
Petri Net in modeling of drilling task in a large open cast mine.
1 INTRODUCTION
There is an increasing need for technologies to perform complex mining tasks autonomously in order to provide for efficient and safe extraction of mineral resources.
The recent significant advances in sensor, computer and system engineering will lead to the ability to complete complicated mining tasks through the utilization of
robotics and automation. There is a difference between automation and robotics. Automation is limited by minerbased technology. Mining robot is an autonomous
mining machine with flexible control that provides all purpose use of working head during mining. The deterioration of mining condition, the increasing cost of labor,
limited potential of both humans and traditional mining machines are some of the reasons which call for the use of mining robotics. Robotics based mining can be
simulated by using Petri Nets. Petri Nets were named after Carl Adam Petri who had submitted his doctoral dissertation “Kommunikation mit Automaten”,
[Communication with automata] to the faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Technical University of Darmstadt West Germany in 1962. This dissertation was
prepared while C.A.Petri worked as a scientist at the University of Bonn. He had formulated the basis for a theory of communication between asynchronous
components of a computer system. The use and study of Petri Nets have spread widely in last few years. High level Petri Nets have been developed using color Petri
Nets, predicate/transition Nets etc.
2 OVERVIEW OF PETRI NETS
Petri Nets are graphical and mathematical modeling tools that can be used to perform static and dynamic modeling of existing or new systems. Systems that are
characterized as being concurrent, asynchronous, distributed, parallel, nondeterministic, and stochastic can be effectively modeled and analyzed by using Petri Nets
(Murata, 1989).
A Petri Net is a directed weighted, bipartite graph consisting of four main types of modeling elements called places, transitions, arcs, and tokens. Figure 1 shows the
four modeling elements that are used to develop a classical Petri Net. A place—denoted by a circle—represents a condition such as input data, input signal, resource,
condition or buffer. A transitiondenoted by a solid bar—represents an event such as
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Study on application of Petri Nets in opencast mining
K.C.Brahma
S.O.M. RIVII, CMPDI, Bhubaneswar, India
B.K.Pal
HOD (Mining) N.I.T., Rourkela, India
C.Das
HOD (Math) N.I.T., Rourkela (Retd). Orissa, India
ABSTRACT: Mining is an unstructured environmental activity posing significant challenges for the improvement of the existing systems of working.
Many a mines detailed task planning is not possible because of the unexpected change in the work space environment. Petri Nets can be used to solve
a number of practical problems cropping up due to the unpredictable nature of the mining environment by making use of the essential components of
mobile robot. Highlevel Petri Nets have been found broadening applications to simulate complex systems in decision making, informatics and
manufacturing. This work proposes the use of Petri Nets in drilling, blasting, loading and transportation of coal in an open cast mine. The complete
mining systems can be modeled from standard components of Petri Net systems. The concept of design of a system using Petri Nets commences with
a process which is reflected as movement of tokens across logical transitions with time delays in places of net. This paper discusses the application of
Petri Net in modeling of drilling task in a large open cast mine.
1 INTRODUCTION
There is an increasing need for technologies to perform complex mining tasks autonomously in order to provide for efficient and safe extraction of mineral resources.
The recent significant advances in sensor, computer and system engineering will lead to the ability to complete complicated mining tasks through the utilization of
robotics and automation. There is a difference between automation and robotics. Automation is limited by minerbased technology. Mining robot is an autonomous
mining machine with flexible control that provides all purpose use of working head during mining. The deterioration of mining condition, the increasing cost of labor,
limited potential of both humans and traditional mining machines are some of the reasons which call for the use of mining robotics. Robotics based mining can be
simulated by using Petri Nets. Petri Nets were named after Carl Adam Petri who had submitted his doctoral dissertation “Kommunikation mit Automaten”,
[Communication with automata] to the faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Technical University of Darmstadt West Germany in 1962. This dissertation was
prepared while C.A.Petri worked as a scientist at the University of Bonn. He had formulated the basis for a theory of communication between asynchronous
components of a computer system. The use and study of Petri Nets have spread widely in last few years. High level Petri Nets have been developed using color Petri
Nets, predicate/transition Nets etc.
2 OVERVIEW OF PETRI NETS
Petri Nets are graphical and mathematical modeling tools that can be used to perform static and dynamic modeling of existing or new systems. Systems that are
characterized as being concurrent, asynchronous, distributed, parallel, nondeterministic, and stochastic can be effectively modeled and analyzed by using Petri Nets
(Murata, 1989).
A Petri Net is a directed weighted, bipartite graph consisting of four main types of modeling elements called places, transitions, arcs, and tokens. Figure 1 shows the
four modeling elements that are used to develop a classical Petri Net. A place—denoted by a circle—represents a condition such as input data, input signal, resource,
condition or buffer. A transitiondenoted by a solid bar—represents an event such as
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Page 4
Figure 1. Modeling elements of Petri Net.
a computation step, task, or activity. Arcs are utilized to connect places and transitions in a Petri Net. Arcs are directed (depicted by arrows) and are drawn from a
place to a transition or from a transition to a place. Multiplicity of an input arc, represented by an integer k (as shown in figure 1), dictates the number of tokens
required to fire or enable a transition. The fourth element called the token and denoted by a solid circle provides the dynamic simulation capabilities of Petri Nets.
Tokens are initialized at a place and a place may contain zero or more tokens. With the use of tokens the modeler can provide the necessary links between the places
(conditions) and transitions (tasks or events) in a Petri Net.
The concept of transition “firing” allows a Petri Net to simulate the dynamic behavior of a system. A transition in a Petri Net can fire when each input place has “k”
or more tokens available, where k is the multiplicity of the arc connecting the transition and the respective input place. Such transition is said to be “enabled” (Murata,
1989). Firing of an enabled transition removes the appropriate number of tokens from its input place and puts them in the output place.
In the original form transition firing in Petri Nets was assumed to be instantaneous. However, time can be incorporated into Petri Nets by introducing delay after a
transition is enabled. This results in a timed transition that will have the ability to model tasks or activities. Such a Petri Net is known as Timed Petri Net (TPN). If the
transition times are deterministic, the Petri Net is called a Deterministic Timed Petri Net (DTPN). If the transition times are allowed to be random variables, then it is
called Stochastic Timed Petri Net (STPN). A Petri Net that contains immediate transitions, deterministic transitions, and stochastic transitions is called a Generalized
Stochastic Petri Net (GSPN).
3 MODELLING WITH PETRI NETS
Petri Nets are used to model the occurrence of various events and activities in systems this may also be used
Figure 2. A Petri Net model.
Figure 3. Conflicting transitions.
to model the flow of information or other resources within a system.
3.1 Events and conditions
Events are actions which take place in the system. The occurrence of these events is controlled by the state of the system that is described as a set of conditions. A
condition is a predicate or logical description of the state of the system. An example of events, conditions at a workplace and corresponding Petri Net model is
illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 2.
3.2 Conflict
Two events e
1
and e
2
are in conflict if either e
1
or e
2
are conflict but not both, and they can be concurrent if both the events occur on any order without conflicts. In
Figure 3, transitions t
1
, t
2
and t
3
are in conflict.
Table 1.
Condition Event
a Work place in waiting 1 The order arrives
b An order has arrived and is waiting 2 The work place starts in the order
c Work place is working with order 3 The order has been completed
d The order is complete 4 The order is sent for delivery
Figure 1. Modeling elements of Petri Net.
a computation step, task, or activity. Arcs are utilized to connect places and transitions in a Petri Net. Arcs are directed (depicted by arrows) and are drawn from a
place to a transition or from a transition to a place. Multiplicity of an input arc, represented by an integer k (as shown in figure 1), dictates the number of tokens
required to fire or enable a transition. The fourth element called the token and denoted by a solid circle provides the dynamic simulation capabilities of Petri Nets.
Tokens are initialized at a place and a place may contain zero or more tokens. With the use of tokens the modeler can provide the necessary links between the places
(conditions) and transitions (tasks or events) in a Petri Net.
The concept of transition “firing” allows a Petri Net to simulate the dynamic behavior of a system. A transition in a Petri Net can fire when each input place has “k”
or more tokens available, where k is the multiplicity of the arc connecting the transition and the respective input place. Such transition is said to be “enabled” (Murata,
1989). Firing of an enabled transition removes the appropriate number of tokens from its input place and puts them in the output place.
In the original form transition firing in Petri Nets was assumed to be instantaneous. However, time can be incorporated into Petri Nets by introducing delay after a
transition is enabled. This results in a timed transition that will have the ability to model tasks or activities. Such a Petri Net is known as Timed Petri Net (TPN). If the
transition times are deterministic, the Petri Net is called a Deterministic Timed Petri Net (DTPN). If the transition times are allowed to be random variables, then it is
called Stochastic Timed Petri Net (STPN). A Petri Net that contains immediate transitions, deterministic transitions, and stochastic transitions is called a Generalized
Stochastic Petri Net (GSPN).
3 MODELLING WITH PETRI NETS
Petri Nets are used to model the occurrence of various events and activities in systems this may also be used
Figure 2. A Petri Net model.
Figure 3. Conflicting transitions.
to model the flow of information or other resources within a system.
3.1 Events and conditions
Events are actions which take place in the system. The occurrence of these events is controlled by the state of the system that is described as a set of conditions. A
condition is a predicate or logical description of the state of the system. An example of events, conditions at a workplace and corresponding Petri Net model is
illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 2.
3.2 Conflict
Two events e
1
and e
2
are in conflict if either e
1
or e
2
are conflict but not both, and they can be concurrent if both the events occur on any order without conflicts. In
Figure 3, transitions t
1
, t
2
and t
3
are in conflict.
Table 1.
Condition Event
a Work place in waiting 1 The order arrives
b An order has arrived and is waiting 2 The work place starts in the order
c Work place is working with order 3 The order has been completed
d The order is complete 4 The order is sent for delivery
Page 5
Figure 4. Illustration of synchronisation.
3.3 Synchronisation
Petri Nets have been used to model a variety of synchronisation mechanisms, including the mutual exclusion, readerswriters and producerconsumer problems. The
transfer of information or resources from one component to another requires that the activities of the involved component be synchronised while the interaction is
occurring. Figure 4 exhibits synchronisation.
4 APPLICATION IN MINING
Mining robotics is expanding between mining and machine built robotics. In case of underground mines, miners confront with various insidious hazards to health and
safety such as gases, dust, temperature and humidity. Petri Net models, which can be used to analyze discrete event systems, can be used to develop suitable robots.
Automation is one of the most important current areas of research and development for both opencast and underground mining operations. There have been great
progress in the field of automation in countries like Russia, USA, UK, Australia, etc. and research is still going on to improve the implementation of robotics in mining.
The hazards and difficult conditions of mining environment can be well averted by using the mining robotics, thereby saving the valuable lives of miners lost every year
either due to accident or chronic diseases resulting due to hazardous mining conditions.
Entrenched methodologies dictated the course of mining industry for well over a century until the advent of computer technology. Today the specialized software and
the state of art of computer work stations have radically altered the established mining methods by providing quick and simple solutions to the environmental and
complex engineering problems. The history of application of robotics in mining dates back to 1967, when simple robots for unmanned rail haulages are used. The first
teleoperated manipulator for extraction of thin coal seams in deep mines was designed by M.Thring (1971).
Figure 5. Petri Net modelling of drilling operation in an opencast mine with double rod drilling.
During 1980–1985 application of robotics in mining were discussed intensively in world publications (Konyukh, 1995). At present some proto types of robots are used
in drilling, roof bolting, road heading or shotcreting operations. The application of Petri Nets can be utilized in the design of robotics in mining keeping in view the
unforeseen constraints and hazardous mining conditions.
4.1 Petri Net model of drilling operation in an open cast mine
Drilling operation in an opencast mine is very hazardous because of the continuous exposure of the drill operator to an environment which is saturated with dust and
high levels of noise and vibrations. In order to automate the drilling operation the concept of Petri Nets can be applied and drilling of more than one rod can be done
with less time as compared to the conventional mode of drilling. Thus the automation in drilling operation can be very safe and economic and at the same time
preventing the exposure of the operator to such a dusty atmosphere and other associated health hazards like noise and vibration inside the cabin can be well eliminated.
The process of drilling operation starts after the area for drilling is cleaned and leveled by the dozer or other equipment. The stepwise decomposition of drilling
operation is shown in Figure 5 and different places and transitions were illustrated in Table 2.
The firing of the token has been tested and simulated in a computer.
Figure 4. Illustration of synchronisation.
3.3 Synchronisation
Petri Nets have been used to model a variety of synchronisation mechanisms, including the mutual exclusion, readerswriters and producerconsumer problems. The
transfer of information or resources from one component to another requires that the activities of the involved component be synchronised while the interaction is
occurring. Figure 4 exhibits synchronisation.
4 APPLICATION IN MINING
Mining robotics is expanding between mining and machine built robotics. In case of underground mines, miners confront with various insidious hazards to health and
safety such as gases, dust, temperature and humidity. Petri Net models, which can be used to analyze discrete event systems, can be used to develop suitable robots.
Automation is one of the most important current areas of research and development for both opencast and underground mining operations. There have been great
progress in the field of automation in countries like Russia, USA, UK, Australia, etc. and research is still going on to improve the implementation of robotics in mining.
The hazards and difficult conditions of mining environment can be well averted by using the mining robotics, thereby saving the valuable lives of miners lost every year
either due to accident or chronic diseases resulting due to hazardous mining conditions.
Entrenched methodologies dictated the course of mining industry for well over a century until the advent of computer technology. Today the specialized software and
the state of art of computer work stations have radically altered the established mining methods by providing quick and simple solutions to the environmental and
complex engineering problems. The history of application of robotics in mining dates back to 1967, when simple robots for unmanned rail haulages are used. The first
teleoperated manipulator for extraction of thin coal seams in deep mines was designed by M.Thring (1971).
Figure 5. Petri Net modelling of drilling operation in an opencast mine with double rod drilling.
During 1980–1985 application of robotics in mining were discussed intensively in world publications (Konyukh, 1995). At present some proto types of robots are used
in drilling, roof bolting, road heading or shotcreting operations. The application of Petri Nets can be utilized in the design of robotics in mining keeping in view the
unforeseen constraints and hazardous mining conditions.
4.1 Petri Net model of drilling operation in an open cast mine
Drilling operation in an opencast mine is very hazardous because of the continuous exposure of the drill operator to an environment which is saturated with dust and
high levels of noise and vibrations. In order to automate the drilling operation the concept of Petri Nets can be applied and drilling of more than one rod can be done
with less time as compared to the conventional mode of drilling. Thus the automation in drilling operation can be very safe and economic and at the same time
preventing the exposure of the operator to such a dusty atmosphere and other associated health hazards like noise and vibration inside the cabin can be well eliminated.
The process of drilling operation starts after the area for drilling is cleaned and leveled by the dozer or other equipment. The stepwise decomposition of drilling
operation is shown in Figure 5 and different places and transitions were illustrated in Table 2.
The firing of the token has been tested and simulated in a computer.
Page 6
5 CONCLUSION
The present work is an attempt to throw some light on mine automation using the concepts of Petri Nets. The drilling operation in an opencast mine with double rod
drilling provision has been considered for analysis and has been simulated. Further, research and development is necessary in the field of mine automation and there is
enough scope of improvement for enhancing the utilization of the concept of Petri Nets in mine robotics. The concept of highlevel Petri Nets which include predicate
transition nets, colored Petri Nets and nets with individual tokens can be used where a token can be a compound object carrying data. This data can be of arbitrary
complexity involving integers, real, text strings, records, lists and tuples.
Petri Net based modeling of drilling operation in this paper is a simple and effective method that can provide an insight to the academicians and mine managers to
further develop a more refined and realistic time and cost estimates for complex opencast mining projects. The Petri Nets can be applied for automation in mining
technology in an environmental friendly and safe manner so that Zero Accident Potential (ZAP) can be achieved. Temporary machine failures can be averted with better
simulation which can be updated time and again reducing the breakdown hours to minimum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the CMPDI Management for permitting them to publish the paper. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the
organization to which they belong.
REFERENCE
Hale, R.D., Rokonuzzaman, M. and Gosine, R.G., 1999. Control of mobile robots in unstructured environments using discrete even modelling. SPIE International
Symposium on intelligent systems and Advanced Manufacturing. Boston.
Konyukh V., 2003. Automation and Robotics. The Different Approaches. 19th World Mining Congress, New Delhi: pp 1741–1748.
Konyukh, V., 2002. Robotics for Mining. Mineral Resource Engineering, Vol. II, No. 1, Imperial College Press, pp 73–88.
Murata, T., 1989. Petri Nets: Properties, Analysis and Application. Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp 541–580.
Peterson, J.L., 1981. Petri Net Theory and Modeling of Systems. Englewood cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
Sawhney, Anil, 1997. Petri Net Based Simulation of Construction Schedules. Proceedings of the 1997 win simulation conference ed S.Andradottier, K.J.Healy,
D.H.Withers, and B.L.Nelson: 1111–1118.
Woof Mike, 2003. New Worlds Robot loading and haulage are coming to material moving. World Mining Equipment Vol. 27, No. 9, pp 20–23.
Zurawski. Richard and Zhou, Mengchu, 1994. Petri Nets and Industrial Application: A Tutorial. IEEE Transactions on industrial Electronics, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp 567–
583.
Table 2.
Place description Transition description
p
1
The leveling of drill machine is ready to commence t
1
The leveling operation is in progress
p
2
The leveling operation has been completed t
2
The lowering and positioning of mast gets started
p
3
The lowering and positioning of mast has been completed t
3
Drill compressor starts
p
4
Drill compressor is in operating state t
4
Drilling of first rod is in progress
p
5
Drilling of first rod has been completed t
5
Compressor is being stopped.
p
6
Connection of second rod is ready to commence t
6
Connection of second rod is in progress
p
7
The connection of second rod is completed t
7
Compressor operation starts and is in progress
p
8
The compressor has been stopped t
8
Drilling of second rod starts and is in progress
p
9
The drilling of second rod has been completed t
9
Lifting of second rod starts and is in progress
p
10
Lifting of second rod has been completed t
10
Disconnection of second rod is in progress
p
11
Disconnection of second rod has been completed t
11
Positioning of second rod is in progress
p
12
Positioning of the second rod in its original place has been completed t
12
Connection with first drill rod is in progress.
p
13
Connecti on of fi rst rod has been completed t
13
Lifting of first rod is in progress
p
14
Lifting of first rod has been completed t
14
Repositioning of the mast into its or horizontal position is in progress
p
15
Proper repositioning of mast has been completed t
15
The drill machine is allowed to stand an crawlers with lifting of jacks operation is
in progress
p
16
The drill machine stands on crawlers and is ready to be marched to a new site
for drilling
t
16
The operation of machining of drill to a new position is in progress
5 CONCLUSION
The present work is an attempt to throw some light on mine automation using the concepts of Petri Nets. The drilling operation in an opencast mine with double rod
drilling provision has been considered for analysis and has been simulated. Further, research and development is necessary in the field of mine automation and there is
enough scope of improvement for enhancing the utilization of the concept of Petri Nets in mine robotics. The concept of highlevel Petri Nets which include predicate
transition nets, colored Petri Nets and nets with individual tokens can be used where a token can be a compound object carrying data. This data can be of arbitrary
complexity involving integers, real, text strings, records, lists and tuples.
Petri Net based modeling of drilling operation in this paper is a simple and effective method that can provide an insight to the academicians and mine managers to
further develop a more refined and realistic time and cost estimates for complex opencast mining projects. The Petri Nets can be applied for automation in mining
technology in an environmental friendly and safe manner so that Zero Accident Potential (ZAP) can be achieved. Temporary machine failures can be averted with better
simulation which can be updated time and again reducing the breakdown hours to minimum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the CMPDI Management for permitting them to publish the paper. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the
organization to which they belong.
REFERENCE
Hale, R.D., Rokonuzzaman, M. and Gosine, R.G., 1999. Control of mobile robots in unstructured environments using discrete even modelling. SPIE International
Symposium on intelligent systems and Advanced Manufacturing. Boston.
Konyukh V., 2003. Automation and Robotics. The Different Approaches. 19th World Mining Congress, New Delhi: pp 1741–1748.
Konyukh, V., 2002. Robotics for Mining. Mineral Resource Engineering, Vol. II, No. 1, Imperial College Press, pp 73–88.
Murata, T., 1989. Petri Nets: Properties, Analysis and Application. Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp 541–580.
Peterson, J.L., 1981. Petri Net Theory and Modeling of Systems. Englewood cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
Sawhney, Anil, 1997. Petri Net Based Simulation of Construction Schedules. Proceedings of the 1997 win simulation conference ed S.Andradottier, K.J.Healy,
D.H.Withers, and B.L.Nelson: 1111–1118.
Woof Mike, 2003. New Worlds Robot loading and haulage are coming to material moving. World Mining Equipment Vol. 27, No. 9, pp 20–23.
Zurawski. Richard and Zhou, Mengchu, 1994. Petri Nets and Industrial Application: A Tutorial. IEEE Transactions on industrial Electronics, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp 567–
583.
Table 2.
Place description Transition description
p
1
The leveling of drill machine is ready to commence t
1
The leveling operation is in progress
p
2
The leveling operation has been completed t
2
The lowering and positioning of mast gets started
p
3
The lowering and positioning of mast has been completed t
3
Drill compressor starts
p
4
Drill compressor is in operating state t
4
Drilling of first rod is in progress
p
5
Drilling of first rod has been completed t
5
Compressor is being stopped.
p
6
Connection of second rod is ready to commence t
6
Connection of second rod is in progress
p
7
The connection of second rod is completed t
7
Compressor operation starts and is in progress
p
8
The compressor has been stopped t
8
Drilling of second rod starts and is in progress
p
9
The drilling of second rod has been completed t
9
Lifting of second rod starts and is in progress
p
10
Lifting of second rod has been completed t
10
Disconnection of second rod is in progress
p
11
Disconnection of second rod has been completed t
11
Positioning of second rod is in progress
p
12
Positioning of the second rod in its original place has been completed t
12
Connection with first drill rod is in progress.
p
13
Connecti on of fi rst rod has been completed t
13
Lifting of first rod is in progress
p
14
Lifting of first rod has been completed t
14
Repositioning of the mast into its or horizontal position is in progress
p
15
Proper repositioning of mast has been completed t
15
The drill machine is allowed to stand an crawlers with lifting of jacks operation is
in progress
p
16
The drill machine stands on crawlers and is ready to be marched to a new site
for drilling
t
16
The operation of machining of drill to a new position is in progress
Page 7
Planning mines by digital methods
T.Cichoń
Poltegor—Projekt sp. z o.o.
ABSTRACT: The most quickly developing branch of engineering widely used in planning and designing are the computer techniques. Starting with
mining operations in surface mines is preceeded by a number of design works, such as analyses, feasibility studies, technoeconomic feasibility reports,
directive designs, process designs, engineering designs.
All the geological and geotechnical studies and mining designs are prepared by Poltegorengineering Ltd. with use of computer programs, such as
Microstation, Intergraph I/Mine Modeller, Intrasoft MX Foundation, Datamine Studio, AutoCAD.
The paper will present methods and procedures of calculation taking specific surface lignite mines as example, namely:
– big Szczerców Open Pit in Bełchatów Lignite Mine,
– small Tomisławice Open Pit in Konin Lignite Mine.
Recently, a quick development of computer techniques and resultant increased speed and accuracy of calculation carried out, easy graphic representation of design and
its duplication, quick creation and processing of databases and also, their searching, further treatment of graphic files, possibility to create spatial model of designed
facility, its visualization (representation of a facility not existing in the reality), archive of data, brought about an interest in aiding of mine planning by specialized
computer programs.
Therefore, as a result of increasing requirements on the customers’ side, such computer software is used in Poltegorengineering Ltd. as Microstation, Integraph
I/Mine Modeller, Intrasoft MX Foundation (MOSS), Datamine Studio, AutoCAD, or commonly used MS Office package.
The overburden removal in Szczerców Field of Bełchatów Lignite Mine started on 21.10.2002 was preceeded by many years of planning and designing works, i.e.
analyses, feasibility studies, technoeconomic feasibility reports, directive designs, process and engineering designs. All of them, wholly or partially, were made in the
recent years with use of computeraided techniques.
The use of computer software in aiding design works allowed to select a best option through the wider range of alternatives to be analyzed. Owing to the use of
computer software, it was possible to select an optimum option.
Presently, all the mining designs, not only those for Szczerców Field, are made with use of computeraided techniques. The multidisciplinary design is possible to be
made owing to the increasing compatibility of programs and frequently, it is of no importance in which one of programs the design is made since anyway it is also “read”
by other programs.
A main tool for planning exploitation in Szczerców Field is Microstation software used, among others, for graphic representation of designed facility and also,
Intergraph I/Mine Modeller application enabling digital models of facilities to be created on the basis of graphics or databases.
The creation of a “drawing”, or graphic representation of facility (two or threedimensionally) decidedly facilitates making any measurements without a reading error
known from todate “manual” methods of making measurements. The computer program allows to read faultlessly any parameters or quantities with accuracy fixed by
the designer.
The graphic representation of facility (of course, apart from conceptual work) is most difficult in the designing process which incorporates such few elements as initial
data gathering, analyses of previously made studies, making few concepts of design option, selection of optimum option, consultancies with engineers of other
disciplines, graphic representation of facility, i.e. option, production of backing documents for engineers of other disciplines, corrections of
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Planning mines by digital methods
T.Cichoń
Poltegor—Projekt sp. z o.o.
ABSTRACT: The most quickly developing branch of engineering widely used in planning and designing are the computer techniques. Starting with
mining operations in surface mines is preceeded by a number of design works, such as analyses, feasibility studies, technoeconomic feasibility reports,
directive designs, process designs, engineering designs.
All the geological and geotechnical studies and mining designs are prepared by Poltegorengineering Ltd. with use of computer programs, such as
Microstation, Intergraph I/Mine Modeller, Intrasoft MX Foundation, Datamine Studio, AutoCAD.
The paper will present methods and procedures of calculation taking specific surface lignite mines as example, namely:
– big Szczerców Open Pit in Bełchatów Lignite Mine,
– small Tomisławice Open Pit in Konin Lignite Mine.
Recently, a quick development of computer techniques and resultant increased speed and accuracy of calculation carried out, easy graphic representation of design and
its duplication, quick creation and processing of databases and also, their searching, further treatment of graphic files, possibility to create spatial model of designed
facility, its visualization (representation of a facility not existing in the reality), archive of data, brought about an interest in aiding of mine planning by specialized
computer programs.
Therefore, as a result of increasing requirements on the customers’ side, such computer software is used in Poltegorengineering Ltd. as Microstation, Integraph
I/Mine Modeller, Intrasoft MX Foundation (MOSS), Datamine Studio, AutoCAD, or commonly used MS Office package.
The overburden removal in Szczerców Field of Bełchatów Lignite Mine started on 21.10.2002 was preceeded by many years of planning and designing works, i.e.
analyses, feasibility studies, technoeconomic feasibility reports, directive designs, process and engineering designs. All of them, wholly or partially, were made in the
recent years with use of computeraided techniques.
The use of computer software in aiding design works allowed to select a best option through the wider range of alternatives to be analyzed. Owing to the use of
computer software, it was possible to select an optimum option.
Presently, all the mining designs, not only those for Szczerców Field, are made with use of computeraided techniques. The multidisciplinary design is possible to be
made owing to the increasing compatibility of programs and frequently, it is of no importance in which one of programs the design is made since anyway it is also “read”
by other programs.
A main tool for planning exploitation in Szczerców Field is Microstation software used, among others, for graphic representation of designed facility and also,
Intergraph I/Mine Modeller application enabling digital models of facilities to be created on the basis of graphics or databases.
The creation of a “drawing”, or graphic representation of facility (two or threedimensionally) decidedly facilitates making any measurements without a reading error
known from todate “manual” methods of making measurements. The computer program allows to read faultlessly any parameters or quantities with accuracy fixed by
the designer.
The graphic representation of facility (of course, apart from conceptual work) is most difficult in the designing process which incorporates such few elements as initial
data gathering, analyses of previously made studies, making few concepts of design option, selection of optimum option, consultancies with engineers of other
disciplines, graphic representation of facility, i.e. option, production of backing documents for engineers of other disciplines, corrections of
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Page 8
Figure 1. Szczerców Field. Mining operations as of 31.12.2020. Open pit site.
design option caused by the interferences with engineers of other disciplines (constituting two or three approximations), production of design in traditional form (paper)
or vectorial one (CD).
Similarly, creation of database is labourconsuming point of issue for further treatment and production of file, e.g. graphic one.
However, practically unlimited possibilities of edition and modification for already represented facility allow, when this most labourconsuming portion of work has
been done, to further treat the drawing files, databases, etc. at lightning speed.
Thus, the uptodate graphic software provides also more possibilities for rapid updating of already produced design (design file).
Such software allows to reduce time consumption due to the possibilities to adjust a drawing to printing to a different scales and with different elements owing to the
use of socalled layers where facilities of a given category or reference files are placed constituting usually separate design files.
The files of Microstation program were a basis for creation of the model of excavation site and external dumping area for Szczerców Field acc. to programs I/Mine
Modellers, InRoads, which was a basis to calculate volumes of any bodies (excavation site, dumping site, reserves contained in seams of lignite deposits, etc.). The
calculation acc. to the above mentioned program is made with any assumed accuracy.
While designing both exploitation in Szczerców Field (Bełchatów Lignite Mine) and Tomislawice Open Pit (Konin Lignite Mine) with use of Modeller Inroads
program face advances were optimized and then, fixed considering real capacity of heavy machinery.
In planning and designing, there are also used, although less and less frequently, possibilities of servicing raster files. The scanned drawings, or even air photographs,
are used in the designs as backing documents and are kept along with the vectorial data. The raster files are freely calibrated or edited by means of IRAS program.
Scanning the old maps and their vectorial treatment facilitates archive of these data and allows easier access to them. In the recent years, due to the better and better
embracement of this country by vectorial maps, particularly in areas where new development projects are located, the use of raster maps as those being inconvenient
and charging the computer memory is waived.
Making use of possibilities to communicate with databases allows to create “maps” of any parameters (thickness, sulphur, ash, moisture contents, etc.).
The possibility is used to communicate between Microstation, AutoCAD and MOSS programs. With use of LAN network, it allows to freely exchange the files
between designers working on different platforms. The use of global network allows quick consultancies of the designer with customer. The increasing compatibility of
programs (Microstation and AutoCAD) in their successive versions considerably facilitates to transfer data between designers working in different environments. The
Microstation V8 version allows to work even directly with dwg files without changing file format for dgn.
A very important function is the photorealistic visualization with possibility to represent textures, cavity maps, photomontage technique (e.g. connection of designed
models with actual appearance of adjacent area, lighting operation). This function allows to see a facility not existing in the reality. Additionally, the animations are
created by shifting the camera along earlier defined path, or by interpolation of frames.
Using I/Mine Modeller application it is also possible, apart from making calculation, to obtain any kind of sections, lines of body intersection, to calculate surfaces,
slope angles. Also, complete geometrical data are obtained at any point of the model.
One can mention many studies made in Poltegorengineering Ltd. in their mining part exclusively with use of computeraided techniques and software as specified
above. Let us mention at least those most important which were prepared recently:
• Szczerców Field. Updating of Technoeconomic Feasibility Reports—Maximum Production.
• Szczerców Field. Contour line Design of Working Benches at Open Pit from Temporary Eastern Side to Salt Diapir.
• Verification of Open Pit Delimitation in Szczerców Field. Stage II. Volumes 1 & 2.
• Contour of Eastern Side in Szczerców Field.
• Technoeconomic Feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit.
One must not forget easy archive of produced files, either on the hard disk or CDs and also, easy exchange of design files between the designers of
Figure 1. Szczerców Field. Mining operations as of 31.12.2020. Open pit site.
design option caused by the interferences with engineers of other disciplines (constituting two or three approximations), production of design in traditional form (paper)
or vectorial one (CD).
Similarly, creation of database is labourconsuming point of issue for further treatment and production of file, e.g. graphic one.
However, practically unlimited possibilities of edition and modification for already represented facility allow, when this most labourconsuming portion of work has
been done, to further treat the drawing files, databases, etc. at lightning speed.
Thus, the uptodate graphic software provides also more possibilities for rapid updating of already produced design (design file).
Such software allows to reduce time consumption due to the possibilities to adjust a drawing to printing to a different scales and with different elements owing to the
use of socalled layers where facilities of a given category or reference files are placed constituting usually separate design files.
The files of Microstation program were a basis for creation of the model of excavation site and external dumping area for Szczerców Field acc. to programs I/Mine
Modellers, InRoads, which was a basis to calculate volumes of any bodies (excavation site, dumping site, reserves contained in seams of lignite deposits, etc.). The
calculation acc. to the above mentioned program is made with any assumed accuracy.
While designing both exploitation in Szczerców Field (Bełchatów Lignite Mine) and Tomislawice Open Pit (Konin Lignite Mine) with use of Modeller Inroads
program face advances were optimized and then, fixed considering real capacity of heavy machinery.
In planning and designing, there are also used, although less and less frequently, possibilities of servicing raster files. The scanned drawings, or even air photographs,
are used in the designs as backing documents and are kept along with the vectorial data. The raster files are freely calibrated or edited by means of IRAS program.
Scanning the old maps and their vectorial treatment facilitates archive of these data and allows easier access to them. In the recent years, due to the better and better
embracement of this country by vectorial maps, particularly in areas where new development projects are located, the use of raster maps as those being inconvenient
and charging the computer memory is waived.
Making use of possibilities to communicate with databases allows to create “maps” of any parameters (thickness, sulphur, ash, moisture contents, etc.).
The possibility is used to communicate between Microstation, AutoCAD and MOSS programs. With use of LAN network, it allows to freely exchange the files
between designers working on different platforms. The use of global network allows quick consultancies of the designer with customer. The increasing compatibility of
programs (Microstation and AutoCAD) in their successive versions considerably facilitates to transfer data between designers working in different environments. The
Microstation V8 version allows to work even directly with dwg files without changing file format for dgn.
A very important function is the photorealistic visualization with possibility to represent textures, cavity maps, photomontage technique (e.g. connection of designed
models with actual appearance of adjacent area, lighting operation). This function allows to see a facility not existing in the reality. Additionally, the animations are
created by shifting the camera along earlier defined path, or by interpolation of frames.
Using I/Mine Modeller application it is also possible, apart from making calculation, to obtain any kind of sections, lines of body intersection, to calculate surfaces,
slope angles. Also, complete geometrical data are obtained at any point of the model.
One can mention many studies made in Poltegorengineering Ltd. in their mining part exclusively with use of computeraided techniques and software as specified
above. Let us mention at least those most important which were prepared recently:
• Szczerców Field. Updating of Technoeconomic Feasibility Reports—Maximum Production.
• Szczerców Field. Contour line Design of Working Benches at Open Pit from Temporary Eastern Side to Salt Diapir.
• Verification of Open Pit Delimitation in Szczerców Field. Stage II. Volumes 1 & 2.
• Contour of Eastern Side in Szczerców Field.
• Technoeconomic Feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit.
One must not forget easy archive of produced files, either on the hard disk or CDs and also, easy exchange of design files between the designers of
Page 9
Figure 2. Portion of computer animation (frame of animation). Mining operations as of 31.12.2020. Open pit site and external dumping
area.
particular disciplines or sending the final product (design) to the investor.
As mentioned above, in the recent years, the mining designs made for the Investors, i.e. both Bełchatów and Konin Lignite Mines, regarding among others
Szczerców Field and open pits in Konin Basin, are practically wholly prepared using computeraided techniques.
The engineering and process drawings in the mining branch are made acc. to Microstation program in 3D files only (2D files have been waived due to their small
utility), thus enabling the designer to view a facility, e.g. open pit site, in space, to look at any element from any side and, of course, in any enlargement, to make cross
section through open pit and, what is important, to check the drawing with respect to its usefulness for volumetric calculation to be carried out (correct altitude
ordinates “Z”).
1 COMPARISON OF REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY DESIGNS FOR BIG AND SMALL PROJECTS
1.1 Big project—Szczerców Field—One of two fields of Bełchatów Mine in Bełchatów Basin
The area covered by the designed future open pit in Szczerców Field is about 7200m long and 4050 m wide to a maximum. In the design “Szczerców Mine”. Directive
design of longterm slopes till the end of exploitation, there has been planned and then, in the designs, verification of open pit delimitation in “Szczerców Field. Stage II.
Vol. 1 & 2” and “Contour of eastern side in Szczerców Field”, there is made more precise about layout of slopes at excavation site with reference to the used
dissection into benches and to the used haulage options (haulage
Figure 3. Szczerców Field. Excavation site. Southern side with area of occurrence of Mesozoic bedrock formations.
slopes, haulage ramps), occurrence of Mesozoic bedrock and, of course, lignite deposit bedding. By traditional design methods, embracing such a large area in one
drawing would result in obliteration or even disappearance of details. Differently, while designing with use of computeraided techniques. For example, it is possible to
represent detailed delimitation within area of Mesozoic bedrock occurrence on the southern side of open pit. While designing both dissection of the deposit and details
the same drawing was used making only any enlargements and any “views” on facilities or elements.
After having drawn in detail in 3D the excavation site along with options for slopes: northern (haulage) one, southern one, western (haulage) one and eastern one, and
technological bottom at open pit as well, it is possible, while creating the model, to calculate volume of mas incorporated in the body which is constituted by excavation
bowl along with the land surface.
Basing on the solved contour of slopes and earlier used time schedule of heavy machinery operation, it is possible to create “drawings” of face advances for any
statuses and while creating models of particular benches (layers), based on particular contour lines (“Szczerców Field. Contour line design of working benches at open
pit from temporary eastern slope to salt diapir”) located on successive working benches, it is possible to make rapid calculation and adequate corrections.
After having calculated by the geologists lignite amounts in working benches with assumed face advances (in selected years, e.g. 10 years in fina phase of
exploitation), first approximation is obtained to check whether fuel requirements of Power Plant can be met.
After having made adequate corrections of the ordinates of benches and face advances, the next approximation is done. As a rule, as much as 2 or 3 approximations
give satisfactory results.
Figure 2. Portion of computer animation (frame of animation). Mining operations as of 31.12.2020. Open pit site and external dumping
area.
particular disciplines or sending the final product (design) to the investor.
As mentioned above, in the recent years, the mining designs made for the Investors, i.e. both Bełchatów and Konin Lignite Mines, regarding among others
Szczerców Field and open pits in Konin Basin, are practically wholly prepared using computeraided techniques.
The engineering and process drawings in the mining branch are made acc. to Microstation program in 3D files only (2D files have been waived due to their small
utility), thus enabling the designer to view a facility, e.g. open pit site, in space, to look at any element from any side and, of course, in any enlargement, to make cross
section through open pit and, what is important, to check the drawing with respect to its usefulness for volumetric calculation to be carried out (correct altitude
ordinates “Z”).
1 COMPARISON OF REQUIREMENTS IMPOSED BY DESIGNS FOR BIG AND SMALL PROJECTS
1.1 Big project—Szczerców Field—One of two fields of Bełchatów Mine in Bełchatów Basin
The area covered by the designed future open pit in Szczerców Field is about 7200m long and 4050 m wide to a maximum. In the design “Szczerców Mine”. Directive
design of longterm slopes till the end of exploitation, there has been planned and then, in the designs, verification of open pit delimitation in “Szczerców Field. Stage II.
Vol. 1 & 2” and “Contour of eastern side in Szczerców Field”, there is made more precise about layout of slopes at excavation site with reference to the used
dissection into benches and to the used haulage options (haulage
Figure 3. Szczerców Field. Excavation site. Southern side with area of occurrence of Mesozoic bedrock formations.
slopes, haulage ramps), occurrence of Mesozoic bedrock and, of course, lignite deposit bedding. By traditional design methods, embracing such a large area in one
drawing would result in obliteration or even disappearance of details. Differently, while designing with use of computeraided techniques. For example, it is possible to
represent detailed delimitation within area of Mesozoic bedrock occurrence on the southern side of open pit. While designing both dissection of the deposit and details
the same drawing was used making only any enlargements and any “views” on facilities or elements.
After having drawn in detail in 3D the excavation site along with options for slopes: northern (haulage) one, southern one, western (haulage) one and eastern one, and
technological bottom at open pit as well, it is possible, while creating the model, to calculate volume of mas incorporated in the body which is constituted by excavation
bowl along with the land surface.
Basing on the solved contour of slopes and earlier used time schedule of heavy machinery operation, it is possible to create “drawings” of face advances for any
statuses and while creating models of particular benches (layers), based on particular contour lines (“Szczerców Field. Contour line design of working benches at open
pit from temporary eastern slope to salt diapir”) located on successive working benches, it is possible to make rapid calculation and adequate corrections.
After having calculated by the geologists lignite amounts in working benches with assumed face advances (in selected years, e.g. 10 years in fina phase of
exploitation), first approximation is obtained to check whether fuel requirements of Power Plant can be met.
After having made adequate corrections of the ordinates of benches and face advances, the next approximation is done. As a rule, as much as 2 or 3 approximations
give satisfactory results.
Page 10
Figure 4. Szczerców Field I. Main haulage ramp.
When computeraided techniques were not used it took very long time to make few approximations. Presently, as already mentioned, most of all time is taken up just
by the preparation of initial data, or making “the drawing”. Any calculation is made very quickly.
The design works are performed on vectorial basemaps received from the investor, which guarantees their correctness and uptodate nature.
Making the design “in computer” (of course, assuming the design to be made correctly) provides enormous possibilities to edit the design, to make corrections
immediately, to make precise measurements both on plane and in space, to read ordinates to any accuracy and also, in case of the design performed in 3D, to read
altitude ordinate “Z” of selected point in any place.
Such an accuracy was necessary, among others, in case of the design “Szczerców Field. Updating of mining technology with the aim of introducing ECS complex
III”, where requirements regarding degree of the minuteness of detail were placed at a very high level. Scale of “drawing” imposed high accuracy on the designer.
Finally, more than ten phases were obtained to open up benches I, II & III, these phases being a result of tens of fiton and trials. These trials were performed by
planning the successive phases having as backing documents (another layer in program) the preceeding phase, contourfinal outline open pit, and basemap as well.
While designing “The updating of technoeconomic report…” all above mentioned advantages of computeraided design were put to good account. The designed
contour of longterm slopes, map of technological bottom, map of land surface were used as basal documents. As initial statuses of mining operations, the statuses from
earlier design “The updating of ECS I…” were adopted. Since the above designs were made with use of computeraided techniques and were stored on the hard disk
and
Figure 5. “Szczerców Field. Updating of mining technology with the aim of introducing ECS complex III”. Phase X (spatial layout).
CD it was none too difficult to achieve access to the above files and to make use of them.
Based on the timeschedules of heavy machinery operation, maps of working benches on particular levels and their models were created for purposes of calculation.
Afterwards, face advances on levels were determined and after having drawn them, the volume of the entire body of excavation as a whole and on particular levels
was precisely calculated. Drawing the successive statuses was considerably facilitated owing to the possibility to superimpose particular “drawings” one on the other, to
create out of them or their copies the copies or quite new “drawings” as a basis for further calculation. Some elements of “drawing” required to be very precisely
polished up, these elements being, for example, platforms of haulage ramps, delimitation of Mesozoic bedrock formations, entrance ramps for heavy machinery and
communication ramps. These elements were polished up on the adequate enlargements.
While designing, many working sections through the longterm slopes of open pit were made facilitating a proper outlook on some problems, e.g. slope stability. The
Microstation program is capable of quick creating any sections in any places.
The threedimensionless of “drawing” allowed to see the design or designed elements of open pit from any side and at any angle, which facilitated, among others, to
imagine the element and also, to avoid errors, if any (of importance for making calculation) or shortcomings of the design.
Taking mining operations as of 31.12.2002 as a basis, visualization of the design was also made in form of 700frame film of more than ten seconds where both
open pit site, internal dumping area and external dumping area was shown from bird’seye view.
Figure 4. Szczerców Field I. Main haulage ramp.
When computeraided techniques were not used it took very long time to make few approximations. Presently, as already mentioned, most of all time is taken up just
by the preparation of initial data, or making “the drawing”. Any calculation is made very quickly.
The design works are performed on vectorial basemaps received from the investor, which guarantees their correctness and uptodate nature.
Making the design “in computer” (of course, assuming the design to be made correctly) provides enormous possibilities to edit the design, to make corrections
immediately, to make precise measurements both on plane and in space, to read ordinates to any accuracy and also, in case of the design performed in 3D, to read
altitude ordinate “Z” of selected point in any place.
Such an accuracy was necessary, among others, in case of the design “Szczerców Field. Updating of mining technology with the aim of introducing ECS complex
III”, where requirements regarding degree of the minuteness of detail were placed at a very high level. Scale of “drawing” imposed high accuracy on the designer.
Finally, more than ten phases were obtained to open up benches I, II & III, these phases being a result of tens of fiton and trials. These trials were performed by
planning the successive phases having as backing documents (another layer in program) the preceeding phase, contourfinal outline open pit, and basemap as well.
While designing “The updating of technoeconomic report…” all above mentioned advantages of computeraided design were put to good account. The designed
contour of longterm slopes, map of technological bottom, map of land surface were used as basal documents. As initial statuses of mining operations, the statuses from
earlier design “The updating of ECS I…” were adopted. Since the above designs were made with use of computeraided techniques and were stored on the hard disk
and
Figure 5. “Szczerców Field. Updating of mining technology with the aim of introducing ECS complex III”. Phase X (spatial layout).
CD it was none too difficult to achieve access to the above files and to make use of them.
Based on the timeschedules of heavy machinery operation, maps of working benches on particular levels and their models were created for purposes of calculation.
Afterwards, face advances on levels were determined and after having drawn them, the volume of the entire body of excavation as a whole and on particular levels
was precisely calculated. Drawing the successive statuses was considerably facilitated owing to the possibility to superimpose particular “drawings” one on the other, to
create out of them or their copies the copies or quite new “drawings” as a basis for further calculation. Some elements of “drawing” required to be very precisely
polished up, these elements being, for example, platforms of haulage ramps, delimitation of Mesozoic bedrock formations, entrance ramps for heavy machinery and
communication ramps. These elements were polished up on the adequate enlargements.
While designing, many working sections through the longterm slopes of open pit were made facilitating a proper outlook on some problems, e.g. slope stability. The
Microstation program is capable of quick creating any sections in any places.
The threedimensionless of “drawing” allowed to see the design or designed elements of open pit from any side and at any angle, which facilitated, among others, to
imagine the element and also, to avoid errors, if any (of importance for making calculation) or shortcomings of the design.
Taking mining operations as of 31.12.2002 as a basis, visualization of the design was also made in form of 700frame film of more than ten seconds where both
open pit site, internal dumping area and external dumping area was shown from bird’seye view.
Page 11
Figure 6. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomistawice Open Pit”. Portion of conveying lines for lignite and overburden.
1.2 Small project—Tomislawice Open Pit—one of future operations in konin basic
The area covered by the designed future excavation site at Tomisławice Open Pit is approx. 8.5 km long and 2.4 km wide to a maximum. In the design “Techno
economic feasibility report for Tomisławice Open Pit”, there is made more precise about layout of open pit slopes with reference to the used dissection into benches,
adopted haulage options (haulage slopes, haulage ramps) and lignite deposit bedding. Also, there is made more precise about the option of lignite transportation by
railway from Tomislawice Open Pit along some 13.2 km long route to the loading station of Lubstów Open Pit and also, in the initial phase, option of overburden
transportation by belt conveyor system to the internal dumping area of Lubstów Open Pit. As while designing Bełchatów Field with use of traditional design methods,
the embracing such a wide area in one drawing would result in the obliteration or even disappearance of details, or impossibility of socalled wider outlook on the
problem as a whole. Planning and designing with use of computeraided techniques looks differently.
By way of example, the detailed delimitation of Tomisławice Open Pit and also, layout and details of haulage routes can be presented. While designing both the
deposit dissection and details of haulage routes the same drawing was used with nothing but any enlargements and any “views” on facilities or elements.
The excavation site along with options for slopes: eastern and western (haulage) ones, northern and southern one, and technological bottom at open pit as well,
designed in 3D creates model for calculation of the volume of mass incorporated in its body.
Just as in case of “big” project, “drawings” of face advances for any statuses are created basing on the above contour of slopes and earlier adopted criteria
Figure 7. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit”. Excavation site.
Figure 8. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit”. Mining operations as of 2018.
(timeschedule) of heavy machinery operation. By creating models of particular benches (layers) based on the contour lines obtained in the designing process and
located on the successive working benches, quick calculation and adequate corrections are made.
As while designing a “big open pit” first approximation of that whether fuel requirements of Power Plant can be met is obtained after the geologists have estimated
lignite volumes in working benches considering adopted face advances (in selected years, e.g. every one year in the initial phase of exploitation, every five years in the
next phase, every ten years in the final phase of exploitation).
One can say that the “procedures” in the designing process are independent of the Investor or open pit size. On the other hand, degree of complication (4 benches at
open pit, 2 dump layers in case of Tomisławice Open Pit and 30 benches and cuts at open pit and 15 dump layers and sublayers on spoil disposal sites of Szczerców
Field in Bełchatów Open Pit) depicts the difficulties with planning and designing and also, range of problems faced in both cases.
Figure 6. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomistawice Open Pit”. Portion of conveying lines for lignite and overburden.
1.2 Small project—Tomislawice Open Pit—one of future operations in konin basic
The area covered by the designed future excavation site at Tomisławice Open Pit is approx. 8.5 km long and 2.4 km wide to a maximum. In the design “Techno
economic feasibility report for Tomisławice Open Pit”, there is made more precise about layout of open pit slopes with reference to the used dissection into benches,
adopted haulage options (haulage slopes, haulage ramps) and lignite deposit bedding. Also, there is made more precise about the option of lignite transportation by
railway from Tomislawice Open Pit along some 13.2 km long route to the loading station of Lubstów Open Pit and also, in the initial phase, option of overburden
transportation by belt conveyor system to the internal dumping area of Lubstów Open Pit. As while designing Bełchatów Field with use of traditional design methods,
the embracing such a wide area in one drawing would result in the obliteration or even disappearance of details, or impossibility of socalled wider outlook on the
problem as a whole. Planning and designing with use of computeraided techniques looks differently.
By way of example, the detailed delimitation of Tomisławice Open Pit and also, layout and details of haulage routes can be presented. While designing both the
deposit dissection and details of haulage routes the same drawing was used with nothing but any enlargements and any “views” on facilities or elements.
The excavation site along with options for slopes: eastern and western (haulage) ones, northern and southern one, and technological bottom at open pit as well,
designed in 3D creates model for calculation of the volume of mass incorporated in its body.
Just as in case of “big” project, “drawings” of face advances for any statuses are created basing on the above contour of slopes and earlier adopted criteria
Figure 7. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit”. Excavation site.
Figure 8. “Technoeconomic feasibility report for Tomislawice Open Pit”. Mining operations as of 2018.
(timeschedule) of heavy machinery operation. By creating models of particular benches (layers) based on the contour lines obtained in the designing process and
located on the successive working benches, quick calculation and adequate corrections are made.
As while designing a “big open pit” first approximation of that whether fuel requirements of Power Plant can be met is obtained after the geologists have estimated
lignite volumes in working benches considering adopted face advances (in selected years, e.g. every one year in the initial phase of exploitation, every five years in the
next phase, every ten years in the final phase of exploitation).
One can say that the “procedures” in the designing process are independent of the Investor or open pit size. On the other hand, degree of complication (4 benches at
open pit, 2 dump layers in case of Tomisławice Open Pit and 30 benches and cuts at open pit and 15 dump layers and sublayers on spoil disposal sites of Szczerców
Field in Bełchatów Open Pit) depicts the difficulties with planning and designing and also, range of problems faced in both cases.
Page 12
All the facilitations mentioned in the paper have been achieved thanks to the use of computeraided techniques, mostly the Microstation program and its applications.
The subsequent latest versions of computer programs (e.g. Microstation V8) show new possibilities for designers, among others, mining engineers. These are
professional programs for engineering modelling, which ensure to achieve a new level of productivity owing to the integration of modelling with engineering applications
and software for management purposes, which are to help in working together on the engineering projects on a large scale in Internet or company’s internal networks.
It provides support all the time when products and assets exist, from the feasibility study to construction and application. Also, the designers have, and will still have in
the future, more influence on the creation of programs themselves by producing demand for specific products.
All the facilitations mentioned in the paper have been achieved thanks to the use of computeraided techniques, mostly the Microstation program and its applications.
The subsequent latest versions of computer programs (e.g. Microstation V8) show new possibilities for designers, among others, mining engineers. These are
professional programs for engineering modelling, which ensure to achieve a new level of productivity owing to the integration of modelling with engineering applications
and software for management purposes, which are to help in working together on the engineering projects on a large scale in Internet or company’s internal networks.
It provides support all the time when products and assets exist, from the feasibility study to construction and application. Also, the designers have, and will still have in
the future, more influence on the creation of programs themselves by producing demand for specific products.
Page 13
Graph algorithms in a mining CAD system
Jianhong Chen & Jianxiong Li
Central South University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
Tad S.Golosinski
University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT: Efficient CAD system for mining applications requires use of unique graph algorithms. This paper reviews several related problems and
defines the basic characteristics of graph geometry. The authors present the method of definition of vector intersections and vector eigenvalues, and
discuss their function in mining graph operation. Furthermore, relations between a point and a polygon, as well as between a polygon and a polygon
are discussed. The algorithm for polygon and borderline parallel push out or pull in is defined. This algorithm includes a general purpose polygon
intersection utility. Finally, several examples of polygon graph operation is presented as applied to mining applications.
1 INTRODUCTION
Unique to mining application a CAD system needs to be able to handle a variety of curvilinear mine features such as drifts, interfaces between ore and waste rock, pit
limits, haulage roads, and the like. All of these features are represented by a large number of polylines or polygons, with relevant coordinates assigned to each.
Sometimes the number of polygons exceeds several thousand. Therefore, reducing polygon count without a corresponding reduction in object detail is important for
achieving acceptable frame refreshment rates in scientific visualization. Reduction of polygon count allows for reduction of mass storage requirements and facilitates fast
transmission of large multistep geometric data sets.
Optimization of graph algorithm operation is the key to development of efficient mining CAD software; a well designed algorithm can greatly increase the efficiency of
the software and reduce complexity of programming. A number of serious operational problems is associated with use of conventional graph algorithms (Lathan, 1996
and Tad, 2000). These relate to the way of implementing polygon or vector intersectionpoint parallel push out or pull, and attract much attention (Liu, 2000).
Algorithms for polygon or vector intersectionpoint parallel push out, or pull in, need to be used in such mining CAD applications as the delineation and merging of
mining sections, waste disposal site planning, open pit planning, and the like. Unfortunately, such algorithms are not a part of the standard versions of AutoCAD
software.
2 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING GRAPHS
Mining graphs, unlike those used in architectural design or in mechanical engineering, usually posses geometric meaning and have accurate geodesy coordinates
associated with them. It follows that mining graphs are characterized by orientations and are associated with geometric meanings such as area or volume.
In a mining CAD system that is based on line and frame scheme, boundaries or borderlines which are the dividing lines of adjacent domains are usually used to
describe the domains or the entities. The borderlines belong to two adjacent domains at the same time in sense of geometry, what creates ambiguity that makes correct
CAD system operation impossible. Elimination of this ambiguity requires introduction of orientations of graph elements. Vector graphs are often used instead of
boundary graphs, which include straight lines, polygons, arcs and their combinations. The following part of the paper discusses these vector graphs as well as their
orientation.
In analytical geometry the expression of plane curves f(x,y)=0 divide the infinite plane into the
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Graph algorithms in a mining CAD system
Jianhong Chen & Jianxiong Li
Central South University, ChangSha, Hunan, China
Tad S.Golosinski
University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT: Efficient CAD system for mining applications requires use of unique graph algorithms. This paper reviews several related problems and
defines the basic characteristics of graph geometry. The authors present the method of definition of vector intersections and vector eigenvalues, and
discuss their function in mining graph operation. Furthermore, relations between a point and a polygon, as well as between a polygon and a polygon
are discussed. The algorithm for polygon and borderline parallel push out or pull in is defined. This algorithm includes a general purpose polygon
intersection utility. Finally, several examples of polygon graph operation is presented as applied to mining applications.
1 INTRODUCTION
Unique to mining application a CAD system needs to be able to handle a variety of curvilinear mine features such as drifts, interfaces between ore and waste rock, pit
limits, haulage roads, and the like. All of these features are represented by a large number of polylines or polygons, with relevant coordinates assigned to each.
Sometimes the number of polygons exceeds several thousand. Therefore, reducing polygon count without a corresponding reduction in object detail is important for
achieving acceptable frame refreshment rates in scientific visualization. Reduction of polygon count allows for reduction of mass storage requirements and facilitates fast
transmission of large multistep geometric data sets.
Optimization of graph algorithm operation is the key to development of efficient mining CAD software; a well designed algorithm can greatly increase the efficiency of
the software and reduce complexity of programming. A number of serious operational problems is associated with use of conventional graph algorithms (Lathan, 1996
and Tad, 2000). These relate to the way of implementing polygon or vector intersectionpoint parallel push out or pull, and attract much attention (Liu, 2000).
Algorithms for polygon or vector intersectionpoint parallel push out, or pull in, need to be used in such mining CAD applications as the delineation and merging of
mining sections, waste disposal site planning, open pit planning, and the like. Unfortunately, such algorithms are not a part of the standard versions of AutoCAD
software.
2 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING GRAPHS
Mining graphs, unlike those used in architectural design or in mechanical engineering, usually posses geometric meaning and have accurate geodesy coordinates
associated with them. It follows that mining graphs are characterized by orientations and are associated with geometric meanings such as area or volume.
In a mining CAD system that is based on line and frame scheme, boundaries or borderlines which are the dividing lines of adjacent domains are usually used to
describe the domains or the entities. The borderlines belong to two adjacent domains at the same time in sense of geometry, what creates ambiguity that makes correct
CAD system operation impossible. Elimination of this ambiguity requires introduction of orientations of graph elements. Vector graphs are often used instead of
boundary graphs, which include straight lines, polygons, arcs and their combinations. The following part of the paper discusses these vector graphs as well as their
orientation.
In analytical geometry the expression of plane curves f(x,y)=0 divide the infinite plane into the
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Page 14
following three domains:
If a graph consists of closed geometric sections, the above expressions can be used to determine whether a given point of the plane is inside or outside of the enclosed
sections. In case if there is no closed path involved, the above expressions can be used to determine whether certain points in the plane are positioned to the left or to
the right of the curve path. This relationship can be extended to 3D system to determine the spatial position of entities. In righthand Cartesian coordinate system
following geometric characteristics exist:
2.1 Orientation and domains of straight lines
A straight line on a plane can be expressed by the following equation:
Orientation and domains of straight lines are determined as follows: if one walks in the direction of line orientation, the domain on the left hand side is positive. This
holds true for all graph operations.
2.2 Orientation and domains of polygons
Orientation of ordered polygons in a plane can be either counterclockwise (left turn) or clockwise (right turn). The domain of a polygon on the left hand side
(counterclockwise) is defined as positive.
2.3 Orientation and domains of arcs
The orientation of an arc corresponds to the location of its radius; it is positive if the arc is formed in counterclockwise fashion.
2.4 Orientation of angles
The angles formed counterclockwise are defined as positive.
2.5 Orientation of distances
On the borderlines (straight lines, arcs and polygons included), orientation of distances is positive if it follows the line orientation; otherwise it is negative. In case of
traversing of any graph element, orientation of distances is positive if traversing occurs towards a positive domain.
2.6 Orientation of areas
Any area formed by tracing the closed path counterclockwise is defined as positive, otherwise it is negative.
3 INTERSECTION OF VECTORS AND THEIR EIGENVALUES
Definition of intersections between vectors and their description is the basis for graph operation. Vector intersection has an ambiguity in geometric sense and the
concept of eigenvalue is used to eliminate this ambiguity. The absolute value of eigenvalue equals one. Due to the fact that product of vectors is nonreversible a pair of
eigenvalues exists for each intersection. The signs of each of the two vectors of the pair are opposite to each other and their algebraic sum equals zero as shown in
Figure 1(a).
Study of the phenomena related to a vector intersecting a closed polygon provides geometric interpretation of eigenvalues. As shown in Figure 1(b), vector P1−P2
intersects a closed polygon L {1, 2, 3, 4} and forms two intersections Sl and S2 with edge vector 41 and 23. It is known that eigenvalues of intersection are +1 and −1
respectively. The vector P1−P2 enters the polygon through intersection S1 and leaves it through intersection S2. That is why S1 is called the inlet and S2 the exit.
Geometric meaning of eigenvalue can now be expressed as follows: if eigenvalue of intersection is +1 the vector has entered the positive domain of the intersected
vector. Conversely if eigenvalue of intersection is −1, the vector has entered the negative domain of the intersected vector. This interpretation provides guidance for
definition of relative positions of the plane points and polygons. There are three methods (sign, angle and semiradial criteria) to
Figure 1(a & b). Intersection of two vectors and eigenvalue of the intersection points.
determine whether a certain point lies inside or outside a known polygon. Refer to the relevant reference (He Y.J., 1992) for the detailed discussion of these methods.
G
0
={(x,y)|f(x,y)=0}
G
+
={(x,y)|f(x,y)>0}
G
−
={(x,y)|f(x,y)<0}
ax+by+c=0 and a
2
+b
2
=1
following three domains:
If a graph consists of closed geometric sections, the above expressions can be used to determine whether a given point of the plane is inside or outside of the enclosed
sections. In case if there is no closed path involved, the above expressions can be used to determine whether certain points in the plane are positioned to the left or to
the right of the curve path. This relationship can be extended to 3D system to determine the spatial position of entities. In righthand Cartesian coordinate system
following geometric characteristics exist:
2.1 Orientation and domains of straight lines
A straight line on a plane can be expressed by the following equation:
Orientation and domains of straight lines are determined as follows: if one walks in the direction of line orientation, the domain on the left hand side is positive. This
holds true for all graph operations.
2.2 Orientation and domains of polygons
Orientation of ordered polygons in a plane can be either counterclockwise (left turn) or clockwise (right turn). The domain of a polygon on the left hand side
(counterclockwise) is defined as positive.
2.3 Orientation and domains of arcs
The orientation of an arc corresponds to the location of its radius; it is positive if the arc is formed in counterclockwise fashion.
2.4 Orientation of angles
The angles formed counterclockwise are defined as positive.
2.5 Orientation of distances
On the borderlines (straight lines, arcs and polygons included), orientation of distances is positive if it follows the line orientation; otherwise it is negative. In case of
traversing of any graph element, orientation of distances is positive if traversing occurs towards a positive domain.
2.6 Orientation of areas
Any area formed by tracing the closed path counterclockwise is defined as positive, otherwise it is negative.
3 INTERSECTION OF VECTORS AND THEIR EIGENVALUES
Definition of intersections between vectors and their description is the basis for graph operation. Vector intersection has an ambiguity in geometric sense and the
concept of eigenvalue is used to eliminate this ambiguity. The absolute value of eigenvalue equals one. Due to the fact that product of vectors is nonreversible a pair of
eigenvalues exists for each intersection. The signs of each of the two vectors of the pair are opposite to each other and their algebraic sum equals zero as shown in
Figure 1(a).
Study of the phenomena related to a vector intersecting a closed polygon provides geometric interpretation of eigenvalues. As shown in Figure 1(b), vector P1−P2
intersects a closed polygon L {1, 2, 3, 4} and forms two intersections Sl and S2 with edge vector 41 and 23. It is known that eigenvalues of intersection are +1 and −1
respectively. The vector P1−P2 enters the polygon through intersection S1 and leaves it through intersection S2. That is why S1 is called the inlet and S2 the exit.
Geometric meaning of eigenvalue can now be expressed as follows: if eigenvalue of intersection is +1 the vector has entered the positive domain of the intersected
vector. Conversely if eigenvalue of intersection is −1, the vector has entered the negative domain of the intersected vector. This interpretation provides guidance for
definition of relative positions of the plane points and polygons. There are three methods (sign, angle and semiradial criteria) to
Figure 1(a & b). Intersection of two vectors and eigenvalue of the intersection points.
determine whether a certain point lies inside or outside a known polygon. Refer to the relevant reference (He Y.J., 1992) for the detailed discussion of these methods.
G
0
={(x,y)|f(x,y)=0}
G
+
={(x,y)|f(x,y)>0}
G
−
={(x,y)|f(x,y)<0}
ax+by+c=0 and a
2
+b
2
=1
Page 15
4 ALGORITHM FOR ALGEBRAIC OPERATION OF POLYGONS
4.1 Types of polygons and their relationships
Any domain in a plane can be defined by one or more polygons. A single connected polygon divides an infinite plane into two domains which are uniquely defined by
their orientations and azimuths. Compound polygons are the result of fusion of simple polygons.
Suppose there are two simple polygons A and B, then their relationship in the same plane can be expressed as follows: A intersects B; A contains B; B contains A;
A is independent of B.
4.2 Algorithmic hierarchy of polygo n operati
Plane graphs are defined by their boundaries; therefore any operation that involves graphs requires manipulation of the boundaries. Intersection of two graphs will
generate a new graph and also form a new boundaries, namely a new polygon. The edges of the new polygon are made of parts of boundaries of original graphs with
the change of boundary taking place at the intersection of original polygons. So finding these intersections leads to the discovery of the boundary that defines the newly
created pol The algorithm that can be used to do this involves the following steps:
(1) Initiation by identification of all the vertices of the different loops and indexing these with sequential numbers, each loop starting at loop 1.
(2) If difference operation is involved, change the orientation of loop 2.
(3) Find all the intersection points on the edge vector between the two loops and insert them back to the original loop.
(4) Merge and delete duplicate points if any are found.
(5) Check the parent relationship of the two loops if segment intersection does not exist, then go to step (13).
(6) Take the first intersection as the initial one.
(7) Link the initial intersection with the new loop and define out the product, sum and difference of polygons. If the eigenvalue of the intersection is positive or negative
mark the intersection appropriately and follow to another loop.
(8) Take the next node on the loop and go to (10) if it is an intersection.
(9) Connect the vertex with the new loop and go to (8).
(10) Go to (11) if it has returned to the initial intersection, otherwise go to (7).
(11) Merge the duplicate adjacent nodes on the new loop and set up a new loop.
(12) Go to (6) if there are more segment intersections;
(13) Process the results completes algorithm execution.
4.3 Algorithmic forms of polygons
The geometric operations on polygons are used when subtraction of different domains in the plane is required. These operations are based on the set theory and are
classified into three types: sum operation, product operation and difference operation. Suppose there are two polygons A and B, their geometric operations can be
expressed in the following forms:
(1) C=A−B, subtraction operation is performed that results in cutting parts of polygon A by polygon B, as shown in Figure 2. b1 and b2.
(2) or C=A∙B, a product operation is performed with only the overlapped parts of the two polygons is left, as shown in Figure 2. c1 and c2.
(3) or C=A+B, addition operation is performed that results in merging the two domains as shown in Figure 2. d1 and d2.
(4) C=B−A, it is the opposite operation of (2) the result of which is cutting off the overlapping polygon parts as shown in Figure 2. e1 and e2.
Figure 2. Operation algorithm of the parallel push.
4 ALGORITHM FOR ALGEBRAIC OPERATION OF POLYGONS
4.1 Types of polygons and their relationships
Any domain in a plane can be defined by one or more polygons. A single connected polygon divides an infinite plane into two domains which are uniquely defined by
their orientations and azimuths. Compound polygons are the result of fusion of simple polygons.
Suppose there are two simple polygons A and B, then their relationship in the same plane can be expressed as follows: A intersects B; A contains B; B contains A;
A is independent of B.
4.2 Algorithmic hierarchy of polygo n operati
Plane graphs are defined by their boundaries; therefore any operation that involves graphs requires manipulation of the boundaries. Intersection of two graphs will
generate a new graph and also form a new boundaries, namely a new polygon. The edges of the new polygon are made of parts of boundaries of original graphs with
the change of boundary taking place at the intersection of original polygons. So finding these intersections leads to the discovery of the boundary that defines the newly
created pol The algorithm that can be used to do this involves the following steps:
(1) Initiation by identification of all the vertices of the different loops and indexing these with sequential numbers, each loop starting at loop 1.
(2) If difference operation is involved, change the orientation of loop 2.
(3) Find all the intersection points on the edge vector between the two loops and insert them back to the original loop.
(4) Merge and delete duplicate points if any are found.
(5) Check the parent relationship of the two loops if segment intersection does not exist, then go to step (13).
(6) Take the first intersection as the initial one.
(7) Link the initial intersection with the new loop and define out the product, sum and difference of polygons. If the eigenvalue of the intersection is positive or negative
mark the intersection appropriately and follow to another loop.
(8) Take the next node on the loop and go to (10) if it is an intersection.
(9) Connect the vertex with the new loop and go to (8).
(10) Go to (11) if it has returned to the initial intersection, otherwise go to (7).
(11) Merge the duplicate adjacent nodes on the new loop and set up a new loop.
(12) Go to (6) if there are more segment intersections;
(13) Process the results completes algorithm execution.
4.3 Algorithmic forms of polygons
The geometric operations on polygons are used when subtraction of different domains in the plane is required. These operations are based on the set theory and are
classified into three types: sum operation, product operation and difference operation. Suppose there are two polygons A and B, their geometric operations can be
expressed in the following forms:
(1) C=A−B, subtraction operation is performed that results in cutting parts of polygon A by polygon B, as shown in Figure 2. b1 and b2.
(2) or C=A∙B, a product operation is performed with only the overlapped parts of the two polygons is left, as shown in Figure 2. c1 and c2.
(3) or C=A+B, addition operation is performed that results in merging the two domains as shown in Figure 2. d1 and d2.
(4) C=B−A, it is the opposite operation of (2) the result of which is cutting off the overlapping polygon parts as shown in Figure 2. e1 and e2.
Figure 2. Operation algorithm of the parallel push.
Page 16
It can be seen from Figure 2 that the results of the graph operation are closely related to their orientation. The orientation of polygon and eigenvalue of intersection form
the foundation of algorithm hierarchy, as the orientation determines the relevant domain and eigenvalue of intersection determines the difference between the inlet and
the exit.
Polygon operation plays an important role in such applications as open pit planning, pit generation, advancement of work faces and ore body delineation. It is a basic
algorithm of great utility in any graph manipulation.
4.4 A method of normal line for the parallel algorithm
From the equation of any straight line in a plane:
where A=y
1
−y
2
; B=x
2
−x
1
; C=Ax
1
+By
1
The distance from any point P(x
p
,y
p
) in the plane to the line can be expressed as:
If D>0, then the point P lies on the left side of the line, that is to say it lies in the positive domain. For D=0, the point lies on the line and when D<0 the point P lies on
the right side of the line, that is to say it lies in the negative domain.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by , the equation of its normal line can be expressed as:
where:
In this case, a and b contains obvious geometric meanings:
where α is the angle between the line orientation and x axis and c is the distance from the origin to the line.
4.5 Algorithm of borderline parallel push
The first step in the parallel push algorithm is to generate the parallel lines by subtracting the distance d from the parameter C in equation (3), which is a simple
operation:
If d>0, the parallel lines are generated in the positive domain of the polygon, otherwise they are generated in the negative domain of the polygon.
4.6 Modified algorithm of vector intersection
For any two adjacent edges [P
i
, P
i+1
] and [P
i+2
, P
i+3
] in a polygon L={P
1,
P
2
, P
3
,…, P
n
}, the intersection of their parallel lines can be obtained by the following
equations:
where a
1
, b
1,
c
1
, a
2
, b
2
, c
2
are calculated from equation (6). The intersection defined by Equation (7) is the (i+1) vertex of the new polygon. The new polygon, which
has been formed by the algorithm of borderline push, is obtained by connecting each new vertex sequentially.
In the case of a polyline, the algorithm of borderline push can only locate n−2 vertices, therefore missing the start and end points. This problem can be overcome
by drawing lines that are perpendicular to relative edge and originate at the start and the end points, and intersect the perpendicular lines at +d or −d respectively. The
intersection points are the desirable start and end points.
Only general situations have been discussed so far. Following the 8form polygons will be generated and operation of the parallel push algorithm illustrated. If the
need to process such twisted polygons exists the following approach needs to be taken.
For the polygon with intersection between the nonadjacent edges, mark its eigenvalue. If the following condition is satisfied:
where:
Area is the area of the original polygon (positive or negative)
Attr is the eigenvalue of the intersection to be found (positive or negative), and
d is the distance generated in the translation of polygon (positive or negative).
Then all the vertices of the polygon around the intersection can be deleted. Thus the 8form polygon is deleted entirely. Two applications of the algorithm of
borderline push are shown in Figure 3.
Operation algorithm by borderline parallel push.
The steps involved in the algorithm of borderline parallel push are as follows:
(1) Delete duplicate points in the polygon to avoid singularity of algorithm (an important step).
(2) Define the equations of normal lines and polygon vectors, and move the vectors for a distance of d.
Ax+By+C=0
(1)
(2)
ax+by+c=0
(3)
(4)
a=−sinα, b=cosα
(5)
ax+by−d=0
(6)
(7)
Area*Attr*d>0
(8)
It can be seen from Figure 2 that the results of the graph operation are closely related to their orientation. The orientation of polygon and eigenvalue of intersection form
the foundation of algorithm hierarchy, as the orientation determines the relevant domain and eigenvalue of intersection determines the difference between the inlet and
the exit.
Polygon operation plays an important role in such applications as open pit planning, pit generation, advancement of work faces and ore body delineation. It is a basic
algorithm of great utility in any graph manipulation.
4.4 A method of normal line for the parallel algorithm
From the equation of any straight line in a plane:
where A=y
1
−y
2
; B=x
2
−x
1
; C=Ax
1
+By
1
The distance from any point P(x
p
,y
p
) in the plane to the line can be expressed as:
If D>0, then the point P lies on the left side of the line, that is to say it lies in the positive domain. For D=0, the point lies on the line and when D<0 the point P lies on
the right side of the line, that is to say it lies in the negative domain.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by , the equation of its normal line can be expressed as:
where:
In this case, a and b contains obvious geometric meanings:
where α is the angle between the line orientation and x axis and c is the distance from the origin to the line.
4.5 Algorithm of borderline parallel push
The first step in the parallel push algorithm is to generate the parallel lines by subtracting the distance d from the parameter C in equation (3), which is a simple
operation:
If d>0, the parallel lines are generated in the positive domain of the polygon, otherwise they are generated in the negative domain of the polygon.
4.6 Modified algorithm of vector intersection
For any two adjacent edges [P
i
, P
i+1
] and [P
i+2
, P
i+3
] in a polygon L={P
1,
P
2
, P
3
,…, P
n
}, the intersection of their parallel lines can be obtained by the following
equations:
where a
1
, b
1,
c
1
, a
2
, b
2
, c
2
are calculated from equation (6). The intersection defined by Equation (7) is the (i+1) vertex of the new polygon. The new polygon, which
has been formed by the algorithm of borderline push, is obtained by connecting each new vertex sequentially.
In the case of a polyline, the algorithm of borderline push can only locate n−2 vertices, therefore missing the start and end points. This problem can be overcome
by drawing lines that are perpendicular to relative edge and originate at the start and the end points, and intersect the perpendicular lines at +d or −d respectively. The
intersection points are the desirable start and end points.
Only general situations have been discussed so far. Following the 8form polygons will be generated and operation of the parallel push algorithm illustrated. If the
need to process such twisted polygons exists the following approach needs to be taken.
For the polygon with intersection between the nonadjacent edges, mark its eigenvalue. If the following condition is satisfied:
where:
Area is the area of the original polygon (positive or negative)
Attr is the eigenvalue of the intersection to be found (positive or negative), and
d is the distance generated in the translation of polygon (positive or negative).
Then all the vertices of the polygon around the intersection can be deleted. Thus the 8form polygon is deleted entirely. Two applications of the algorithm of
borderline push are shown in Figure 3.
Operation algorithm by borderline parallel push.
The steps involved in the algorithm of borderline parallel push are as follows:
(1) Delete duplicate points in the polygon to avoid singularity of algorithm (an important step).
(2) Define the equations of normal lines and polygon vectors, and move the vectors for a distance of d.
Ax+By+C=0
(1)
(2)
ax+by+c=0
(3)
(4)
a=−sinα, b=cosα
(5)
ax+by−d=0
(6)
(7)
Area*Attr*d>0
(8)
Page 17
Figure 3. Types of operation algorithm for polygon parallel push.
(3) Identify the intersection points of the adjacent edge vectors after moving.
(4) Connect the intersection points sequentially to form the new polygon.
(5) If the original polygon is not the closed one, then process its start and end points.
(6) Check whether there is intersection among the adjacent edges of the new polygon (starting from the first point). If the answer is negative, then go to (8).
(7) Delete 8form polygon.
(8) End of the algorithm.
5 ALGORITHM APPLICATIONS
The geometry optimization algorithm can significantly reduce the amount of basic geometric information required to faithfully reproduce an object. This method has been
used successfully on many scientific applications with results presented for the representative applications. The results indicate that the algorithms described in this paper
works best when optimizing areas of gradually changing orientation.
In the development process of MCAD (Chen J.H., 2001), more than ten frequently used graph algorithms have been successfully defined through countless tests and
modifications, including borderline parallel push out and pull in, algebra operation on polygons, automatic drawing of visual slope lines and the drawing of polygons
with sharing edge, etc.
The above algorithms greatly improve the efficiency of mining CAD. For example, definition of pit limit using borderline parallel push algorithm is very simple and
fast. Figure 4 and Figure 5 present two case studies in which 3D and 2D open pit limits were formed using polygon parallel push algorithm that is
Figure 4. 3D Open pit limit polygon by MCAD.
Figure 5. 2D Open pit limit polygon by MCAD.
a part of MCAD. Data from Gaocun iron mine in China were used in these examples.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research reported on in this paper was funded by NSFC grant no. 50374072.
REFERENCES
Lathan, R. & Middleditch, A. 1996. Connectivity analysis: a tool for processing geometric constraints. ComputerAidedDesign, 28(11):917–928.
Golosinski, T.S. 2000. Mining in the New Millennium: Challenges and Opportunities. A.A.Balkema: 263–301.
Archibald, N.J. & Powder, W.L. 1997. Geology and ore body delineation using 3D computer modeling, Computers & Geosciences, 15(8):312–319.
Figure 3. Types of operation algorithm for polygon parallel push.
(3) Identify the intersection points of the adjacent edge vectors after moving.
(4) Connect the intersection points sequentially to form the new polygon.
(5) If the original polygon is not the closed one, then process its start and end points.
(6) Check whether there is intersection among the adjacent edges of the new polygon (starting from the first point). If the answer is negative, then go to (8).
(7) Delete 8form polygon.
(8) End of the algorithm.
5 ALGORITHM APPLICATIONS
The geometry optimization algorithm can significantly reduce the amount of basic geometric information required to faithfully reproduce an object. This method has been
used successfully on many scientific applications with results presented for the representative applications. The results indicate that the algorithms described in this paper
works best when optimizing areas of gradually changing orientation.
In the development process of MCAD (Chen J.H., 2001), more than ten frequently used graph algorithms have been successfully defined through countless tests and
modifications, including borderline parallel push out and pull in, algebra operation on polygons, automatic drawing of visual slope lines and the drawing of polygons
with sharing edge, etc.
The above algorithms greatly improve the efficiency of mining CAD. For example, definition of pit limit using borderline parallel push algorithm is very simple and
fast. Figure 4 and Figure 5 present two case studies in which 3D and 2D open pit limits were formed using polygon parallel push algorithm that is
Figure 4. 3D Open pit limit polygon by MCAD.
Figure 5. 2D Open pit limit polygon by MCAD.
a part of MCAD. Data from Gaocun iron mine in China were used in these examples.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research reported on in this paper was funded by NSFC grant no. 50374072.
REFERENCES
Lathan, R. & Middleditch, A. 1996. Connectivity analysis: a tool for processing geometric constraints. ComputerAidedDesign, 28(11):917–928.
Golosinski, T.S. 2000. Mining in the New Millennium: Challenges and Opportunities. A.A.Balkema: 263–301.
Archibald, N.J. & Powder, W.L. 1997. Geology and ore body delineation using 3D computer modeling, Computers & Geosciences, 15(8):312–319.
Page 18
Liu, X.P. 2000. Study of Engineering Section Algorithm in CAD System, Journal of CAD and Computer Graphics, 2000, 12(11):839–843.
He, Y.J. 1992. Algorithm and Applications of Computer Graphics, Changsha, Hunan Press of Science and Technology: 161–170.
Chen, J.H. & Gu, D.S. 2001, Graph Element Hierarchy of Mining CAD based on Line and Frame Technique, Journal of CSUT, 32(6):559–5
Chen, J.H. & Gu, D.S. 2001, Study of Description Method of Graph Element Attributes in Mining CAD, Metal Mines, 30(8):9–11.
Zhu, J.H. &Gu N.L. 1994, Some Algorithms used in Mining Graphics Software, Journal of Beijing University Of Science and Technohgy, 3:28–32.
Liu, X.P. 2000. Study of Engineering Section Algorithm in CAD System, Journal of CAD and Computer Graphics, 2000, 12(11):839–843.
He, Y.J. 1992. Algorithm and Applications of Computer Graphics, Changsha, Hunan Press of Science and Technology: 161–170.
Chen, J.H. & Gu, D.S. 2001, Graph Element Hierarchy of Mining CAD based on Line and Frame Technique, Journal of CSUT, 32(6):559–5
Chen, J.H. & Gu, D.S. 2001, Study of Description Method of Graph Element Attributes in Mining CAD, Metal Mines, 30(8):9–11.
Zhu, J.H. &Gu N.L. 1994, Some Algorithms used in Mining Graphics Software, Journal of Beijing University Of Science and Technohgy, 3:28–32.
Page 19
Determining underground stope mineability using dynamic block value
assignment approach
B.Ding
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
C.W.Pelley
Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
J.J.de Ruiter
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
ABSTRACT: To define an efficient underground mine development system that leads to a maximum total mine production profit is undoubtedly a big
challenge to the mine planners. At the mine planning stage, a clear knowledge of the deposit and thorough understanding of the cost components
involved in mineral extraction become increasingly critical to determine the extent of mine development and the following mining production. This paper
attempts to present a dynamic block value assignment approach to determine the mineability of a mining stope. A sophisticated iterative 3step block
search process is designed to calculate the profit value of each block, continuously revise the mineable block profile and redistribute the costs to the
remaining blocks. This dynamic block value assignment and mineability examination process excludes all the negatively valued mine stopes, includes all
the profitable blocks in the system, and therefore provides a valid solution to the total mining profit problem.
1 INTRODUCTION
At the early mine planning stages, the production scale is defined based quantitatively on the reserve information, the total tonnage and average grade, by using such
economical optimization techniques as net present value or internal rate of return maximization. The principle of “the best ore taken first” employed in the early planning
stages usually relies on the assumption that every ton of ore is equally accessible regardless of the physical location of the parcels. In reality, however, part of the “best
ore” might not be economically accessible due either to the high development cost or remoteness from the main zone. Contrarily, some of the lowgrade material might
have to be removed to ease the mining of the surrounding highgrade materials, or can be economically exploited because of their high accessibility from the available
openings.
At the strategic planning stage, the mine development lay out becomes critical. This necessitates a more detailed analysis of the physical characteristics of the deposit,
such as the location and the shape of the orebody, to determine the extent to which it is exploited, and the sequence by which the deposit is developed to meet the
production requirement. Modifications on the previously determined production level and production rate might also be needed according to the change of the mineable
reserve.
This paper provides an approach to provide insight into the orebody characteristics, such as the physical location of deferent parcels and the grade distribution. By
incorporating a profitability analysis of recovering each unit of the orebody, the major objective of this paper is to develop a methodology, similar to the “floating cone”
technique applied to openpit mining, to examine the mineability of deferent units of the deposit, and further define a practical development system that reasonably
maximizes the total profit.
It is assumed that up to this planning stage, a valid block model has been available and the production rate and level have been determined at earlier planning stages;
A feasible mine development system has been also suggested by the engineering design group according to the orebody location and geometric features.
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Determining underground stope mineability using dynamic block value
assignment approach
B.Ding
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
C.W.Pelley
Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
J.J.de Ruiter
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
ABSTRACT: To define an efficient underground mine development system that leads to a maximum total mine production profit is undoubtedly a big
challenge to the mine planners. At the mine planning stage, a clear knowledge of the deposit and thorough understanding of the cost components
involved in mineral extraction become increasingly critical to determine the extent of mine development and the following mining production. This paper
attempts to present a dynamic block value assignment approach to determine the mineability of a mining stope. A sophisticated iterative 3step block
search process is designed to calculate the profit value of each block, continuously revise the mineable block profile and redistribute the costs to the
remaining blocks. This dynamic block value assignment and mineability examination process excludes all the negatively valued mine stopes, includes all
the profitable blocks in the system, and therefore provides a valid solution to the total mining profit problem.
1 INTRODUCTION
At the early mine planning stages, the production scale is defined based quantitatively on the reserve information, the total tonnage and average grade, by using such
economical optimization techniques as net present value or internal rate of return maximization. The principle of “the best ore taken first” employed in the early planning
stages usually relies on the assumption that every ton of ore is equally accessible regardless of the physical location of the parcels. In reality, however, part of the “best
ore” might not be economically accessible due either to the high development cost or remoteness from the main zone. Contrarily, some of the lowgrade material might
have to be removed to ease the mining of the surrounding highgrade materials, or can be economically exploited because of their high accessibility from the available
openings.
At the strategic planning stage, the mine development lay out becomes critical. This necessitates a more detailed analysis of the physical characteristics of the deposit,
such as the location and the shape of the orebody, to determine the extent to which it is exploited, and the sequence by which the deposit is developed to meet the
production requirement. Modifications on the previously determined production level and production rate might also be needed according to the change of the mineable
reserve.
This paper provides an approach to provide insight into the orebody characteristics, such as the physical location of deferent parcels and the grade distribution. By
incorporating a profitability analysis of recovering each unit of the orebody, the major objective of this paper is to develop a methodology, similar to the “floating cone”
technique applied to openpit mining, to examine the mineability of deferent units of the deposit, and further define a practical development system that reasonably
maximizes the total profit.
It is assumed that up to this planning stage, a valid block model has been available and the production rate and level have been determined at earlier planning stages;
A feasible mine development system has been also suggested by the engineering design group according to the orebody location and geometric features.
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Page 20
2 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROBLEM
Efforts have been made over the past decades to apply a mathematical approach to maximizing the total profit or net present value of a mining project (refer to Carlisle,
D. 1954, Gentry, M.T. & O’Neil, T.J. 1984, Lane, K.F. 1988, Von Wahl, S. 1983, Gordon, Richard, L. 1985). Due to the complex interrelationships and inter
dependence of the associated factors affecting the project economics, mathematical relationships are either overly complicated yet present unconvincing results, or over
simplified by adopting numerous assumptions that lead to wrong “optimal” solutions. Seeking traditional mathematical approaches to solve the economical optimization
problem of the mining industry is thus neither realistic nor necessary. This is determined by the unique features of the mining operation, such as low similarity from mine
to mine, high uncertainty of the factors and progressive availability of orebody information as well as exhaustibility of the orebody over a relatively long period (Pareja,
L.D. & Pelley, C.W. 1995).
Ideally, the total profit of a mine development project is maximized, given the orebody information and production capacity as well as mine development system, only
when two conditions are met: (a) any stope to be developed will contribute nonnegative profit, and (b) all the stopes that may generate a positive value shall be
developed and recovered. This profit maximization problem can be expressed in the form of an illustrative mathematical equation,
where,
TP—total profit of development
V
n
—prospective value of recovering a mining block, a parameter determined by many different parameters such as the grade of the block, metal price and the costs
required to access, remove and treat this block
n—total number of the mining blocks to be mined.
To avoid any confusion, it is necessary to state that in this paper there will be no effort made to seek a mathematical solution to this optimization problem, but rather
a modified “rule of thumb” or “trial and error” approach will be employed as described in the following sections.
3
METHODOLOGY3
The procedure for solving the total development profit maximization problem starts from the definition of the mining blocks including their parameters such as size,
quality and location, etc. A computer program is designed to search for all the mining blocks, pick up their parameters, assign the price and cost data and further
estimate the profit value of each of the blocks. Finally the calculated profit value of each mining block is examined to determine whether or not a block shall be
developed. The negatively valued mining block shall be removed from the “mineable reserve” profile. If there are any mining blocks being removed, this procedure
needs to start all over again based on the modified collection of mining blocks and the “shared costs” are recalculated and redistributed amongst the remaining blocks.
Such an iterative process continues until there is no further change in the number of mining blocks in the system. The end result of this process is all the potentially
profitable reserves are kept in the system, and all the mining blocks that might diminish the potential total profit of the operation are excluded from the development
system.
The principle to solve this total profit maximization problem is somehow similar to the floatingcone method adopted for the final limit optimization of an openpit,
which excludes any negatively valued blocks after incorporating a consideration of the minimum space required by mining activities. An obvious difference, however,
can be observed between these two techniques. The floatingcone approach is to determine whether or not a block should be removed based not only on the value of
the block itself, but also on the values of the unmined block(s) which have to be removed to liberate this block. In an underground mining operation, the development is
mining level based. This provides high selectivity and makes the blocks relatively independent from each other. Therefore, the development extent optimization process
in underground mining cases looks more into each individual mining block on each mining level, although some of the development costs might be “shared” by some or
all the mining blocks.
4 MINING BLOCK MODEL
Underground mining activities are usually conducted in stopes, or “mining blocks” as it is termed in this paper, on different levels. Because the accessibility and quality
of the blocks may vary throughout the orebody, the precision of the orebody information needs to be high enough to determine an efficient underground development
excavation layout. Such orebody information can be provided by valid block modeling, here the term “modeling block” is used to make it distinct from mining block.
In case of flat bedding or gently dipping deposits, such as coal seams, nonmetal and some of the metallic deposits, the orebody often has a wide horizontal
2 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PROBLEM
Efforts have been made over the past decades to apply a mathematical approach to maximizing the total profit or net present value of a mining project (refer to Carlisle,
D. 1954, Gentry, M.T. & O’Neil, T.J. 1984, Lane, K.F. 1988, Von Wahl, S. 1983, Gordon, Richard, L. 1985). Due to the complex interrelationships and inter
dependence of the associated factors affecting the project economics, mathematical relationships are either overly complicated yet present unconvincing results, or over
simplified by adopting numerous assumptions that lead to wrong “optimal” solutions. Seeking traditional mathematical approaches to solve the economical optimization
problem of the mining industry is thus neither realistic nor necessary. This is determined by the unique features of the mining operation, such as low similarity from mine
to mine, high uncertainty of the factors and progressive availability of orebody information as well as exhaustibility of the orebody over a relatively long period (Pareja,
L.D. & Pelley, C.W. 1995).
Ideally, the total profit of a mine development project is maximized, given the orebody information and production capacity as well as mine development system, only
when two conditions are met: (a) any stope to be developed will contribute nonnegative profit, and (b) all the stopes that may generate a positive value shall be
developed and recovered. This profit maximization problem can be expressed in the form of an illustrative mathematical equation,
where,
TP—total profit of development
V
n
—prospective value of recovering a mining block, a parameter determined by many different parameters such as the grade of the block, metal price and the costs
required to access, remove and treat this block
n—total number of the mining blocks to be mined.
To avoid any confusion, it is necessary to state that in this paper there will be no effort made to seek a mathematical solution to this optimization problem, but rather
a modified “rule of thumb” or “trial and error” approach will be employed as described in the following sections.
3
METHODOLOGY3
The procedure for solving the total development profit maximization problem starts from the definition of the mining blocks including their parameters such as size,
quality and location, etc. A computer program is designed to search for all the mining blocks, pick up their parameters, assign the price and cost data and further
estimate the profit value of each of the blocks. Finally the calculated profit value of each mining block is examined to determine whether or not a block shall be
developed. The negatively valued mining block shall be removed from the “mineable reserve” profile. If there are any mining blocks being removed, this procedure
needs to start all over again based on the modified collection of mining blocks and the “shared costs” are recalculated and redistributed amongst the remaining blocks.
Such an iterative process continues until there is no further change in the number of mining blocks in the system. The end result of this process is all the potentially
profitable reserves are kept in the system, and all the mining blocks that might diminish the potential total profit of the operation are excluded from the development
system.
The principle to solve this total profit maximization problem is somehow similar to the floatingcone method adopted for the final limit optimization of an openpit,
which excludes any negatively valued blocks after incorporating a consideration of the minimum space required by mining activities. An obvious difference, however,
can be observed between these two techniques. The floatingcone approach is to determine whether or not a block should be removed based not only on the value of
the block itself, but also on the values of the unmined block(s) which have to be removed to liberate this block. In an underground mining operation, the development is
mining level based. This provides high selectivity and makes the blocks relatively independent from each other. Therefore, the development extent optimization process
in underground mining cases looks more into each individual mining block on each mining level, although some of the development costs might be “shared” by some or
all the mining blocks.
4 MINING BLOCK MODEL
Underground mining activities are usually conducted in stopes, or “mining blocks” as it is termed in this paper, on different levels. Because the accessibility and quality
of the blocks may vary throughout the orebody, the precision of the orebody information needs to be high enough to determine an efficient underground development
excavation layout. Such orebody information can be provided by valid block modeling, here the term “modeling block” is used to make it distinct from mining block.
In case of flat bedding or gently dipping deposits, such as coal seams, nonmetal and some of the metallic deposits, the orebody often has a wide horizontal
Page 21
extent. The horizontal development layout thus prevails over vertical as only one or very limited mining levels will suffice for orebody access. This type of development
is relatively simple and therefore not discussed in this paper. Emphasis of this paper focuses on multiplelevel development cases.
If the orebody is steeply dipping, in conventional practice the mining block height (level height) and width are usually defined to be fixed throughout the whole
orebody according to the mining methods selected. The thickness is, however, allowed to vary with the thickness of the orebody. The ore quality is often assumed to
be homogenous within the mining block. If the mining block size is set too large or the grade of the ore is rather variable, however, the homogeneity assumption may
result in serious errors in estimating the value of a block, especially if precious metal extraction project is concerned. In cases where highly selective and expensive
mining methods such as cutandfill are adopted, differentiating the quality of the materials in mining blocks may be essential to achieve a more accurate profitability
estimation. If the modeling block provides sufficient resolution of ore quality details, the division of the mining block into selective mining units (SMU) is recommended
to handle the grade viability problem and the subblock might be introduced to allow for resizing of the mining block if part of the block proves to be unexploitable.
Figure 1 illustrates the concepts of mining block model and SMU, subblock division.
In cases where an SMU model is introduced, an initial cutoff grade defined on a basic production cost benefit analysis should be used to determine the mineability of
the SMUs. A subblock is defined to the smallest workable portion of the mining block that can be facilitated with the development system if all the other portions of
the block are not mineable. A subblock should contain at least one mineable SMU. The mineability of a subblock should be judged by its payability of the basic
block development and production costs. The group of subblocks is in turn examined as a integrated mining block for its mineability by adding other cost items to it.
Figure 1. Mining block, subblock, SMU.
Whether a mining block is to be recovered or left is determined solely on its prospective profit contribution to the overall mining operation. It of course relies on the
value of the minerals contained in the block and the total cost of winning the minerals. The cost, as it is strongly related to the location of the block in the orebody as
well as its surrounding mining blocks (Ding, B. 2001), is a more sophisticated factor in the mineability examination process.
5 THE COST TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
Talking about the cost of mining a block from the deposit, two facts should be acknowledged: a) the deeper the block is located from the surface, or the farther the
block is located from the hoisting point the higher the cost to mine it; b) the unit costs of extracting isolated blocks can be very high.
These two facts specify a need for inspecting the profitability of the mining blocks individually. The positive value is simply the prospective revenue of a block. The
cost to exploit a block, however, can be different from one block to another. Some of the cost components such as the mining operating costs and block development
costs, may directly relate to the block itself, whereas some of the components, the capital costs for shaft and ramp, main drift excavation and installation for the
instance, might indirectly relate to the blocks and therefore need to be distributed to (or shared by) several or all the blocks. The way these capital costs are distributed
to the blocks may critically affect the mineability of a block. In order to provide a more understandable approach to the cost assignment to the blocks, different cost
terms are adopted in this paper.
Block operating costs (BOC) including both fixed and variable operating costs that are directly related to exploit the block alone. The variable costs are typically
rock breakage, loading, hauling and hoisting, crushing and milling. Variable costs are usually expressed in terms of dollars per ton. Fixed costs might cover general
expenses, surface plant and services, staff and administration costs, and interest. Fixed costs are often given in dollars per annum.
Block development capital costs (BDCC) refer to the capital costs of excavation and installation of the main drift section covering the mining block, the crosscuts
or accesses, the raises located in this block, and other structures required by the specific mining method, such as undercut, drilling accesses, etc.
Shared Development capital costs (SDCC) allude to the capital costs for creating sufficient access to the blocks, remembering that some of the development
excavations serve only for the blocks on specific mining levels whereas the others serve for all the
extent. The horizontal development layout thus prevails over vertical as only one or very limited mining levels will suffice for orebody access. This type of development
is relatively simple and therefore not discussed in this paper. Emphasis of this paper focuses on multiplelevel development cases.
If the orebody is steeply dipping, in conventional practice the mining block height (level height) and width are usually defined to be fixed throughout the whole
orebody according to the mining methods selected. The thickness is, however, allowed to vary with the thickness of the orebody. The ore quality is often assumed to
be homogenous within the mining block. If the mining block size is set too large or the grade of the ore is rather variable, however, the homogeneity assumption may
result in serious errors in estimating the value of a block, especially if precious metal extraction project is concerned. In cases where highly selective and expensive
mining methods such as cutandfill are adopted, differentiating the quality of the materials in mining blocks may be essential to achieve a more accurate profitability
estimation. If the modeling block provides sufficient resolution of ore quality details, the division of the mining block into selective mining units (SMU) is recommended
to handle the grade viability problem and the subblock might be introduced to allow for resizing of the mining block if part of the block proves to be unexploitable.
Figure 1 illustrates the concepts of mining block model and SMU, subblock division.
In cases where an SMU model is introduced, an initial cutoff grade defined on a basic production cost benefit analysis should be used to determine the mineability of
the SMUs. A subblock is defined to the smallest workable portion of the mining block that can be facilitated with the development system if all the other portions of
the block are not mineable. A subblock should contain at least one mineable SMU. The mineability of a subblock should be judged by its payability of the basic
block development and production costs. The group of subblocks is in turn examined as a integrated mining block for its mineability by adding other cost items to it.
Figure 1. Mining block, subblock, SMU.
Whether a mining block is to be recovered or left is determined solely on its prospective profit contribution to the overall mining operation. It of course relies on the
value of the minerals contained in the block and the total cost of winning the minerals. The cost, as it is strongly related to the location of the block in the orebody as
well as its surrounding mining blocks (Ding, B. 2001), is a more sophisticated factor in the mineability examination process.
5 THE COST TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
Talking about the cost of mining a block from the deposit, two facts should be acknowledged: a) the deeper the block is located from the surface, or the farther the
block is located from the hoisting point the higher the cost to mine it; b) the unit costs of extracting isolated blocks can be very high.
These two facts specify a need for inspecting the profitability of the mining blocks individually. The positive value is simply the prospective revenue of a block. The
cost to exploit a block, however, can be different from one block to another. Some of the cost components such as the mining operating costs and block development
costs, may directly relate to the block itself, whereas some of the components, the capital costs for shaft and ramp, main drift excavation and installation for the
instance, might indirectly relate to the blocks and therefore need to be distributed to (or shared by) several or all the blocks. The way these capital costs are distributed
to the blocks may critically affect the mineability of a block. In order to provide a more understandable approach to the cost assignment to the blocks, different cost
terms are adopted in this paper.
Block operating costs (BOC) including both fixed and variable operating costs that are directly related to exploit the block alone. The variable costs are typically
rock breakage, loading, hauling and hoisting, crushing and milling. Variable costs are usually expressed in terms of dollars per ton. Fixed costs might cover general
expenses, surface plant and services, staff and administration costs, and interest. Fixed costs are often given in dollars per annum.
Block development capital costs (BDCC) refer to the capital costs of excavation and installation of the main drift section covering the mining block, the crosscuts
or accesses, the raises located in this block, and other structures required by the specific mining method, such as undercut, drilling accesses, etc.
Shared Development capital costs (SDCC) allude to the capital costs for creating sufficient access to the blocks, remembering that some of the development
excavations serve only for the blocks on specific mining levels whereas the others serve for all the
Page 22
levels. It is necessary to differentiate the shared capital costs from level shared capital costs (LSCC) to block shared capital costs (BSCC). LSCC specifies the cost for
excavation and/or installation of all those facilities, structures and accesses that serve for all the mining levels during the whole mine lifetime, for instances, shafts, main
ramps and main ore passes. LSCC is averaged to each tonne of ore outlined on each level. BSCC indicates the cost of excavation and/or installation of the facilities,
structures, and accesses placed on a specific level and will serve all the mining blocks on that specific level until it is mined out, the drift sections from shafts to the
orebodies, for example.
General depreciable capital costs (GDCC)
1
refer to the capital expenditures on equipment, structures and installations that are depreciable and should be evenly
distributed to each ton of ore mined. GDCC usually contains the capital needed for:
• both underground and surface mining and milling equipment purchase;
• shaft ancillary excavation and installation (e.g., shaft stations, loading pockets, lip pockets, spill handling, shaft bottom construction);
• hoisting systems (typically, headframes and bins, hoists and hoistroom, headframe and collarhouse, conveyances, etc.);
• ventilation, mine air heating and mine compressor plant (such as primary ventilation fans, mine air heater, mine compressor plant) and;
• underground installation (main sumps and pump stations, rockbreaker and grizzly, ore pass controls, underground electrical room/load center, miscellaneous
installations).
Among the abovespecified cost categories, the BOC and BDCC of one block are independent of the other blocks, although the values may vary from one block to
another depending on the block dimensions and the location of the block in the orebody. The shared capital costs, however, are strongly related to the mineability of
the other blocks in the orebody. For example, the level shared capital costs will depend on how many mineable levels exist. Should any of the mining level turns out to
be unmineable, the cost share of this level is transferred to the levels below resulting in an increased level shared costs of the subsequent levels.
Figure 2. 3step of block search process.
6 THE 3STEP BLOCK SEARCH PROCESS
The mineability examination is implemented by a 3step block search process (Figure 2). Each step uses a specific approach to search for the mining blocks in the
orebody, calculate and assign the positive value (the prospective revenue) and negative values (all the applicable cost items) to the blocks (Ding, B. 2001).
In this 3step block search process, the computer program searches the mining blocks from bottom up vertically and sides out horizontally (Figure 3), and checks
and records the parameters and attributes of each block in the system. The first step is to screen out those obviously unmineable blocks by comparing their potential
revenues with the assigned basic cost components. The remaining blocks are brought to the second step in which they are assigned the
1
These cost items are organized on the basis of the book Underground Metal Mining—Estimating Preproduction and Operating Costs of Small Underground Deposits (J.S. Redpath
Limited 1986) and based on O’Hara’s work (O’Hara, T.A. 1980).
levels. It is necessary to differentiate the shared capital costs from level shared capital costs (LSCC) to block shared capital costs (BSCC). LSCC specifies the cost for
excavation and/or installation of all those facilities, structures and accesses that serve for all the mining levels during the whole mine lifetime, for instances, shafts, main
ramps and main ore passes. LSCC is averaged to each tonne of ore outlined on each level. BSCC indicates the cost of excavation and/or installation of the facilities,
structures, and accesses placed on a specific level and will serve all the mining blocks on that specific level until it is mined out, the drift sections from shafts to the
orebodies, for example.
General depreciable capital costs (GDCC)
1
refer to the capital expenditures on equipment, structures and installations that are depreciable and should be evenly
distributed to each ton of ore mined. GDCC usually contains the capital needed for:
• both underground and surface mining and milling equipment purchase;
• shaft ancillary excavation and installation (e.g., shaft stations, loading pockets, lip pockets, spill handling, shaft bottom construction);
• hoisting systems (typically, headframes and bins, hoists and hoistroom, headframe and collarhouse, conveyances, etc.);
• ventilation, mine air heating and mine compressor plant (such as primary ventilation fans, mine air heater, mine compressor plant) and;
• underground installation (main sumps and pump stations, rockbreaker and grizzly, ore pass controls, underground electrical room/load center, miscellaneous
installations).
Among the abovespecified cost categories, the BOC and BDCC of one block are independent of the other blocks, although the values may vary from one block to
another depending on the block dimensions and the location of the block in the orebody. The shared capital costs, however, are strongly related to the mineability of
the other blocks in the orebody. For example, the level shared capital costs will depend on how many mineable levels exist. Should any of the mining level turns out to
be unmineable, the cost share of this level is transferred to the levels below resulting in an increased level shared costs of the subsequent levels.
Figure 2. 3step of block search process.
6 THE 3STEP BLOCK SEARCH PROCESS
The mineability examination is implemented by a 3step block search process (Figure 2). Each step uses a specific approach to search for the mining blocks in the
orebody, calculate and assign the positive value (the prospective revenue) and negative values (all the applicable cost items) to the blocks (Ding, B. 2001).
In this 3step block search process, the computer program searches the mining blocks from bottom up vertically and sides out horizontally (Figure 3), and checks
and records the parameters and attributes of each block in the system. The first step is to screen out those obviously unmineable blocks by comparing their potential
revenues with the assigned basic cost components. The remaining blocks are brought to the second step in which they are assigned the
1
These cost items are organized on the basis of the book Underground Metal Mining—Estimating Preproduction and Operating Costs of Small Underground Deposits (J.S. Redpath
Limited 1986) and based on O’Hara’s work (O’Hara, T.A. 1980).
Page 23
Figure 3. Illustration of block search directions.
shared capital costs according to their location, and examined if they are profitable if exploited. Notably, the group of mining blocks rejected in the second step as they
are assigned the shared capital costs, should not be considered unmineable without further examination. Some of them may be easily accessed from the existing
openings, and hence they might be exploited at a profit if they are exempted from all or part of the shared capital costs. A third step of this block search process is,
therefore, set up to check out this group of blocks and reestimate their mineability.
6.1 Initial block screen
The initial block screen is quite straightforward. In this step, the computer program calculates and assigns the revenue and basic cost components, the operating costs
and block development costs (except drift excavation costs) of all the mining blocks under investigation, and calculates the instope profit value and determines whether
or not each block has mineability potential. Low grade blocks are rejected from this screening process.
6.2 Primary block search
The remaining blocks from the initial block screen step are examined in this iterative primary block search process for their mineability by taking into account the
location factors to ensure only those positively valued blocks are accepted. The profit value of each block is calculated based on the block value assigned in the initial
screen process and the added shared capital cost components (negative value). As discussed previously, the shared capital costs may vary from one block to another
according to where the block is sitting in the orebody.
The block search process starts from distributing all the shared cost components over the remaining mining blocks in the way specified previously, and checking the
value of the blocks to determine if any of the blocks are negatively valued and thus rejected. Should the number of blocks on a specific mining level change, or any
blank mining level be detected, the BSCC should be redistributed to the remaining blocks after that iteration and the share of the blank level carried LSCC should be
allotted to the levels below. Any block number change will trigger a new iteration of block search, in which the values of the remaining blocks are dynamically adjusted
based on the reestimated added cost value of each block from those missing blocks. Those blocks that are rejected from this primary search process are recorded as
marginal blocks for the next step of block search.
6.3 Marginal block search
The last step of this block search process is to reexamine the value of the marginal blocks that are rejected during primary block search process. Because these group
of blocks usually have a relatively low grade at which the blocks can’t pay all the shared capital costs, but if any of the blocks are highly accessible, the expensive stope
access cost might be saved in part or in full, which turns some of the marginal blocks back to a mineable profile. Neglecting the contribution from this group of blocks
will not obviously lead to an incorrect solution to the total profit maximization problem.
Figure 3. Illustration of block search directions.
shared capital costs according to their location, and examined if they are profitable if exploited. Notably, the group of mining blocks rejected in the second step as they
are assigned the shared capital costs, should not be considered unmineable without further examination. Some of them may be easily accessed from the existing
openings, and hence they might be exploited at a profit if they are exempted from all or part of the shared capital costs. A third step of this block search process is,
therefore, set up to check out this group of blocks and reestimate their mineability.
6.1 Initial block screen
The initial block screen is quite straightforward. In this step, the computer program calculates and assigns the revenue and basic cost components, the operating costs
and block development costs (except drift excavation costs) of all the mining blocks under investigation, and calculates the instope profit value and determines whether
or not each block has mineability potential. Low grade blocks are rejected from this screening process.
6.2 Primary block search
The remaining blocks from the initial block screen step are examined in this iterative primary block search process for their mineability by taking into account the
location factors to ensure only those positively valued blocks are accepted. The profit value of each block is calculated based on the block value assigned in the initial
screen process and the added shared capital cost components (negative value). As discussed previously, the shared capital costs may vary from one block to another
according to where the block is sitting in the orebody.
The block search process starts from distributing all the shared cost components over the remaining mining blocks in the way specified previously, and checking the
value of the blocks to determine if any of the blocks are negatively valued and thus rejected. Should the number of blocks on a specific mining level change, or any
blank mining level be detected, the BSCC should be redistributed to the remaining blocks after that iteration and the share of the blank level carried LSCC should be
allotted to the levels below. Any block number change will trigger a new iteration of block search, in which the values of the remaining blocks are dynamically adjusted
based on the reestimated added cost value of each block from those missing blocks. Those blocks that are rejected from this primary search process are recorded as
marginal blocks for the next step of block search.
6.3 Marginal block search
The last step of this block search process is to reexamine the value of the marginal blocks that are rejected during primary block search process. Because these group
of blocks usually have a relatively low grade at which the blocks can’t pay all the shared capital costs, but if any of the blocks are highly accessible, the expensive stope
access cost might be saved in part or in full, which turns some of the marginal blocks back to a mineable profile. Neglecting the contribution from this group of blocks
will not obviously lead to an incorrect solution to the total profit maximization problem.
Page 24
Whether or not a marginal block is mineable depends on if its potential revenue will cover the basic block development (stoping) costs, operating costs of the block
and such necessary development capital costs as for extending the drifts, or crosscuts, etc to the block. If the gain justifies the total necessary costs to exploit a marginal
block, then it is added back to the mineable profile.
7 SHARED COST ASSIGNMENT
In the whole block search process, the first step is easy to understand, and the third step is simply to reverify if the value of a marginal block calculated in the first step
is sufficient to pay the unsaveable development costs for accessing this block from the available openings if any. Shared cost assignment is at the primary block search
stage, in which an iterative cost assignment and value examination process is carried out. The iteration stops when no change of the number of blocks is detected
implying all the blocks remaining are positively valued.
As discussed previously, the shared capital costs are classified as the general depreciable capital costs (GDCC) and shared development capital costs (SDCC,
including LSCC and BSCC). The initial shared costs assignment is to:
– average total GDCC over each tonne of material to be mined and processed, and assign the share to the blocks according to tonnage they hold;
– calculate the capital costs for shared horizontal development, the BSCC components, and average BSCC to all the blocks on a specific level;
– compute the capital costs for the shared vertical development, LSCC components, and average the LSCC over all the mining level, which is in turn distributed evenly
to each tonne of material to be mined on the level.
As the mineable tonnage is reduced due to some unmineable blocks identified in the examination process, these 3 different shared capital costs need to be re
distributed in different ways.
A hypothetical mining block model is presented in Figure 3, which contains a zone on each side of the main shaft. Each zone has 8 different mining levels which are
divided into 14 blocks. For illustration of the process of BSCC and LSCC redistribution, let’s assume that all these blocks remained after the initial screen step, and
take only Zone I for the example.
After being assigned the initial GDCC, LSCC and BSCC and the value of the blocks calculated, the mineability of blocks is depicted in Figure 4 (the deeper the
color, the lower the mineability). The different block values are shown in Figure 4(a). Then, after mineability examination, the negatively valued
Figure 4. Illustration of the changes of the block and level mineability in block search process.
blocks are screened out from almost all the levels (Figure 4(b)), and thus the remaining blocks will share the released shared costs of those missing ones. GDCC
redistribution is relatively simpler, which can be simply averaged to a new tonnage of mineable profile, but BSCC and LSCC redistribution might need some further
analysis.
7.1 Redistribution of BSC
Figure 5 illustrates how BSCC is redistributed amongst the remaining blocks as some of the 14 blocks are removed, Those that are numbered “B” refer to blank
blocks which have been screened out, and those with digital numbers are then remaining blocks. The principle of the cost redistribution is based on whether or not one
block needs to be accessed from the marginal blocks.
The 14 blocks share the total excavation cost of the main drift and shaft crosscuts that connect the zone to
Whether or not a marginal block is mineable depends on if its potential revenue will cover the basic block development (stoping) costs, operating costs of the block
and such necessary development capital costs as for extending the drifts, or crosscuts, etc to the block. If the gain justifies the total necessary costs to exploit a marginal
block, then it is added back to the mineable profile.
7 SHARED COST ASSIGNMENT
In the whole block search process, the first step is easy to understand, and the third step is simply to reverify if the value of a marginal block calculated in the first step
is sufficient to pay the unsaveable development costs for accessing this block from the available openings if any. Shared cost assignment is at the primary block search
stage, in which an iterative cost assignment and value examination process is carried out. The iteration stops when no change of the number of blocks is detected
implying all the blocks remaining are positively valued.
As discussed previously, the shared capital costs are classified as the general depreciable capital costs (GDCC) and shared development capital costs (SDCC,
including LSCC and BSCC). The initial shared costs assignment is to:
– average total GDCC over each tonne of material to be mined and processed, and assign the share to the blocks according to tonnage they hold;
– calculate the capital costs for shared horizontal development, the BSCC components, and average BSCC to all the blocks on a specific level;
– compute the capital costs for the shared vertical development, LSCC components, and average the LSCC over all the mining level, which is in turn distributed evenly
to each tonne of material to be mined on the level.
As the mineable tonnage is reduced due to some unmineable blocks identified in the examination process, these 3 different shared capital costs need to be re
distributed in different ways.
A hypothetical mining block model is presented in Figure 3, which contains a zone on each side of the main shaft. Each zone has 8 different mining levels which are
divided into 14 blocks. For illustration of the process of BSCC and LSCC redistribution, let’s assume that all these blocks remained after the initial screen step, and
take only Zone I for the example.
After being assigned the initial GDCC, LSCC and BSCC and the value of the blocks calculated, the mineability of blocks is depicted in Figure 4 (the deeper the
color, the lower the mineability). The different block values are shown in Figure 4(a). Then, after mineability examination, the negatively valued
Figure 4. Illustration of the changes of the block and level mineability in block search process.
blocks are screened out from almost all the levels (Figure 4(b)), and thus the remaining blocks will share the released shared costs of those missing ones. GDCC
redistribution is relatively simpler, which can be simply averaged to a new tonnage of mineable profile, but BSCC and LSCC redistribution might need some further
analysis.
7.1 Redistribution of BSC
Figure 5 illustrates how BSCC is redistributed amongst the remaining blocks as some of the 14 blocks are removed, Those that are numbered “B” refer to blank
blocks which have been screened out, and those with digital numbers are then remaining blocks. The principle of the cost redistribution is based on whether or not one
block needs to be accessed from the marginal blocks.
The 14 blocks share the total excavation cost of the main drift and shaft crosscuts that connect the zone to
Page 25
Figure 5. Illustration of the block shared level development excavation.
the main shaft, BSCC
basic
. Therefore the basic block shared capital cost of block i is:
Besides that, each block should also pay the horizontal excavations that go through the block (e.g., the drift driven along the block), denoted as BS
block
(i). As block
B1 is out, it is no longer able to carry the share of BSCC
basic
, therefore, the BS
basic
assigned to this block will be transferred to all the other blocks on the level. It’s
BS
block
, however, will be transferred only to those blocks that need to get access from it. The redistributed BSCC of each block on the level is thus:
Blocks 1 and 2:
Blocks B2 to 9:
Denote the summation of BS
block
(i) and the cumulated share of the BS
block
of the missing blocks transferred to this block as BS
added
, the above equation can be
rewritten as:
In the next iteration, if any of the blocks is screened out, then the BS
added
should be averaged to the blocks behind it. When B2 is out, the redistributed share of the
remaining blocks will be:
Blocks 1 and 2:
Blocks B2 to 9:
If a zone contains I blocks, and block j is screened out, then a general expression of the redistributed BSCC of block i on the level can be formulated as:
7.2 Redistribution of LSC
Similar to the BSCC redistribution, the vertical excavation and installation capital costs are shared by all the levels based on how they obtain the access. LSCC can
also be classified into basic share (the capital costs on common sections of the vertical excavations from the surface to the first level), LCSS
basic
, which are shared by
all the levels, and cumulated LSCC, the costs on the vertical access the lower levels might need to extend from the upper levels, LS
added
. If all the levels are
continuously mineable, then the LS
added
of level n is simply the expenditure on the vertical development going through this level. If any of the level turns out to be
undevelopable, the LS
added
of the missing level should be evenly shared by all the levels below it.
If there are N levels developed into the zone, among which level m is found not to be mineable during the level search process. The level shared capital costs are
therefore redistributed to the other levels in a similar way to the BSCC redistribution. The revised share of LSCC of level n can be expressed as:
7.3 Multiple zone case
The above illustration is based on a single zone deposit. In many mining cases, the deposit contains several zones or separate orebodies. Such cases may still be treated
as a single zone which may contain several continuously located blank blocks if the zones are horizontally separated (Figure 6) or several blank levels if the zones are
vertically separated (Figure 7).
BS
basic
(i)=BSCC
basic
/14
BS
i
=BS
Basic
(i)+BS
block
(i)+BS
basic
(B1)/(14−1)
=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
block
(i)
BS(i)=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
block
(i)+BS
block
(B1)/11
BS
i
=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
added
(i)
BS
i
=BS
basic
(i)+BS
block
(i)+BS
basic
(B2)/(13−1)
=BSCC
basic
/12+BS
block
(i)
BS
i
=BSCC
basic
/12+ BS
added
(i)+BS
added
(B2)/10
Figure 5. Illustration of the block shared level development excavation.
the main shaft, BSCC
basic
. Therefore the basic block shared capital cost of block i is:
Besides that, each block should also pay the horizontal excavations that go through the block (e.g., the drift driven along the block), denoted as BS
block
(i). As block
B1 is out, it is no longer able to carry the share of BSCC
basic
, therefore, the BS
basic
assigned to this block will be transferred to all the other blocks on the level. It’s
BS
block
, however, will be transferred only to those blocks that need to get access from it. The redistributed BSCC of each block on the level is thus:
Blocks 1 and 2:
Blocks B2 to 9:
Denote the summation of BS
block
(i) and the cumulated share of the BS
block
of the missing blocks transferred to this block as BS
added
, the above equation can be
rewritten as:
In the next iteration, if any of the blocks is screened out, then the BS
added
should be averaged to the blocks behind it. When B2 is out, the redistributed share of the
remaining blocks will be:
Blocks 1 and 2:
Blocks B2 to 9:
If a zone contains I blocks, and block j is screened out, then a general expression of the redistributed BSCC of block i on the level can be formulated as:
7.2 Redistribution of LSC
Similar to the BSCC redistribution, the vertical excavation and installation capital costs are shared by all the levels based on how they obtain the access. LSCC can
also be classified into basic share (the capital costs on common sections of the vertical excavations from the surface to the first level), LCSS
basic
, which are shared by
all the levels, and cumulated LSCC, the costs on the vertical access the lower levels might need to extend from the upper levels, LS
added
. If all the levels are
continuously mineable, then the LS
added
of level n is simply the expenditure on the vertical development going through this level. If any of the level turns out to be
undevelopable, the LS
added
of the missing level should be evenly shared by all the levels below it.
If there are N levels developed into the zone, among which level m is found not to be mineable during the level search process. The level shared capital costs are
therefore redistributed to the other levels in a similar way to the BSCC redistribution. The revised share of LSCC of level n can be expressed as:
7.3 Multiple zone case
The above illustration is based on a single zone deposit. In many mining cases, the deposit contains several zones or separate orebodies. Such cases may still be treated
as a single zone which may contain several continuously located blank blocks if the zones are horizontally separated (Figure 6) or several blank levels if the zones are
vertically separated (Figure 7).
BS
basic
(i)=BSCC
basic
/14
BS
i
=BS
Basic
(i)+BS
block
(i)+BS
basic
(B1)/(14−1)
=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
block
(i)
BS(i)=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
block
(i)+BS
block
(B1)/11
BS
i
=BSCC
basic
/13+BS
added
(i)
BS
i
=BS
basic
(i)+BS
block
(i)+BS
basic
(B2)/(13−1)
=BSCC
basic
/12+BS
block
(i)
BS
i
=BSCC
basic
/12+ BS
added
(i)+BS
added
(B2)/10
Page 26
Figure 6. Horizontally separated zones treated as a single zone for block search.
Figure 7. Vertically separated zones treated as single zone for block search.
8 CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrates an dynamic block value assignment and block mineability examination approach to maximizing the total development profit. This method is
applied, by studying the features and physical grade distribution of the orebody, to optimize the underground development layout based on a mineability study of the
mining blocks.
Based on the orebody information and the production decisions (mining and development methods and production scale), the mining block model can be
constructed for stope mineability examination, Depending on the mining methods selected and the orebody features, the mining block model are usually built up either
by using an SMU and subblock system or directly from the modeling blocks applied for ore reserve estimation.
A 3step mining block search approach is introduced in the paper, which is the key process for block value calculation and assignment, and further block mineability
examination. The fundamental objectives of this process are to prevent those unprofitable (negatively valued) mining blocks from being developed if these blocks are
not readily accessible and to ensure all the mineable blocks are accessed, so as to leads to a reasonable solution to the total project profit maximization problem.
REFERENCE
Carlisle, D. 1954. The economics of a Fund Resource With Particular Reference to Mining, The American Economic Review, vol. XLIV, 1954: pp595–616.
Gentry, M.T. & O’Neil, T.J. 1984. Mine Investment Analysis, Society of Mining Engineers.
Gordon, Richard L. 1985. The Production of Mineral Commodities. Economics of the Mineral Industry (A Series of Articles by Specialists), 4th edition. AIME: pp99–
160.
Ding, B. 2001. Examining the Planning Stages in Underground Metal Mines. Ph.D. Thesis. Mining Dept, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.
J.S.Redpath Limited. 1986. Underground Metal Mining—Estimating Preproduction and Operating Costs of Small Underground Deposits. CANMET, Canadian
Government Publishing Centre.
Lane, K.F. 1988. Economic Definition of Ore—Cutoff Grades in Theory and Practice. Mining Journal Books.
O’Hara, T.A. 1980. Quick Guides To The Evaluation Of Orebodies. CIM Bulletin, February 1980: pp87–99.
Pareja, L.D. & Pelley, C.W. 1995. Underground HardRock Mining Strategy Development. Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 1995. Singhal et al (eds):
pp193–198. Rotterdam.
Von Wahl, S. 1983. Investment Appraisal and Economic Evaluation of Mining Enterprise. Trans Tech Publications. ClausthalZellerfeld, Federal Republic of
Germany.
Figure 6. Horizontally separated zones treated as a single zone for block search.
Figure 7. Vertically separated zones treated as single zone for block search.
8 CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrates an dynamic block value assignment and block mineability examination approach to maximizing the total development profit. This method is
applied, by studying the features and physical grade distribution of the orebody, to optimize the underground development layout based on a mineability study of the
mining blocks.
Based on the orebody information and the production decisions (mining and development methods and production scale), the mining block model can be
constructed for stope mineability examination, Depending on the mining methods selected and the orebody features, the mining block model are usually built up either
by using an SMU and subblock system or directly from the modeling blocks applied for ore reserve estimation.
A 3step mining block search approach is introduced in the paper, which is the key process for block value calculation and assignment, and further block mineability
examination. The fundamental objectives of this process are to prevent those unprofitable (negatively valued) mining blocks from being developed if these blocks are
not readily accessible and to ensure all the mineable blocks are accessed, so as to leads to a reasonable solution to the total project profit maximization problem.
REFERENCE
Carlisle, D. 1954. The economics of a Fund Resource With Particular Reference to Mining, The American Economic Review, vol. XLIV, 1954: pp595–616.
Gentry, M.T. & O’Neil, T.J. 1984. Mine Investment Analysis, Society of Mining Engineers.
Gordon, Richard L. 1985. The Production of Mineral Commodities. Economics of the Mineral Industry (A Series of Articles by Specialists), 4th edition. AIME: pp99–
160.
Ding, B. 2001. Examining the Planning Stages in Underground Metal Mines. Ph.D. Thesis. Mining Dept, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.
J.S.Redpath Limited. 1986. Underground Metal Mining—Estimating Preproduction and Operating Costs of Small Underground Deposits. CANMET, Canadian
Government Publishing Centre.
Lane, K.F. 1988. Economic Definition of Ore—Cutoff Grades in Theory and Practice. Mining Journal Books.
O’Hara, T.A. 1980. Quick Guides To The Evaluation Of Orebodies. CIM Bulletin, February 1980: pp87–99.
Pareja, L.D. & Pelley, C.W. 1995. Underground HardRock Mining Strategy Development. Mine Planning And Equipment Selection 1995. Singhal et al (eds):
pp193–198. Rotterdam.
Von Wahl, S. 1983. Investment Appraisal and Economic Evaluation of Mining Enterprise. Trans Tech Publications. ClausthalZellerfeld, Federal Republic of
Germany.
Page 27
Designing and planning of mining operations development at open cast on the
basis of integration of optimization methods and nonformal procedures of
decisionmaking
U.A.Dzharlkaganov & D.G.Bukeikhanov
National Centre of the Republic of Kazakhstan Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials RSE,
Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
M.Zh.Zhanasov
NOVA—Trading & Commerce AG, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT: In the paper system is presented of automated forming of perspective and current plans of mining operations development when open
mining of complexstructural multicomponents ironore and polymetallic deposits. It includes two programmingfunctional complexes (modules):
optimizing and interactive.
1 INTRODUCTION
Industrial and economicfinancia l activi ty of min and miningandprocessing enterprises in many respects depends on quality of planning and control of mining
operations. When planning of mining operations volumes of winning of useful minerals and overburden are determined with due account of their qualitative
characteristics by withinyear and annual longterm periods. And problems are solved of freighttransport connection of working levels with points of receipt of open
cast’s ore and rock flows.
Construction of programmingfunctional complex of perspective and current planning of mining operations development allows solving a problem of planning in
automated regime.
2 GETTING STARTED
In open casts with hard mininggeological conditions mining operations are carrying out, as a rule, by all front of operations, moving from central part of an openpit
field to their boundaries. A problem of optimization of annual plan of mining operations is in determination of volumes of ore mining and removing overburden at
different districts and benches of an open cast, which ensure carrying out of required volumes and qualitative characteristics of production with minimum costs.
When simulating, openpit field is divided in plan into contours of mining. For determination of optimal area of location of contours of mining in module 1, method of
integervalued linear programming is used. As a controlled variable Boolean variable of contour of mining operations x
ijk
is used, determining fact of entering of this
contour into plan cuttings by massif. And x
ijk
=1, if contour was included in this plan of mining operations, in otherwise x
ijk
=0.
Goal function of solving a problem of annual planning of mining operations is determined by the expressions:
where S
ijk
—annual costs on mining and processing of ore by kth variant of contour of mining operations in jth sector of ith level, USD; u
ij
, s
i
, N
g
—correspondingly
number of variants of contours of mining operations in a sector, number of sectors and working benches (levels) in an open cast for a planned period.
where —changing part of cost of stripping operations with cost on reloading and transportation,
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
(1)
(2)
Designing and planning of mining operations development at open cast on the
basis of integration of optimization methods and nonformal procedures of
decisionmaking
U.A.Dzharlkaganov & D.G.Bukeikhanov
National Centre of the Republic of Kazakhstan Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials RSE,
Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
M.Zh.Zhanasov
NOVA—Trading & Commerce AG, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT: In the paper system is presented of automated forming of perspective and current plans of mining operations development when open
mining of complexstructural multicomponents ironore and polymetallic deposits. It includes two programmingfunctional complexes (modules):
optimizing and interactive.
1 INTRODUCTION
Industrial and economicfinancia l activi ty of min and miningandprocessing enterprises in many respects depends on quality of planning and control of mining
operations. When planning of mining operations volumes of winning of useful minerals and overburden are determined with due account of their qualitative
characteristics by withinyear and annual longterm periods. And problems are solved of freighttransport connection of working levels with points of receipt of open
cast’s ore and rock flows.
Construction of programmingfunctional complex of perspective and current planning of mining operations development allows solving a problem of planning in
automated regime.
2 GETTING STARTED
In open casts with hard mininggeological conditions mining operations are carrying out, as a rule, by all front of operations, moving from central part of an openpit
field to their boundaries. A problem of optimization of annual plan of mining operations is in determination of volumes of ore mining and removing overburden at
different districts and benches of an open cast, which ensure carrying out of required volumes and qualitative characteristics of production with minimum costs.
When simulating, openpit field is divided in plan into contours of mining. For determination of optimal area of location of contours of mining in module 1, method of
integervalued linear programming is used. As a controlled variable Boolean variable of contour of mining operations x
ijk
is used, determining fact of entering of this
contour into plan cuttings by massif. And x
ijk
=1, if contour was included in this plan of mining operations, in otherwise x
ijk
=0.
Goal function of solving a problem of annual planning of mining operations is determined by the expressions:
where S
ijk
—annual costs on mining and processing of ore by kth variant of contour of mining operations in jth sector of ith level, USD; u
ij
, s
i
, N
g
—correspondingly
number of variants of contours of mining operations in a sector, number of sectors and working benches (levels) in an open cast for a planned period.
where —changing part of cost of stripping operations with cost on reloading and transportation,
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
(1)
(2)
Page 28
USD/m
3
; —ore reserves in kth contour of mining jth sector ith level, m
3
; γ
or
—ore density, t/m
3
; Q
ijk
—reserves of rock mass in kth contour of mining jth sector
ith level, m
3.
Into model restrictions are entered, proceeding from technological requirements and safety rules of mining operations. They are: necessity of fulfillment of planned
output of an open cast by ore; following of limits of deviations calculated stripping ratio from taken by design or perspective plan of values. Content of the main
component in commercial ore must be also in given limits. In every planned period constant standard volumes of opened up and prepared ore reserves must be
ensured. When using of temporary out of operating pit wall in an open cast, by separate sectors condition of limiting moving of mining operations is entered into the
model. Every contour of winning may be included into variant of mining only after including into plan all preceding contours by direction of front of bench moving and so
on (Dzharlkaganov U.A, Bukeikhanov D.G. and the others. 2003).
Experience of using of this model of subsystem of perspective and current planning of development of mining operations in CADOpen cast at some miningand
processing enterprises of Kazakhstan showed, that by virtue of steptype behaviour of a problem and presence of many nonformalized up to the end connections in
miningtransport system at an open cast these contours will be not ready else to adoption of final solutions when planning. That is why the second module was entered
into the subsystem, operating of which is based on evaluation of received contours of mining operations and their finishing in interactive regime. In this case criterion (1)
is used for making a decision. This module may be used independently for the same problem solving. And as a criterion value of current profit is taken.
New variants of contours of winning in the second module are formed as cuttings of specific volumes of ore and overburden at benches. Besides economic reasons,
technological requirements for carrying out of mining operations effect on choice of place of a cutting on a bench. For example, when choosing a cutting at a bench, we
must not allow undermining a bank, located at above bench.
Logicalanalytic connections and relations between the constructions at adjacent benches on theoreticalmultiple language we may formulated in the following form.
Let denote a point on line of contour of forming cutting on studying level (x
t
, y
t
) ( (x
τ
, y
τ
) (ρ=1 2, 3,…, r
q
) may lie under condition
where r
q
—number of points on line of contour of additional cutting at above qth bench; H
1
—height of a bench, m; b
q
—width of working bank (transport berm) of
above bench when initial cutting forming on ith bench, m; G
i
—group of above benches, on which, when drawing an initial cutting at ith bench, contours of conventional
cuttings may automatically appear. So, maximum approximation of line of every constructing cutting to lower edge of above bench is regulated up to cancellation of
cutting in this place of a bench (Fig. 1).
Appearance of conventional cutting at qth bench will depend on true of the following implication
where u
q
—widening of area of initial cutting u
0
when parallel converting of its contour in front by taken direction of moving of mining operations at this district; b
0
—
depth of initial cutting in its middle part, m; —width of working bank (berm) qth bench in initial position, that is before beginning of planning of cuttings at thus district
of an open cast.
During cuttings forming, it often necessary to construct new inclines (descents) or to remove old one. In the module procedure is provided for automated
construction of a descent by given configuration, height of a bench, inclination and width of a descent.
When descents forming it is necessary to determine volume of its top part and volume of rock mass lower its base and to add it to the rest volume of cutting part of a
bench in the same block. Proceeding from this, construction volume of a descent in a pillar V
b
is determined by a formula:
where b
d
—width of a base of a descent, m; i—inclination of a descent, part of unit; k
fd
—degree of
(3)
(4)
(5)
USD/m
3
; —ore reserves in kth contour of mining jth sector ith level, m
3
; γ
or
—ore density, t/m
3
; Q
ijk
—reserves of rock mass in kth contour of mining jth sector
ith level, m
3.
Into model restrictions are entered, proceeding from technological requirements and safety rules of mining operations. They are: necessity of fulfillment of planned
output of an open cast by ore; following of limits of deviations calculated stripping ratio from taken by design or perspective plan of values. Content of the main
component in commercial ore must be also in given limits. In every planned period constant standard volumes of opened up and prepared ore reserves must be
ensured. When using of temporary out of operating pit wall in an open cast, by separate sectors condition of limiting moving of mining operations is entered into the
model. Every contour of winning may be included into variant of mining only after including into plan all preceding contours by direction of front of bench moving and so
on (Dzharlkaganov U.A, Bukeikhanov D.G. and the others. 2003).
Experience of using of this model of subsystem of perspective and current planning of development of mining operations in CADOpen cast at some miningand
processing enterprises of Kazakhstan showed, that by virtue of steptype behaviour of a problem and presence of many nonformalized up to the end connections in
miningtransport system at an open cast these contours will be not ready else to adoption of final solutions when planning. That is why the second module was entered
into the subsystem, operating of which is based on evaluation of received contours of mining operations and their finishing in interactive regime. In this case criterion (1)
is used for making a decision. This module may be used independently for the same problem solving. And as a criterion value of current profit is taken.
New variants of contours of winning in the second module are formed as cuttings of specific volumes of ore and overburden at benches. Besides economic reasons,
technological requirements for carrying out of mining operations effect on choice of place of a cutting on a bench. For example, when choosing a cutting at a bench, we
must not allow undermining a bank, located at above bench.
Logicalanalytic connections and relations between the constructions at adjacent benches on theoreticalmultiple language we may formulated in the following form.
Let denote a point on line of contour of forming cutting on studying level (x
t
, y
t
) ( (x
τ
, y
τ
) (ρ=1 2, 3,…, r
q
) may lie under condition
where r
q
—number of points on line of contour of additional cutting at above qth bench; H
1
—height of a bench, m; b
q
—width of working bank (transport berm) of
above bench when initial cutting forming on ith bench, m; G
i
—group of above benches, on which, when drawing an initial cutting at ith bench, contours of conventional
cuttings may automatically appear. So, maximum approximation of line of every constructing cutting to lower edge of above bench is regulated up to cancellation of
cutting in this place of a bench (Fig. 1).
Appearance of conventional cutting at qth bench will depend on true of the following implication
where u
q
—widening of area of initial cutting u
0
when parallel converting of its contour in front by taken direction of moving of mining operations at this district; b
0
—
depth of initial cutting in its middle part, m; —width of working bank (berm) qth bench in initial position, that is before beginning of planning of cuttings at thus district
of an open cast.
During cuttings forming, it often necessary to construct new inclines (descents) or to remove old one. In the module procedure is provided for automated
construction of a descent by given configuration, height of a bench, inclination and width of a descent.
When descents forming it is necessary to determine volume of its top part and volume of rock mass lower its base and to add it to the rest volume of cutting part of a
bench in the same block. Proceeding from this, construction volume of a descent in a pillar V
b
is determined by a formula:
where b
d
—width of a base of a descent, m; i—inclination of a descent, part of unit; k
fd
—degree of
(3)
(4)
(5)
Page 29
Figure 1. Plan of 6 levels of ore zone of Katcharskiy open cast (from −105 m up to −30m).
fragmentation of rock of descent; b
0
—width of bulging part of an end of a descent to a side of bench’ bank, m; l
a
—length of contiguity of a route of a descent to a
bank of a bench, m.
Rock volume in a pillar lower a base of a descent V
l
is determined by the expression
If we take b
0
=b
d
, l
a
=0, that formulae (5) and (6) determine construction volume V
b
and volume lower a base of a descent, when descent passing by its end fully to
lower bank of a bench. When b
0
=0 these volumes conform to position of a descent fully behind a line of a bench from a side of massif (Dzharlkaganov U.A. 2003).
When determining ore volumes in top and bottom part of a descent, when planning of moving of mining operations throw cutting at benches, complexities appear
because of big variety of conditions of ore bedding. On figure 2 variants are presented, when contour of ore at the bottom crosses projection of a base of a descent,
and above it passes throw contours of a descent or overlaps it fully. Degree of “filling” of calculated descent by ore depends on relative location of ore contours at
adjacent levels even out of boundaries of a descent.
Mininggeometrical analysis shows, that presence of intercondition between elements of miningtechnical and technological parameters at a bench allows using less
number of formulae for calculations than variants of contours of ore, cuttings and descents. Here we presented only four formulae for determination of volumes of ore at
a descent, which cover most of possible variants of mininggeological situations at benches.
Volumes of ore in construction volume of a descent are determined as
(6)
(7)
Figure 1. Plan of 6 levels of ore zone of Katcharskiy open cast (from −105 m up to −30m).
fragmentation of rock of descent; b
0
—width of bulging part of an end of a descent to a side of bench’ bank, m; l
a
—length of contiguity of a route of a descent to a
bank of a bench, m.
Rock volume in a pillar lower a base of a descent V
l
is determined by the expression
If we take b
0
=b
d
, l
a
=0, that formulae (5) and (6) determine construction volume V
b
and volume lower a base of a descent, when descent passing by its end fully to
lower bank of a bench. When b
0
=0 these volumes conform to position of a descent fully behind a line of a bench from a side of massif (Dzharlkaganov U.A. 2003).
When determining ore volumes in top and bottom part of a descent, when planning of moving of mining operations throw cutting at benches, complexities appear
because of big variety of conditions of ore bedding. On figure 2 variants are presented, when contour of ore at the bottom crosses projection of a base of a descent,
and above it passes throw contours of a descent or overlaps it fully. Degree of “filling” of calculated descent by ore depends on relative location of ore contours at
adjacent levels even out of boundaries of a descent.
Mininggeometrical analysis shows, that presence of intercondition between elements of miningtechnical and technological parameters at a bench allows using less
number of formulae for calculations than variants of contours of ore, cuttings and descents. Here we presented only four formulae for determination of volumes of ore at
a descent, which cover most of possible variants of mininggeological situations at benches.
Volumes of ore in construction volume of a descent are determined as
(6)
(7)
Page 30
Figure 2. Scheme to calculation of ore volume at a descent.
Volume of ore lower a base of a descent is determines as
Here l
HΠ1
, l
HΠ2
—distance from contours of ore in a base of blocks of a descent up to its ends, m; b
BΠ1
, b
BΠ2
—distances from contours of ore, crossing top of block
of a descent, up to ends of a descent, m; b
Bκ1
, b
Bk2
—distances from ends of a descent to contours of ore, when their location out of block of a descent, m. So,
substituting in turn their values into formulae (7), (8), by ore bedding in an area of descent’s block, we may calculate all variants, when extent of ore in the direction of
axis of a descent in the top more than in the bottom (l
lo
<l
uo
). For opposite case (l
lo
>l
uo
) there are other alike formulae. In all cases there is a rule: if b
uc1
, b
uc2
>0, that
b
uf1
, b
uf2
=0. This fixes contour of ore either outside of descent or inside of descent. This rule is correct for b
lc1
, b
lc2
, b
lf1
, b
lf2
in the second for formulae for l
lo
>l
uo
.
For automated determination of all aforenamed distances and the other parameters and their using in aforenamed formulae in module 2 special programming block is
realized for identification of mininggeological and technological situations on plan of open cast. This excludes additional labourconsuming work of user on allocation
and determination of necessary parameters for calculation.
3 CONCLUSIONS
– Joint using of two modules with different ideology and principles of operation in one system of computeraided design and planning of mining operations at open casts
allows substantially increasing quality and decreasing duration of decisions making.
– By using of the first module of optimization calculations and constructions of contours of mining operations in package regime we receive the most priority directions
of moving of mining operations by working levels. It allows substantially decreasing time of a search of optimal contours of mining operations up to the end of
planned period.
– The second module is used for taking final decision in interactive regime and allows more adequate taking into account possible complex situations. It may be used in
addition to operations of the first module or as independent apparatus for current and timely planning of mining operations.
– For taking correct decisions it is important to ensure aforenamed subsystems with reliable information about interaction of parameters and indexes of operation of
open cast in different miningtechnical and technological conditions with the help of special recognizing algorithms and formulae.
REFERENCES
Dzharlkaganov U.A, Bukeikhanov D.G., Bekmurzayev B. Zh., Zhanasov M.Zh. 2003. “Imitationoptimizing planning of winning operations at open casts”. Proceedings of
the Copper 2003—Cobre 2003 the 5th inter conference, volume I. Plenary Lectures, Economics and Applications of Copper. Santiago, Chile, 353–367.
Dzharlkaganov U.A. 2003. Determination of volumes of mining operations when cutting of working benches and descents on plan of an open cast. Scientifictechnical
support of mining production. Proceedings of the Kunayev’s Institute of Mining, vol. 66, Almaty, 190–201.
(8)
Figure 2. Scheme to calculation of ore volume at a descent.
Volume of ore lower a base of a descent is determines as
Here l
HΠ1
, l
HΠ2
—distance from contours of ore in a base of blocks of a descent up to its ends, m; b
BΠ1
, b
BΠ2
—distances from contours of ore, crossing top of block
of a descent, up to ends of a descent, m; b
Bκ1
, b
Bk2
—distances from ends of a descent to contours of ore, when their location out of block of a descent, m. So,
substituting in turn their values into formulae (7), (8), by ore bedding in an area of descent’s block, we may calculate all variants, when extent of ore in the direction of
axis of a descent in the top more than in the bottom (l
lo
<l
uo
). For opposite case (l
lo
>l
uo
) there are other alike formulae. In all cases there is a rule: if b
uc1
, b
uc2
>0, that
b
uf1
, b
uf2
=0. This fixes contour of ore either outside of descent or inside of descent. This rule is correct for b
lc1
, b
lc2
, b
lf1
, b
lf2
in the second for formulae for l
lo
>l
uo
.
For automated determination of all aforenamed distances and the other parameters and their using in aforenamed formulae in module 2 special programming block is
realized for identification of mininggeological and technological situations on plan of open cast. This excludes additional labourconsuming work of user on allocation
and determination of necessary parameters for calculation.
3 CONCLUSIONS
– Joint using of two modules with different ideology and principles of operation in one system of computeraided design and planning of mining operations at open casts
allows substantially increasing quality and decreasing duration of decisions making.
– By using of the first module of optimization calculations and constructions of contours of mining operations in package regime we receive the most priority directions
of moving of mining operations by working levels. It allows substantially decreasing time of a search of optimal contours of mining operations up to the end of
planned period.
– The second module is used for taking final decision in interactive regime and allows more adequate taking into account possible complex situations. It may be used in
addition to operations of the first module or as independent apparatus for current and timely planning of mining operations.
– For taking correct decisions it is important to ensure aforenamed subsystems with reliable information about interaction of parameters and indexes of operation of
open cast in different miningtechnical and technological conditions with the help of special recognizing algorithms and formulae.
REFERENCES
Dzharlkaganov U.A, Bukeikhanov D.G., Bekmurzayev B. Zh., Zhanasov M.Zh. 2003. “Imitationoptimizing planning of winning operations at open casts”. Proceedings of
the Copper 2003—Cobre 2003 the 5th inter conference, volume I. Plenary Lectures, Economics and Applications of Copper. Santiago, Chile, 353–367.
Dzharlkaganov U.A. 2003. Determination of volumes of mining operations when cutting of working benches and descents on plan of an open cast. Scientifictechnical
support of mining production. Proceedings of the Kunayev’s Institute of Mining, vol. 66, Almaty, 190–201.
(8)
Page 31
Evaluation of Sungun copper mine design
M.Heidari
Department of Mining Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
F.Rashidinejad
Department of Mining Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Campus, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT: Three production profiles proposed in the Feasibility Study has been reviewed. The size of the resource indicated that a larger project
might be economically more attractive but further studies demonstrated that the high production profile could not be carried out. Fixing the throughput
of the concentrator before optimizing the mine design caused the project not to be designed economically. Final mine design has been evaluated in this
paper. Based on the latest data, a cashflow model was developed by using the standard Excel formulate. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to
determine the risks and economic robustness of the project. The results of this study show that the most sensitive factor, as it usual in projects of this
nature is copper price. CAPEX is slightly more influential than OPEX indicating that optimization of both parameters will be necessary to improve the
NPV at copper prices under $2200/t.
1 NICICO’S STRATEGY
Iran possesses very large copper resources and numerous copper porphyries occur in an arcuate belt extending from northwest Iran, southeast into Pakistan. These
deposits are estimated to contain around 5% of the world’s known copper inventory (Parwaresh et al. 2003). Total cathode copper production of Iran is currently
0.153 Mt/y and it has been planned the production reach to 0.280 Mt/y up to early 2006. Sungun Copper Project (SCP) is the most important NICICo’s project.
2 EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY
Sungun Copper Project has a huge amount of exploration information, which has been assembled into two complementary databases. This geological data has been re
interpreted into two summaries comprising borehole information, rock type, mineralization zone, core recovery and RQD data.
The Sungun coppermolybdenum deposit clearly exhibits many characteristics of other porphyry deposits in the world. Copper and molybdenum grades clearly
increase with depth and the deposit has the benefit of a moderately developed supergene enrichment blanket, containing higher than average copper values.
Molybdenum grades are, however, low and coproduction with copper is not considered to be economically feasible.
Sarcheshmeh, Sungun and a number of subeconomic porphyry deposits are all associated with mid to lateMiocene diorite/granodiorit to quartzmonzonite stocks
(Hezarkhani et al. 1999).
3 OREBODY MODEL
A block model has been constructed the following dimensions, 25 m×25 m×12.5 m. This corresponds to one quarter the average borehole spacing and the planned
bench height. With subblocking this also allows adequate definition of lithologi cal boundaries minimizing volumetric errors.
Leached, Supergene, Hypogene and Skarn zones have been recognized as being significant in regard to grade. Dyke and Soil zones are also recognised both of
which are considered waste. The blocks are encoded with these codes to enable lithological constraints to be applied in the interpolation of grades.
4 RESOURCE ESTIMATION
4.1 Previous resource estimation
Over the planning phase, two resource estimations were carried out for the Sungun deposit by following companies:
• SNC 1992, PreFeasibility Study;
• Itok 1996, Feasibility Study;
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Evaluation of Sungun copper mine design
M.Heidari
Department of Mining Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
F.Rashidinejad
Department of Mining Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Campus, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT: Three production profiles proposed in the Feasibility Study has been reviewed. The size of the resource indicated that a larger project
might be economically more attractive but further studies demonstrated that the high production profile could not be carried out. Fixing the throughput
of the concentrator before optimizing the mine design caused the project not to be designed economically. Final mine design has been evaluated in this
paper. Based on the latest data, a cashflow model was developed by using the standard Excel formulate. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to
determine the risks and economic robustness of the project. The results of this study show that the most sensitive factor, as it usual in projects of this
nature is copper price. CAPEX is slightly more influential than OPEX indicating that optimization of both parameters will be necessary to improve the
NPV at copper prices under $2200/t.
1 NICICO’S STRATEGY
Iran possesses very large copper resources and numerous copper porphyries occur in an arcuate belt extending from northwest Iran, southeast into Pakistan. These
deposits are estimated to contain around 5% of the world’s known copper inventory (Parwaresh et al. 2003). Total cathode copper production of Iran is currently
0.153 Mt/y and it has been planned the production reach to 0.280 Mt/y up to early 2006. Sungun Copper Project (SCP) is the most important NICICo’s project.
2 EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY
Sungun Copper Project has a huge amount of exploration information, which has been assembled into two complementary databases. This geological data has been re
interpreted into two summaries comprising borehole information, rock type, mineralization zone, core recovery and RQD data.
The Sungun coppermolybdenum deposit clearly exhibits many characteristics of other porphyry deposits in the world. Copper and molybdenum grades clearly
increase with depth and the deposit has the benefit of a moderately developed supergene enrichment blanket, containing higher than average copper values.
Molybdenum grades are, however, low and coproduction with copper is not considered to be economically feasible.
Sarcheshmeh, Sungun and a number of subeconomic porphyry deposits are all associated with mid to lateMiocene diorite/granodiorit to quartzmonzonite stocks
(Hezarkhani et al. 1999).
3 OREBODY MODEL
A block model has been constructed the following dimensions, 25 m×25 m×12.5 m. This corresponds to one quarter the average borehole spacing and the planned
bench height. With subblocking this also allows adequate definition of lithologi cal boundaries minimizing volumetric errors.
Leached, Supergene, Hypogene and Skarn zones have been recognized as being significant in regard to grade. Dyke and Soil zones are also recognised both of
which are considered waste. The blocks are encoded with these codes to enable lithological constraints to be applied in the interpolation of grades.
4 RESOURCE ESTIMATION
4.1 Previous resource estimation
Over the planning phase, two resource estimations were carried out for the Sungun deposit by following companies:
• SNC 1992, PreFeasibility Study;
• Itok 1996, Feasibility Study;
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection—Hardygóra, Paszkowska & Sikora (eds)
© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 937 6
Page 32
The SNC and Itok studies were based on a total of 29 and 129 boreholes respectively. The estimated resource quantities are as shown in Table 1.
4.2 Current resource estimation
The current resource estimations has been carried out by Olang Mining Service Company (OMSC) and is based upon the same drilling data as the Itok Feasibility
Study, plus an additional 27 boreholes.
The orebody has been classified as an inferred mineral resource as defined by the Joint Ore Reserve Committee (JORC) of the Australasian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy (AusIMM). A further subdivision into A and B has been made due to uncertainties related to the sampling. The resource statement used for mine planning
purposes is the Inferred A resources and is shown in Table 2.
To achieve an internationally acceptable standard it is necessary as a minimum to elevate a portion of the resource base to Probable Ore Reserve and preferably to
Proven Ore Reserve. The normal approach would be to have the first five years or more of production in this category (It should be noted that Iran is a new
environment for most investors and also the depressed state of the market at present). An alternative is to cover the payback period with a Proven Ore Reserve. This
gives the ability of the operation to achieve head grades and recovery during the period when the bulk of repayments will be made.
To improve the recourse estimation a supplementary exploratory operation is already underway.
5 PRODUCTION PROFILES
Production profile and extraction rate are related to each other. In theory, it is possible to calculate an ‘optimum’ rate of extraction from an orebody. To do this,
however, knowledge or precise assumption of the total tonnage and its sequential grades (including
the effects of varying the cutoff grade), and of all costs and product prices throughout the project life is required. This information is unavailable for early studies and
may indeed never reach high certainty or even be necessary (Hustrulid 1995).
Taylor studied many actual projects (some operating and others only planned) involving a wide range of orebody sizes, and shapes, for which the total ore reserves
were reasonably well known before major design commenced. His studies conduced to a simple formulation which can be used in planning phase. Based on the
Taylor’s mine life rule, the designed lives are proportional to the forth root of the ore tonnage.
For the Sungun deposit the mine life is ranged from 27 to 40 years.
At the stage of PreFeasibility Study which was carried out by SNC, a 5 Mt/y extraction rate proposed in a 20 year period.
Based on the Feasibility Study and considering the size of the orebody which recognized as the ore reserve at that time, three feasible production profiles originally
proposed that are shown in Table 3.
These profiles conform to the Taylor’s mine life formula.
The size of the resource indicated that a larger project might be economically more attractive, so the first alternative (14 Mt/y) was originally selected as the best
production profile and divided into two phases. A detailed design was made accordingly on the assumption of this alternative. Alternatives 2 and 3 also divided into two
and three phases respectively. The most significant advantages of mine design in more than one phase is:
• Decreasing the preproduction stripping, extracting the high grade ore in the early years of production to increasing the profitability;
Table 1. Previous resource estimations.
Estimate Cutoff grade % TCu Tonnage Mt Grade % TCu
SNC 0.20 349 0.64
ITOK* 0.25 700 0.63
* Resource estimations also include Leached material.
Table 2. Current resource estimation.
Category Tonnage Mt Grade % TCu
Inferred ‘A’ 796 0.60
Inferred ‘B’ 439 0.52
Total 1235 0.57
Table 3. Production profiles proposed in the Feasibility Study.
Alternative
Ore production Prestrip
Annual production Mt Productive life years Tonnage Mt Duration life years
1 14 25 214 5
2 7 4 150 5
14 23
Total 27
3 4.7 4 40 2
9.4 5
14.1 20
Total 29
The SNC and Itok studies were based on a total of 29 and 129 boreholes respectively. The estimated resource quantities are as shown in Table 1.
4.2 Current resource estimation
The current resource estimations has been carried out by Olang Mining Service Company (OMSC) and is based upon the same drilling data as the Itok Feasibility
Study, plus an additional 27 boreholes.
The orebody has been classified as an inferred mineral resource as defined by the Joint Ore Reserve Committee (JORC) of the Australasian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy (AusIMM). A further subdivision into A and B has been made due to uncertainties related to the sampling. The resource statement used for mine planning
purposes is the Inferred A resources and is shown in Table 2.
To achieve an internationally acceptable standard it is necessary as a minimum to elevate a portion of the resource base to Probable Ore Reserve and preferably to
Proven Ore Reserve. The normal approach would be to have the first five years or more of production in this category (It should be noted that Iran is a new
environment for most investors and also the depressed state of the market at present). An alternative is to cover the payback period with a Proven Ore Reserve. This
gives the ability of the operation to achieve head grades and recovery during the period when the bulk of repayments will be made.
To improve the recourse estimation a supplementary exploratory operation is already underway.
5 PRODUCTION PROFILES
Production profile and extraction rate are related to each other. In theory, it is possible to calculate an ‘optimum’ rate of extraction from an orebody. To do this,
however, knowledge or precise assumption of the total tonnage and its sequential grades (including
the effects of varying the cutoff grade), and of all costs and product prices throughout the project life is required. This information is unavailable for early studies and
may indeed never reach high certainty or even be necessary (Hustrulid 1995).
Taylor studied many actual projects (some operating and others only planned) involving a wide range of orebody sizes, and shapes, for which the total ore reserves
were reasonably well known before major design commenced. His studies conduced to a simple formulation which can be used in planning phase. Based on the
Taylor’s mine life rule, the designed lives are proportional to the forth root of the ore tonnage.
For the Sungun deposit the mine life is ranged from 27 to 40 years.
At the stage of PreFeasibility Study which was carried out by SNC, a 5 Mt/y extraction rate proposed in a 20 year period.
Based on the Feasibility Study and considering the size of the orebody which recognized as the ore reserve at that time, three feasible production profiles originally
proposed that are shown in Table 3.
These profiles conform to the Taylor’s mine life formula.
The size of the resource indicated that a larger project might be economically more attractive, so the first alternative (14 Mt/y) was originally selected as the best
production profile and divided into two phases. A detailed design was made accordingly on the assumption of this alternative. Alternatives 2 and 3 also divided into two
and three phases respectively. The most significant advantages of mine design in more than one phase is:
• Decreasing the preproduction stripping, extracting the high grade ore in the early years of production to increasing the profitability;
Table 1. Previous resource estimations.
Estimate Cutoff grade % TCu Tonnage Mt Grade % TCu
SNC 0.20 349 0.64
ITOK* 0.25 700 0.63
* Resource estimations also include Leached material.
Table 2. Current resource estimation.
Category Tonnage Mt Grade % TCu
Inferred ‘A’ 796 0.60
Inferred ‘B’ 439 0.52
Total 1235 0.57
Table 3. Production profiles proposed in the Feasibility Study.
Alternative
Ore production Prestrip
Annual production Mt Productive life years Tonnage Mt Duration life years
1 14 25 214 5
2 7 4 150 5
14 23
Total 27
3 4.7 4 40 2
9.4 5
14.1 20
Total 29
Page 33
• Studying the characteristics of the rocks;
• Surveying the mine slope behavior in the first phase (through pushing back of the benches from the first phase to the second phase, the final slope angle could be
modified);
• Possibility of selective mining.
The summarized mine plans are shown in Tables 4 to 6.
No optimization study was carried out for mine design in the planning phase. Further studies demonstrated that the production profile proposed in the first alternative
would not be practical because of the following reasons:
• Huge amount of preproduction stripping;
• High capital investment for mine equipment, construction of processing plant, dams and infrastructure against lack of the adequate finance available;
• The need to a long period for construction phase;
• High risk.
It is evident that the production profiles higher than the 14 Mt/y were not reasonable and could not be practical. This needed to large equipment which could not be
obtained because such equipment those tend to be American, are difficult to purchase in Iran (the American embargo against Iran has been in effect for many years).
Small scale projects are not economical in long terms. So, finally the second alternative was selected.
6 PROCESSING PLANT
The processing plant size was fixed based on the results of the Feasibility Study. This limits the mine designer in his options for optimizing the project, because the mine
design would be optimized before fixing the plant throughput.
The Sungun copper deposit is a porphyry type. The predominant copper mineralization is copper sulphide occurring as the mineral chalcopyrite. The choice of the
phase 1 (7 Mt/y) plant design is eminently suited to this type of mineralization and the choice of a crush/grind/flotation/dewatering plant is entirely correct. Porphyry
copper deposits, due to the nature of their relatively low grade worldwide, are developed at as high a plant throughput as possible consistent with a minimum mine life
of approximately 20 years. This format is adopted in order to take advantage of the ‘economy of scale’ where the mine’s fixed costs are borne by a large production of
copper.
7 FINAL MINE DESIGN
7.1 Methodology
As said in section 4.2 the current resource estimate of 796 Mt ore with 0.6% copper has been classified in Inferred category and used for the final mine design
propose. Because the resource model is being finalized the mine design can only be regarded as very preliminary.
Datamine has been used to model the geology and built a geological block model using the same package. Mine planning has been based on this geological block
model. The block model is converted into a financial block model by converting the geological information into revenue and cost. Datamine is recognized throughout the
world as a suitable geological and mining package for this type (porphyry copper) of deposit. Whittle 4X has been used to evaluate this financial block model. Whittle
requires mine design parameter inputs which are then applied to the financial block model both in terms of the financial data and the spatial position of a particular
block. This latter consideration not only applies to the cost of mining the block but also to the time when a block will be mined. This enables Whittle to incorporate the
financial elements in discounted terms. Whittle has been used extensively throughout the world and has enjoyed the position, until
Table 4. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 1).
Phase Total ore Mt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 152.06 0.710 298.22 72.79
2 189.34 0.627 66.21 267.74
Total 341.40 0.664 364.43 340.53
Table 5. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 2).
Phase Total ore Mt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 154.07 0.705 280.03 74.39
2 188.98 0.630 83.92 265.45
Total 343.05 0.664 363.95 339.84
Table 6. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 3).
Phase Total OreMt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 29.02 0.916 34.58 66.53
2 130.57 0.630 66.54 191.18
3 185.79 0.628 65.86 208.29
Total 345.38 0.653 166.98 466.00
• Studying the characteristics of the rocks;
• Surveying the mine slope behavior in the first phase (through pushing back of the benches from the first phase to the second phase, the final slope angle could be
modified);
• Possibility of selective mining.
The summarized mine plans are shown in Tables 4 to 6.
No optimization study was carried out for mine design in the planning phase. Further studies demonstrated that the production profile proposed in the first alternative
would not be practical because of the following reasons:
• Huge amount of preproduction stripping;
• High capital investment for mine equipment, construction of processing plant, dams and infrastructure against lack of the adequate finance available;
• The need to a long period for construction phase;
• High risk.
It is evident that the production profiles higher than the 14 Mt/y were not reasonable and could not be practical. This needed to large equipment which could not be
obtained because such equipment those tend to be American, are difficult to purchase in Iran (the American embargo against Iran has been in effect for many years).
Small scale projects are not economical in long terms. So, finally the second alternative was selected.
6 PROCESSING PLANT
The processing plant size was fixed based on the results of the Feasibility Study. This limits the mine designer in his options for optimizing the project, because the mine
design would be optimized before fixing the plant throughput.
The Sungun copper deposit is a porphyry type. The predominant copper mineralization is copper sulphide occurring as the mineral chalcopyrite. The choice of the
phase 1 (7 Mt/y) plant design is eminently suited to this type of mineralization and the choice of a crush/grind/flotation/dewatering plant is entirely correct. Porphyry
copper deposits, due to the nature of their relatively low grade worldwide, are developed at as high a plant throughput as possible consistent with a minimum mine life
of approximately 20 years. This format is adopted in order to take advantage of the ‘economy of scale’ where the mine’s fixed costs are borne by a large production of
copper.
7 FINAL MINE DESIGN
7.1 Methodology
As said in section 4.2 the current resource estimate of 796 Mt ore with 0.6% copper has been classified in Inferred category and used for the final mine design
propose. Because the resource model is being finalized the mine design can only be regarded as very preliminary.
Datamine has been used to model the geology and built a geological block model using the same package. Mine planning has been based on this geological block
model. The block model is converted into a financial block model by converting the geological information into revenue and cost. Datamine is recognized throughout the
world as a suitable geological and mining package for this type (porphyry copper) of deposit. Whittle 4X has been used to evaluate this financial block model. Whittle
requires mine design parameter inputs which are then applied to the financial block model both in terms of the financial data and the spatial position of a particular
block. This latter consideration not only applies to the cost of mining the block but also to the time when a block will be mined. This enables Whittle to incorporate the
financial elements in discounted terms. Whittle has been used extensively throughout the world and has enjoyed the position, until
Table 4. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 1).
Phase Total ore Mt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 152.06 0.710 298.22 72.79
2 189.34 0.627 66.21 267.74
Total 341.40 0.664 364.43 340.53
Table 5. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 2).
Phase Total ore Mt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 154.07 0.705 280.03 74.39
2 188.98 0.630 83.92 265.45
Total 343.05 0.664 363.95 339.84
Table 6. Summarized mine plan (Alternative 3).
Phase Total OreMt Grade % TCu Overburden Mt Waste Mt
1 29.02 0.916 34.58 66.53
2 130.57 0.630 66.54 191.18
3 185.79 0.628 65.86 208.29
Total 345.38 0.653 166.98 466.00
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Ainakin on niissä vaaleissa, joissa minä olen ollut saapuvilla — ja
vieläpä hyvin monessa, joista olen kuullut puhuttavan — riidelty ja
torailtu, koottu ääniä, kiitetty ja parjattu, aina viimeiseen nipukkaan
asti. Ja sitten — hyvin usein on saatu katkerasti katua, kun tuo
kiitetty, haluttu ja valittu oli ehtinyt päästä näyttämään kotitapojansa
ja esiintymään oikeassa karvassaan. Ymmärtäkää minua oikein», —
lisäsi ukko, kun näki että epäilin, oliko hän nyt niin ihan oikeassa —
»ymmärtäkää minua oikein: en tarkoita vaaleja sellaisia, joissa joku
vaalipapeista on yleisimmin tunnettu ja rakastettu, vaan sellaisia,
joissa valitsioilla on joko todellisia tahi luultuja etuja siitä, että toinen
tahi toinen tulee valituksi. Silloin pääsevät intohimot valloilleen,
silloin näkee usein tyyniluontoisimpienkin olevan kuohuksissa. Kovaa
pannaan kovaa vastaan; yllyttäjiä ja äänien kerääjiä liikkuu
kaikkialla; ystävien väli käy riitaiseksi, naapurien sopu rikkoontuu, ja
koko seurakunta on ylösalaisin.»
Näitä mietteitä lausuessaan oli ukko heittänyt muutamia
puunpalikoita takkaan loppuun palamaisillaan olevien lisäksi. Hänen
kasvoissaan kuvastui erilaisia tunteita; hänen ajatuksensa näyttivät
liikkuvan kaukaisen menneisyyden tapauksissa. Vihdoin, kun olimme
istuneet tulen eteen, palasivat ne takaisin äskeiseen asiaan, ja hän
jatkoi:
»Yleiseksi tuomioksi lienee kentiesi tuomioni liika ankara, mutta
jos se ei aina pitäisikään paikkaansa, niin ainakin piti se meidän
seurakunnassamme siihen aikaan, kun vanha pastori vainaja tänne
valittiin. Hän oli vaalipapeistamme toinen, eikä häntä ajatellut
kukaan. Toisten kahden välillä huojuttiin — ensimäisen ja
kolmannen. En kuullut kenenkään aikovan häntä äänestää. Ja
kumminkin sai hän lopulta ääniä enemmän kuin molemmat muut
vaalipapit yhteensä. Ihmetystä se herätti kaikkialla; suurinta
vieläpä hyvin monessa, joista olen kuullut puhuttavan — riidelty ja
torailtu, koottu ääniä, kiitetty ja parjattu, aina viimeiseen nipukkaan
asti. Ja sitten — hyvin usein on saatu katkerasti katua, kun tuo
kiitetty, haluttu ja valittu oli ehtinyt päästä näyttämään kotitapojansa
ja esiintymään oikeassa karvassaan. Ymmärtäkää minua oikein», —
lisäsi ukko, kun näki että epäilin, oliko hän nyt niin ihan oikeassa —
»ymmärtäkää minua oikein: en tarkoita vaaleja sellaisia, joissa joku
vaalipapeista on yleisimmin tunnettu ja rakastettu, vaan sellaisia,
joissa valitsioilla on joko todellisia tahi luultuja etuja siitä, että toinen
tahi toinen tulee valituksi. Silloin pääsevät intohimot valloilleen,
silloin näkee usein tyyniluontoisimpienkin olevan kuohuksissa. Kovaa
pannaan kovaa vastaan; yllyttäjiä ja äänien kerääjiä liikkuu
kaikkialla; ystävien väli käy riitaiseksi, naapurien sopu rikkoontuu, ja
koko seurakunta on ylösalaisin.»
Näitä mietteitä lausuessaan oli ukko heittänyt muutamia
puunpalikoita takkaan loppuun palamaisillaan olevien lisäksi. Hänen
kasvoissaan kuvastui erilaisia tunteita; hänen ajatuksensa näyttivät
liikkuvan kaukaisen menneisyyden tapauksissa. Vihdoin, kun olimme
istuneet tulen eteen, palasivat ne takaisin äskeiseen asiaan, ja hän
jatkoi:
»Yleiseksi tuomioksi lienee kentiesi tuomioni liika ankara, mutta
jos se ei aina pitäisikään paikkaansa, niin ainakin piti se meidän
seurakunnassamme siihen aikaan, kun vanha pastori vainaja tänne
valittiin. Hän oli vaalipapeistamme toinen, eikä häntä ajatellut
kukaan. Toisten kahden välillä huojuttiin — ensimäisen ja
kolmannen. En kuullut kenenkään aikovan häntä äänestää. Ja
kumminkin sai hän lopulta ääniä enemmän kuin molemmat muut
vaalipapit yhteensä. Ihmetystä se herätti kaikkialla; suurinta
ihmetystä meissä itsessä. Mutta Herra itse oli asiaan sekaantunut;
Hän se oli mielet kääntänyt. Vielä vaalipäivän aamulla oli kirkon
ympärillä toraa ja riitaa. Suuri osa seurakuntaa piti kamreerin puolta,
ja että hän tahtoi ensimäistä vaalipappia, sen tiesimme kaikki; toinen
osa, eikä niin aivan pienikään, oli lukkarin puolella, joka kaikin
mokomin tahtoi kolmatta vaalipappia. Herra oli valinnut
keskimäisen… Siitä nyt on liki neljäkymmentä vuotta.
»Niin», jatkoi ukko valkeaan tuijottaen, ikäänkuin olisi hän sieltä
muistojansa lukenut; »niin, tänä syksynä on siitä ummelleen
yhdeksän neljättä vuotta. Silloin oli kappalaisen virka seurakunnassa
avoinna, kuten nyt. Vanha pastori Starck, 'Tarkkipastori' — vaikka ei
hän niinkään peräti vanha ollut — oli kuollut. Tuomiosunnuntaina
hän loppui, ja adventtisunnuntaina hänestä kiitos tehtiin. Hän oli jo
kauan sairastanut, vuoteen omana; hänen kuolemansa ei tullut
odottamatta. Hän oli tavallisissa oloissa hyvänsävyinen mies ja
pappina samallainen kuin useimmat muut papit siihen aikaan,
saamamiehenä jotakuinkin mukiin menevä sen ajan vaatimusten
mukaan. Hän pauhaili saarnatuolissa, ja ääntä hänellä oli, se täytyy
tunnustaa. Ei lukkarikaan hänelle vertoja vetänyt. Saarnat vain olivat
vuodesta vuoteen samat — ihka samat. Joka oli pannut muistiinsa,
mitä Tarkki-pastori edellisenä vuonna oli jonakin sunnuntaina
saarnannut, sai seuraavana vuonna kuulla sanasta sanaan saman
saarnan, kenties vielä suuremmalla tarmolla huudettuna. Tarkki-
pastori käänsi, näet, vuoden lopulla nelikkonsa nurin, kuten
sanotaan, ja me kävimme häntä kuulemassa tavan vuoksi.
»Seurakunnassa vallitsi raakuus, ja sitä pastori usein valitti; mutta
hän ei tehnyt niin mitään sen poistamiseksi. Hän oli iloinen
seuramies; totia joi hän mielellään, osasipa korttiakin lyödä. Hän
kuului niitten lukuisten pappien joukkoon, jotka itse sitä tietämättään
Hän se oli mielet kääntänyt. Vielä vaalipäivän aamulla oli kirkon
ympärillä toraa ja riitaa. Suuri osa seurakuntaa piti kamreerin puolta,
ja että hän tahtoi ensimäistä vaalipappia, sen tiesimme kaikki; toinen
osa, eikä niin aivan pienikään, oli lukkarin puolella, joka kaikin
mokomin tahtoi kolmatta vaalipappia. Herra oli valinnut
keskimäisen… Siitä nyt on liki neljäkymmentä vuotta.
»Niin», jatkoi ukko valkeaan tuijottaen, ikäänkuin olisi hän sieltä
muistojansa lukenut; »niin, tänä syksynä on siitä ummelleen
yhdeksän neljättä vuotta. Silloin oli kappalaisen virka seurakunnassa
avoinna, kuten nyt. Vanha pastori Starck, 'Tarkkipastori' — vaikka ei
hän niinkään peräti vanha ollut — oli kuollut. Tuomiosunnuntaina
hän loppui, ja adventtisunnuntaina hänestä kiitos tehtiin. Hän oli jo
kauan sairastanut, vuoteen omana; hänen kuolemansa ei tullut
odottamatta. Hän oli tavallisissa oloissa hyvänsävyinen mies ja
pappina samallainen kuin useimmat muut papit siihen aikaan,
saamamiehenä jotakuinkin mukiin menevä sen ajan vaatimusten
mukaan. Hän pauhaili saarnatuolissa, ja ääntä hänellä oli, se täytyy
tunnustaa. Ei lukkarikaan hänelle vertoja vetänyt. Saarnat vain olivat
vuodesta vuoteen samat — ihka samat. Joka oli pannut muistiinsa,
mitä Tarkki-pastori edellisenä vuonna oli jonakin sunnuntaina
saarnannut, sai seuraavana vuonna kuulla sanasta sanaan saman
saarnan, kenties vielä suuremmalla tarmolla huudettuna. Tarkki-
pastori käänsi, näet, vuoden lopulla nelikkonsa nurin, kuten
sanotaan, ja me kävimme häntä kuulemassa tavan vuoksi.
»Seurakunnassa vallitsi raakuus, ja sitä pastori usein valitti; mutta
hän ei tehnyt niin mitään sen poistamiseksi. Hän oli iloinen
seuramies; totia joi hän mielellään, osasipa korttiakin lyödä. Hän
kuului niitten lukuisten pappien joukkoon, jotka itse sitä tietämättään
pitävät saarnaviran ammattina, jotka saarnaavat sentähden, että se
kuuluu virkaan, ja jotka tyytyväisinä sanovat 'amen', kun ovat
saaneet suuren viikkotyönsä suoritetuksi. Hän neuvoi tosin
Kristuksen, kun synneistänsä huolestunut tuli hänen luokseen —
niinhän neuvoi häntä hänen käsikirjansa; mutta kun tuo virallinen
toimi oli loppunut, saattoi hän samalla henkäyksellä syventyä
maanviljelysasioihin ja selittää esim. miksi eivät Thaërin kiittämät
lannoitusaineet soveltuneet meidän peltoihimme. Semmoinen oli hän
terveytensä päivinä, semmoinen tautinsa alkuaikoina.
»Hän ei häirinnyt seurakuntaa, eikä seurakunta häntä, ja rauhassa
olisi hän saanut kuolla, ellei hänen viimeisinä elinvuosinaan
hengellinen herätys, 'uusi oppi', olisi meilläkin alkanut voittaa alaa.
Se harmitti Tarkki-pastoria sanomattomasti, ja kun 'uusi oppi' tuli
puheeksi, silloin tuli myös ilmi hänen uskonoppinsa, eikä se ollut
monimutkainen; se kuului näin: 'kun ihminen on tehnyt, mitä on
voinut, niin tekee Jumalan armo lopun, ja luottaminen siihen on
uskoa; synnintunto ja muut 'tunnot' ovat perkeleen kiusauksia.
Katumus on kyllä hyvä, sillä se saa ihmisen palajamaan hyvien
avujen tielle, ja — tekojensa mukaanhan jokainen tuomitaan.'
»Seurakunnassa levisi kumminkin levenemistään herätys, ja
heränneet kääntyivät heränneisiin lohdutusta ja neuvoa saamaan.
He tuomitsivat pastorin, ja pastori tuomitsi heidät, ja — silloin kuoli
pastori. Armovuoden saarnaajaksi saimme vasta ikään yliopistosta
päässeen kevytmielisen nuorukaisen, joka ei osannut suomea ja joka
ei muuta halunnut kuin päästä pois 'erämaasta.' Hän rakasti tansseja
ja seuraelämää. Edellisiin ei ollut 'erämaassa' tilaisuutta, sillä
'kavaljeereja' puuttui, mutta kyllä seuraelämään — semmoiseen kuin
sitä tarjosi Salmelan kapteenin ja Jokelan kamreerin perheet. Nämä
sekä pappilan ja Pileenin herrasväki olivat seurakunnan ainoat
kuuluu virkaan, ja jotka tyytyväisinä sanovat 'amen', kun ovat
saaneet suuren viikkotyönsä suoritetuksi. Hän neuvoi tosin
Kristuksen, kun synneistänsä huolestunut tuli hänen luokseen —
niinhän neuvoi häntä hänen käsikirjansa; mutta kun tuo virallinen
toimi oli loppunut, saattoi hän samalla henkäyksellä syventyä
maanviljelysasioihin ja selittää esim. miksi eivät Thaërin kiittämät
lannoitusaineet soveltuneet meidän peltoihimme. Semmoinen oli hän
terveytensä päivinä, semmoinen tautinsa alkuaikoina.
»Hän ei häirinnyt seurakuntaa, eikä seurakunta häntä, ja rauhassa
olisi hän saanut kuolla, ellei hänen viimeisinä elinvuosinaan
hengellinen herätys, 'uusi oppi', olisi meilläkin alkanut voittaa alaa.
Se harmitti Tarkki-pastoria sanomattomasti, ja kun 'uusi oppi' tuli
puheeksi, silloin tuli myös ilmi hänen uskonoppinsa, eikä se ollut
monimutkainen; se kuului näin: 'kun ihminen on tehnyt, mitä on
voinut, niin tekee Jumalan armo lopun, ja luottaminen siihen on
uskoa; synnintunto ja muut 'tunnot' ovat perkeleen kiusauksia.
Katumus on kyllä hyvä, sillä se saa ihmisen palajamaan hyvien
avujen tielle, ja — tekojensa mukaanhan jokainen tuomitaan.'
»Seurakunnassa levisi kumminkin levenemistään herätys, ja
heränneet kääntyivät heränneisiin lohdutusta ja neuvoa saamaan.
He tuomitsivat pastorin, ja pastori tuomitsi heidät, ja — silloin kuoli
pastori. Armovuoden saarnaajaksi saimme vasta ikään yliopistosta
päässeen kevytmielisen nuorukaisen, joka ei osannut suomea ja joka
ei muuta halunnut kuin päästä pois 'erämaasta.' Hän rakasti tansseja
ja seuraelämää. Edellisiin ei ollut 'erämaassa' tilaisuutta, sillä
'kavaljeereja' puuttui, mutta kyllä seuraelämään — semmoiseen kuin
sitä tarjosi Salmelan kapteenin ja Jokelan kamreerin perheet. Nämä
sekä pappilan ja Pileenin herrasväki olivat seurakunnan ainoat
säätyläiset. Jokelassa ja Salmelassa oli naisia yltäkyllin, yhteensä
kokonaista kahdeksan — 'kapteenskaa' ja 'kamreerskaa'
lukuunottamatta; pappilassa hallitsi Tarkki-vainajan leski,
hyvänsävyinen, kuuro rouva, ja hänen kaksi tytärtään; Pileen, vanha
nimismies, oli naimaton. Hänen kodissaan edusti ijäkäs sisar,
hiljainen Liisa mamselli, kaunista sukupuolta.
»Nimi- ja muina merkkipäivinä kokoontuivat nämä perheet, eikä
silloin puuttunut vanhan ajan kursailua ja hienotapaisuutta, kuten
sopii ajatellakin, kun muistaa, että rouvat olivat saaneet
kasvatuksensa hienossa maailmassa ja istuttaneet tyttäriinsä oman
nuoruutensa ajan sievistystä. Seurusteleminen näiden neitosten
kanssa ei kumminkaan tuottanut mitään sydämen vaaraa nuorelle
maisterille; 'tytöt' olivat näetten 'kovin rumia ja kaikki yli-ikäisiä',
kuten hän eräälle toverilleen kirjoitti — nuorin, pastorin Liina, jo
hiukan neljännellä kymmenellä.
»Maisteri ei sentähden oikein ottanut viihtyäksensä naisten
parissa, mutta sitä paremmin herrojen. Näillä oli näet omat
'merkkipäivänsä' joka toinen pyhä-ilta, jolloin he kokoontuivat
toistensa luo korttia lyömään ja juomaan rommitotia. Ja että he
puolestaan mieltyivät maisteriin — kummako se? Olivathan nyt
taasen saaneet pelipöytäänsä 'neljännen miehen', jommoisesta oli
ollut syvä kaipuu aina siitä saakka, kun Tarkki-pastori ei enää voinut
ottaa osaa heidän huvi-iltamiinsa. Ja tämä 'neljäs mies' ei pannut
vastaan, kun kamreeri ehdotti, että kokoonnuttaisiin, kuten ennen
muinoin, lauantaisin, Tarkki-pastorin mielestä olivat näet lauantai-illat
vähän sopimattomat, hänen kun oli pyhänä saarnaaminen ja —
'aamu tuli usein liika aikaisin.' Kamreeri oli kyllä väittänyt vastaan,
sillä olihan pyhäpäivä — lepopäivä: ei tarvinnut silloin Pileenin olla
pitäjällä eikä kapteenin eikä hänen, kamreerin, komentamassa
kokonaista kahdeksan — 'kapteenskaa' ja 'kamreerskaa'
lukuunottamatta; pappilassa hallitsi Tarkki-vainajan leski,
hyvänsävyinen, kuuro rouva, ja hänen kaksi tytärtään; Pileen, vanha
nimismies, oli naimaton. Hänen kodissaan edusti ijäkäs sisar,
hiljainen Liisa mamselli, kaunista sukupuolta.
»Nimi- ja muina merkkipäivinä kokoontuivat nämä perheet, eikä
silloin puuttunut vanhan ajan kursailua ja hienotapaisuutta, kuten
sopii ajatellakin, kun muistaa, että rouvat olivat saaneet
kasvatuksensa hienossa maailmassa ja istuttaneet tyttäriinsä oman
nuoruutensa ajan sievistystä. Seurusteleminen näiden neitosten
kanssa ei kumminkaan tuottanut mitään sydämen vaaraa nuorelle
maisterille; 'tytöt' olivat näetten 'kovin rumia ja kaikki yli-ikäisiä',
kuten hän eräälle toverilleen kirjoitti — nuorin, pastorin Liina, jo
hiukan neljännellä kymmenellä.
»Maisteri ei sentähden oikein ottanut viihtyäksensä naisten
parissa, mutta sitä paremmin herrojen. Näillä oli näet omat
'merkkipäivänsä' joka toinen pyhä-ilta, jolloin he kokoontuivat
toistensa luo korttia lyömään ja juomaan rommitotia. Ja että he
puolestaan mieltyivät maisteriin — kummako se? Olivathan nyt
taasen saaneet pelipöytäänsä 'neljännen miehen', jommoisesta oli
ollut syvä kaipuu aina siitä saakka, kun Tarkki-pastori ei enää voinut
ottaa osaa heidän huvi-iltamiinsa. Ja tämä 'neljäs mies' ei pannut
vastaan, kun kamreeri ehdotti, että kokoonnuttaisiin, kuten ennen
muinoin, lauantaisin, Tarkki-pastorin mielestä olivat näet lauantai-illat
vähän sopimattomat, hänen kun oli pyhänä saarnaaminen ja —
'aamu tuli usein liika aikaisin.' Kamreeri oli kyllä väittänyt vastaan,
sillä olihan pyhäpäivä — lepopäivä: ei tarvinnut silloin Pileenin olla
pitäjällä eikä kapteenin eikä hänen, kamreerin, komentamassa
työväkeä. Pastorilla tosin oli työpäivänsä silloin, mutta — se työ! Kun
kumminkin kapteeni ja Pileen myönsivät, että pastorilla oli 'kohtuus'
puolellansa, oli kamreerin, vaikka vastahakoisesti, täytynyt myöntyä,
ja niin oli peliseura päättänyt pitää kokouksensa pyhäiltoina. Mutta
nyt! 'Tusuuri mies, tuo nuori maisterimme!' huudahti kamreeri
iloisesti, johon maisteri hymyillen vastasi: 'minusta on joka päivä
yhtäläinen, ja kun sedälle paremmin sopii lauantai, niin aivan
kernaasti minun puolestani.'
»Ja nuori sielunpaimen pelasi korttia ja joi rommitotia lauantai-
iltoina. Alussa eivät tuota panneet pahaksi muut kuin kerettiläiset —
olihan Tarkki-pastorikin ollut korttimies, ja semmoinenhan se tapa oli
herroissa; mutta kun maisteri lopulta ei tyytynyt lauantai-iltoihin,
vaan usein sunnuntaisin kohta kirkosta päästyään lähti muualle
hakemaan 'viikkoseuraa' ja väliin tuli kotia vasta myöhään
lauantaisin, niin rupesi yksi ja toinen 'surutonkin' seurakuntalainen
sitä ottamaan pahaksi; kiivasluontoinen kamreeri ärjäsi sellaisten
tapausten sattuessa, kun neljättä miestä ei hänen pelipöytäänsä
kuulunut: 'maisteri juo, se sika!'
»Seurauksena tästä kaikesta oli, että kirkkoon saapui yhä
vähemmän sanankuulioita — usein niin vähän, ettei maisteri luullut
maksavan vaivaa mitään jumalanpalvelusta pitää. Toiset nauroivat,
toiset surkuttelivat; ja kyllä olisi kaikki mennyt päin seiniä, ellei juuri
kirkkomme onnettomasta tilasta 'uusi oppi' olisi saanut yhä
enemmän vauhtia. Tätä 'uutta oppia' tulee meidän kiittää siitä, että
henkinen elämä itse asiassa vaurastui, vaikka kirkko joutui
ylenkatseen alaiseksi. Yksi ja toinen vakavampi seurakuntalainen
uhkasi jo tehdä kannetta maisteria vastaan, mutta siitä ei
kumminkaan tullut mitään; tiedettiinhän, ettei hänen aikansa tulisi
pitkälliseksi, ja 'jaksaisihan nuo pari vuotta kärsiä.'
kumminkin kapteeni ja Pileen myönsivät, että pastorilla oli 'kohtuus'
puolellansa, oli kamreerin, vaikka vastahakoisesti, täytynyt myöntyä,
ja niin oli peliseura päättänyt pitää kokouksensa pyhäiltoina. Mutta
nyt! 'Tusuuri mies, tuo nuori maisterimme!' huudahti kamreeri
iloisesti, johon maisteri hymyillen vastasi: 'minusta on joka päivä
yhtäläinen, ja kun sedälle paremmin sopii lauantai, niin aivan
kernaasti minun puolestani.'
»Ja nuori sielunpaimen pelasi korttia ja joi rommitotia lauantai-
iltoina. Alussa eivät tuota panneet pahaksi muut kuin kerettiläiset —
olihan Tarkki-pastorikin ollut korttimies, ja semmoinenhan se tapa oli
herroissa; mutta kun maisteri lopulta ei tyytynyt lauantai-iltoihin,
vaan usein sunnuntaisin kohta kirkosta päästyään lähti muualle
hakemaan 'viikkoseuraa' ja väliin tuli kotia vasta myöhään
lauantaisin, niin rupesi yksi ja toinen 'surutonkin' seurakuntalainen
sitä ottamaan pahaksi; kiivasluontoinen kamreeri ärjäsi sellaisten
tapausten sattuessa, kun neljättä miestä ei hänen pelipöytäänsä
kuulunut: 'maisteri juo, se sika!'
»Seurauksena tästä kaikesta oli, että kirkkoon saapui yhä
vähemmän sanankuulioita — usein niin vähän, ettei maisteri luullut
maksavan vaivaa mitään jumalanpalvelusta pitää. Toiset nauroivat,
toiset surkuttelivat; ja kyllä olisi kaikki mennyt päin seiniä, ellei juuri
kirkkomme onnettomasta tilasta 'uusi oppi' olisi saanut yhä
enemmän vauhtia. Tätä 'uutta oppia' tulee meidän kiittää siitä, että
henkinen elämä itse asiassa vaurastui, vaikka kirkko joutui
ylenkatseen alaiseksi. Yksi ja toinen vakavampi seurakuntalainen
uhkasi jo tehdä kannetta maisteria vastaan, mutta siitä ei
kumminkaan tullut mitään; tiedettiinhän, ettei hänen aikansa tulisi
pitkälliseksi, ja 'jaksaisihan nuo pari vuotta kärsiä.'
»En oikein osaa sanoa, onko se kansamme kunniaksi, vaiko
päinvastoin, että se anteeksiantavaisuudella kohtelee virkamiestensä
vikoja ja paheita. Niin on se tehnyt kaikkina aikoina, jotta kyllä
jokaisen, joka on joutunut sen kanteeseen, on täytynyt hankkia
itselleen tavallista kiivaampia mieskohtaisia vihollisia. Sitä paitsi oli
toinen asia, joka vei huomion pois maisterin irstaasta elämästä —
kysymys, kuka tulisi Tarkki-vainajan jälkeen pastoriksi.
»Tavallisessa järjestyksessä oli, näet, Tarkki-vainajan virka
julistettu haettavaksi. Papinviran asettaminen herätti siihen aikaan
paljon suurempaa huomiota kuin nyt. Toukokuun loppupuolella tuli
tieto, kutka olivat vaalisijat saaneet. Ne olivat meille jotenkin
tuntemattomia. Kului sitten niin sanottu valitusaika, ja kun todellakin
tehtiin valitus, saimme odottaa monta kuukautta, ennenkuin
lopultakin kirkossa ilmoitettiin, kutka olivat ehdolle asetetut. Born —
Pummiksi häntä sanoimme — oli ensimäiselle sijalle pantu, Linsteeni
toiselle ja Maleeni viimeiselle.
»Suu auki kuuntelimme heidän ansioluettelojaan luettavan. Jo sitä
ennen oli tietysti heistä paljon puhuttu, ja mielet olivat alkaneet
vähin kallistua Pummin puolelle, kamreeri kun sanoi tuntevansa
hänet ja kehui häntä hyväksi ja kunnon mieheksi. Mutta lukkari oli
kerran maailmassa tavannut Maleenin, ja lukkarin mielestä oli
Maleeni valittava. Maleeni sai sitäpaitsi kannatusta jo siitäkin syystä,
että konsistori oli muka vääryydellä sulkenut hänet pois ensi vaalista.
Maleeni oli valittanut ja sillä seurauksella, että korkea esivalta antoi
hänelle vaalisijan, mutta piispalle ankaria nuhteita — kerrottiin.
Linsteenistä, joka oli ijältään vanhin, vaikka vain toisella vaalisijalla,
ei puhunut kukaan.
päinvastoin, että se anteeksiantavaisuudella kohtelee virkamiestensä
vikoja ja paheita. Niin on se tehnyt kaikkina aikoina, jotta kyllä
jokaisen, joka on joutunut sen kanteeseen, on täytynyt hankkia
itselleen tavallista kiivaampia mieskohtaisia vihollisia. Sitä paitsi oli
toinen asia, joka vei huomion pois maisterin irstaasta elämästä —
kysymys, kuka tulisi Tarkki-vainajan jälkeen pastoriksi.
»Tavallisessa järjestyksessä oli, näet, Tarkki-vainajan virka
julistettu haettavaksi. Papinviran asettaminen herätti siihen aikaan
paljon suurempaa huomiota kuin nyt. Toukokuun loppupuolella tuli
tieto, kutka olivat vaalisijat saaneet. Ne olivat meille jotenkin
tuntemattomia. Kului sitten niin sanottu valitusaika, ja kun todellakin
tehtiin valitus, saimme odottaa monta kuukautta, ennenkuin
lopultakin kirkossa ilmoitettiin, kutka olivat ehdolle asetetut. Born —
Pummiksi häntä sanoimme — oli ensimäiselle sijalle pantu, Linsteeni
toiselle ja Maleeni viimeiselle.
»Suu auki kuuntelimme heidän ansioluettelojaan luettavan. Jo sitä
ennen oli tietysti heistä paljon puhuttu, ja mielet olivat alkaneet
vähin kallistua Pummin puolelle, kamreeri kun sanoi tuntevansa
hänet ja kehui häntä hyväksi ja kunnon mieheksi. Mutta lukkari oli
kerran maailmassa tavannut Maleenin, ja lukkarin mielestä oli
Maleeni valittava. Maleeni sai sitäpaitsi kannatusta jo siitäkin syystä,
että konsistori oli muka vääryydellä sulkenut hänet pois ensi vaalista.
Maleeni oli valittanut ja sillä seurauksella, että korkea esivalta antoi
hänelle vaalisijan, mutta piispalle ankaria nuhteita — kerrottiin.
Linsteenistä, joka oli ijältään vanhin, vaikka vain toisella vaalisijalla,
ei puhunut kukaan.
»Tuli sitten vaalisaarnojen aika. Kirkko oli täpösen täynnä näinä
sunnuntaina. Oikein tuntui se oudolta. Eivät mahtuneet kaikki
penkkeihin, kun oli ulkoseurakuntalaisiakin kuulemassa. Pummi
saarnasi niin, että seinät paukkuivat, ja messussa lähti hänestä
ääntä vielä enemmän kuin ennen Tarkki-pastorista. 'Tuomitkaa oikea
tuomio!' — siitä hän pauhasi. Mitä muuta hän puhui, en usko, että
monikaan olisi osannut selittää. Hän ei saarnannut kartasta; sanat
tulivat kuin koskesta, mutta minä ainakaan en saanut tolkkua niistä
pienintäkään. Yhteen ääneen sitä kumminkin itkettiin, ja kun kirkosta
tultiin, niin kuultiin kaikkialla: 'siinä se meidän pastorimme!'
»Linsteeni oli pieni, kalpea mies. Matala oli hänen äänensä, ja
kartasta hän luki; mutta sisältöä oli saarnassa, sen myönsi jokainen,
joka kykeni sitä kuulemaan. Tuli sitten Maleenin vuoro, ja parastansa
hän teki. Hän puheli kirkkomäellä ämmien kanssa, kiitti seurakuntaa,
johon hän oli tullut hakeneeksi, kun oli kuullut sen kunnollisista
asukkaista puhuttavan, taputteli lapsia poskille ja kysyi heidän
nimiään, antoipa vielä muutamille lakeriakin. Lauluääni hänellä oli
erinomainen. Hän messusikin, mitä vaan suinkin kävi päinsä
messuta. Saarna sitä vastoin oli niin imelä, että ainakin minua iletti.
Me olimme kaikki taivaan lapsia — ei muuta kuin astua sisään vain.
Jospa kaikki seurakunnat olisivat semmoisia kuin meidän! Tuollaista
saimme kuulla, — ei tosin suoraan, mutta kiertelevillä ja
kaunopuheisilla sanoilla, jotka olivat helposti ymmärrettävät.
»Pummi tahi Maleeni siis! Lukkari oli kohta laittautunut
viimeksimainitun ystäväksi, ja että Maleeni tiesi tuon hyväksensä
käyttää, sen ymmärtää. Pummi kävi saarnan jälkeen illalla
tervehtimässä vanhaa tuttuansa kamreeria, joka hänen kunniakseen
oli kutsunut luoksensa säätyläiset. 'Tusuuri mies, se Pummi!' Maisteri
vain ei ollut iltaansa oikein tyytyväinen, sillä kun viidettä miestä ei
sunnuntaina. Oikein tuntui se oudolta. Eivät mahtuneet kaikki
penkkeihin, kun oli ulkoseurakuntalaisiakin kuulemassa. Pummi
saarnasi niin, että seinät paukkuivat, ja messussa lähti hänestä
ääntä vielä enemmän kuin ennen Tarkki-pastorista. 'Tuomitkaa oikea
tuomio!' — siitä hän pauhasi. Mitä muuta hän puhui, en usko, että
monikaan olisi osannut selittää. Hän ei saarnannut kartasta; sanat
tulivat kuin koskesta, mutta minä ainakaan en saanut tolkkua niistä
pienintäkään. Yhteen ääneen sitä kumminkin itkettiin, ja kun kirkosta
tultiin, niin kuultiin kaikkialla: 'siinä se meidän pastorimme!'
»Linsteeni oli pieni, kalpea mies. Matala oli hänen äänensä, ja
kartasta hän luki; mutta sisältöä oli saarnassa, sen myönsi jokainen,
joka kykeni sitä kuulemaan. Tuli sitten Maleenin vuoro, ja parastansa
hän teki. Hän puheli kirkkomäellä ämmien kanssa, kiitti seurakuntaa,
johon hän oli tullut hakeneeksi, kun oli kuullut sen kunnollisista
asukkaista puhuttavan, taputteli lapsia poskille ja kysyi heidän
nimiään, antoipa vielä muutamille lakeriakin. Lauluääni hänellä oli
erinomainen. Hän messusikin, mitä vaan suinkin kävi päinsä
messuta. Saarna sitä vastoin oli niin imelä, että ainakin minua iletti.
Me olimme kaikki taivaan lapsia — ei muuta kuin astua sisään vain.
Jospa kaikki seurakunnat olisivat semmoisia kuin meidän! Tuollaista
saimme kuulla, — ei tosin suoraan, mutta kiertelevillä ja
kaunopuheisilla sanoilla, jotka olivat helposti ymmärrettävät.
»Pummi tahi Maleeni siis! Lukkari oli kohta laittautunut
viimeksimainitun ystäväksi, ja että Maleeni tiesi tuon hyväksensä
käyttää, sen ymmärtää. Pummi kävi saarnan jälkeen illalla
tervehtimässä vanhaa tuttuansa kamreeria, joka hänen kunniakseen
oli kutsunut luoksensa säätyläiset. 'Tusuuri mies, se Pummi!' Maisteri
vain ei ollut iltaansa oikein tyytyväinen, sillä kun viidettä miestä ei
pelipöydässä tarvittu, sai hän vain olla katsojana. Linsteeni tuli ja
meni — 'kävi näyttämässä itsensä', sanoi Pileeni. Maleenin kunniaksi
piti lukkari iltakekkerit, joissa laulettiin virsiä. 'Ääni semmoinen sillä
pastorilla, että oikein sydän heltyy', sanoi lukkari, ja siihen yhtyivät
seksmannit ja Joosalan lautamies, ja heidän mielestään oli Maleeni
valittava — hän, eikä kukaan muu. Oli siis olemassa kaksi puoluetta
seurakunnassa: Pummin eli kamreerin ja Maleenin eli lukkarin.
Herrojen hännysteliöitä on kaikkina aikoina ollut, ja näistä tällaisista
oli kamreerin puolue pääasiallisesti muodostettu, jos kohta löytyi
niitäkin, jotka Pummin pauhaavan vaalisaarnan vaikutuksesta olivat
siihen yhtyneet. Kamreeri oli sentähden aivan varma vaalin
tuloksesta. Mutta lukkari oli enemmän tekemisissä seurakuntalaisten
kanssa, ja kun hän nyt oli ottanut oikein tarmonsa takaa ajaakseen
Maleenin asiaa, niin ei Pummin tulevaa voittoa pitänyt kovinkaan
varmana se, joka kykeni näkemään, miten tätä voittoa hiljaisuudessa
uurteli salassa kulkeva, mutta yhä kasvava vastarinta.
»Kysymyspäivänä oltiin yksimielisesti tyytyväisiä vaalipappeihin, ja
siinä tuli samassa kylläkin selvästi näkyviin, että kysymys vain olikin
Pummista ja Maleenista — ettei vaalissa Linsteeni tulisi
kysymykseenkään. Kysymystoimituksen loputtua jäin seisomaan
kirkkomaalle muutamien naapurien ja tuttavien kanssa. Vaihdoimme
siinä mielipiteitä noista kahdesta ehdokkaasta, ja minä olin
uskaltanut lausua sanasen kolmannenkin hyväksi, kun yht'äkkiä
sakaristosta kuului toraa ja riitaa, kamreerin ääni ylinnä. Lienee ukko
siellä saanut jonkinlaista vihiä siitä, ettei seurakunta ollut niinkään
yksimielisesti hänen kannallansa ja ettei Pummin voitto ollut niinkään
varma kuin hän oli luullut. Kamreerin mieltä oli vuosikymmeniä
kaikissa seurakunnan asioissa noudatettu; nytkö uskallettaisiin häntä
vastustaa — häntä, joka vielä oli luvannut viran Pummille? Sehän oli
jotakin kuulumatonta! Ja sitä paitse, eihän Pummin rinnalla
meni — 'kävi näyttämässä itsensä', sanoi Pileeni. Maleenin kunniaksi
piti lukkari iltakekkerit, joissa laulettiin virsiä. 'Ääni semmoinen sillä
pastorilla, että oikein sydän heltyy', sanoi lukkari, ja siihen yhtyivät
seksmannit ja Joosalan lautamies, ja heidän mielestään oli Maleeni
valittava — hän, eikä kukaan muu. Oli siis olemassa kaksi puoluetta
seurakunnassa: Pummin eli kamreerin ja Maleenin eli lukkarin.
Herrojen hännysteliöitä on kaikkina aikoina ollut, ja näistä tällaisista
oli kamreerin puolue pääasiallisesti muodostettu, jos kohta löytyi
niitäkin, jotka Pummin pauhaavan vaalisaarnan vaikutuksesta olivat
siihen yhtyneet. Kamreeri oli sentähden aivan varma vaalin
tuloksesta. Mutta lukkari oli enemmän tekemisissä seurakuntalaisten
kanssa, ja kun hän nyt oli ottanut oikein tarmonsa takaa ajaakseen
Maleenin asiaa, niin ei Pummin tulevaa voittoa pitänyt kovinkaan
varmana se, joka kykeni näkemään, miten tätä voittoa hiljaisuudessa
uurteli salassa kulkeva, mutta yhä kasvava vastarinta.
»Kysymyspäivänä oltiin yksimielisesti tyytyväisiä vaalipappeihin, ja
siinä tuli samassa kylläkin selvästi näkyviin, että kysymys vain olikin
Pummista ja Maleenista — ettei vaalissa Linsteeni tulisi
kysymykseenkään. Kysymystoimituksen loputtua jäin seisomaan
kirkkomaalle muutamien naapurien ja tuttavien kanssa. Vaihdoimme
siinä mielipiteitä noista kahdesta ehdokkaasta, ja minä olin
uskaltanut lausua sanasen kolmannenkin hyväksi, kun yht'äkkiä
sakaristosta kuului toraa ja riitaa, kamreerin ääni ylinnä. Lienee ukko
siellä saanut jonkinlaista vihiä siitä, ettei seurakunta ollut niinkään
yksimielisesti hänen kannallansa ja ettei Pummin voitto ollut niinkään
varma kuin hän oli luullut. Kamreerin mieltä oli vuosikymmeniä
kaikissa seurakunnan asioissa noudatettu; nytkö uskallettaisiin häntä
vastustaa — häntä, joka vielä oli luvannut viran Pummille? Sehän oli
jotakin kuulumatonta! Ja sitä paitse, eihän Pummin rinnalla
semmoinen mies kuin Maleeni paljoakaan painanut. Kuulimme
äänestä, että kamreeri oli kiivastunut, ja tiesimme hiukan kukin
omasta kokemuksesta, että silloin oli leikki kaukana. Oma
keskustelumme taukosi. Kuuntelimme. Kas vaan! Lukkarihan se olikin
joutunut kamreerin kynsiin. Emme tosin kuulleet lukkarin lausuvan
montakaan sanaa, hän kun puhui hyvin hiljaa ja sävyisästi, mutta
ymmärsimme, että häntä kamreeri tarkoitti, koska 'lukkarin pitäisi
tietää huutia ja muistaa, kuka se oli, joka hänelle oli lukkarin kapat
toimittanut' — johon purkaukseen kamreerin tora loppui.
»Seurauksena tästä kaikesta oli, että puolueet käyttivät kysymys-
ja vaalipäivän välillä olevaa viikkoa miten parhaiten osasivat.
Kamreeri ei tosin nähnyt arvonsa mukaiseksi itse kulkea ääniä
keräämässä, mutta sen sijaan oli hänellä kätyreitä, ja kapteeni ja
nimismies tekivät myöskin parastansa. Seurakunnan
kaukaisimmissakin kolkissa kulki äänten ottajia ja valtakirjojen
kokoojia; Pummia ylistettiin ja Maleenia parjattiin. Annettiin siinä
lupauksiakin — puhumattakaan siitä, ettei kamreerin luona
'suunavaajaisia' puuttunut, kun joku äänivaltainen kävi hänen
tykönään.
»Pileenin toimitustapa oli sittenkin ehkä tepsivämpi. Nimismies,
joka muuten ei juuri mistään välittänyt, saatikka papeista ja
kirkollisista asioista, oli nyt tavattomasti kiihkoontunut, ja pitäjällä
hän oleskeli tuon merkillisen viikon maanantaista aina lauvantaihin.
Hänellä oli mukanaan suuri kasa noita vaarallisia papereita, jotka, jos
ei niitä ajoissa lunasteta, saavat aikaan paljon häiriötä, ryöstöä ja
häviötäkin, ja näitä papereitaan tiesi hän tarkoitukseensa käyttää.
Sutelan isännälle, jonka talo oli huutokaupalla myytäväksi tuomittu,
lupasi hän odotusaikaa ainakin siihen saakka kuin Pummi oli
valtakirjan saanut — kentiesi vielä pitemmäksikin — ja Annalan
äänestä, että kamreeri oli kiivastunut, ja tiesimme hiukan kukin
omasta kokemuksesta, että silloin oli leikki kaukana. Oma
keskustelumme taukosi. Kuuntelimme. Kas vaan! Lukkarihan se olikin
joutunut kamreerin kynsiin. Emme tosin kuulleet lukkarin lausuvan
montakaan sanaa, hän kun puhui hyvin hiljaa ja sävyisästi, mutta
ymmärsimme, että häntä kamreeri tarkoitti, koska 'lukkarin pitäisi
tietää huutia ja muistaa, kuka se oli, joka hänelle oli lukkarin kapat
toimittanut' — johon purkaukseen kamreerin tora loppui.
»Seurauksena tästä kaikesta oli, että puolueet käyttivät kysymys-
ja vaalipäivän välillä olevaa viikkoa miten parhaiten osasivat.
Kamreeri ei tosin nähnyt arvonsa mukaiseksi itse kulkea ääniä
keräämässä, mutta sen sijaan oli hänellä kätyreitä, ja kapteeni ja
nimismies tekivät myöskin parastansa. Seurakunnan
kaukaisimmissakin kolkissa kulki äänten ottajia ja valtakirjojen
kokoojia; Pummia ylistettiin ja Maleenia parjattiin. Annettiin siinä
lupauksiakin — puhumattakaan siitä, ettei kamreerin luona
'suunavaajaisia' puuttunut, kun joku äänivaltainen kävi hänen
tykönään.
»Pileenin toimitustapa oli sittenkin ehkä tepsivämpi. Nimismies,
joka muuten ei juuri mistään välittänyt, saatikka papeista ja
kirkollisista asioista, oli nyt tavattomasti kiihkoontunut, ja pitäjällä
hän oleskeli tuon merkillisen viikon maanantaista aina lauvantaihin.
Hänellä oli mukanaan suuri kasa noita vaarallisia papereita, jotka, jos
ei niitä ajoissa lunasteta, saavat aikaan paljon häiriötä, ryöstöä ja
häviötäkin, ja näitä papereitaan tiesi hän tarkoitukseensa käyttää.
Sutelan isännälle, jonka talo oli huutokaupalla myytäväksi tuomittu,
lupasi hän odotusaikaa ainakin siihen saakka kuin Pummi oli
valtakirjan saanut — kentiesi vielä pitemmäksikin — ja Annalan
muori saisi pitää lehmänsä keväimeen, j.n.e. Sitä paitse teki hän
pieniä viittauksia niille, jotka olivat tavalla tai toisella kamreerista
riippuvaisia, kuinka vaarallista olisi loukata mahtavaa herraa.
Kamreerska, kapteenska, pappilan kuuro rouva ja neitoset, Liina
mamsellista vanhaan Liisa mamselliin saakka, olivat niinikään
touhussa Pummin hyväksi, ja ettei rouvilla ja mamselleilla ollut
niinkään vähää sanomista, sen ymmärtää.
»'Nyt luulen, että olemme voiton puolella', sanoi kamreeri, kun
lauantai-iltapäivällä 'ystävät' olivat kokoontuneet hänen luokseen;
'vai miten luulet veli?' lisäsi hän kääntyen naapuriseurakunnan
pastoriin, joka oli vaalinpitäjäksi määrätty ja jonka kamreeri oli
omalla hevosellaan noudattanut pappilasta luoksensa iltaa
viettämään. Pastori V. oli vanhanpuoleinen, hiukan huonokuuloinen,
hajamielinen ja heikkosilmäinen, mutta erittäin miellyttävä ukko, joka
kamreerin mielestä kyllä olisi ollut mukiin menevä, jos hän vain olisi
osannut bostonia pelata. Pastori oli jo puolenpäivän aikaan saapunut
pappilaan, saadaksensa hiukan levähtää ja rauhassa miettiä
vaalipuhetta, jolla hän seuraavana päivänä aikoi alkaa tärkeän
toimituksensa. Hän olisi mielellään pysynyt poissa kamreerin
illanvietosta, mutta sävyisä kun oli, pelkäsi hän loukkaavansa
kiivasluontoista Jokelan herraa, semmenkin kun hän oli hylännyt
hänen kutsunsa kysymyspäivän toimituksen jälkeen. — Kamreerin
kysymykseen ei hän suoraan vastannut, sanoi vain kuulleensa, että
erimielisiä oltiin vaalipappeihin nähden.
»'Oltiin, niin juuri, se on oikea sana, tahi paremmin: on oltu',
huudahti kamreeri vähän närkästyneenä; 'nyt ei toki enää olla. Minä
olen varma siitä, ettei Maleeni saa kovinkaan monta ääntä — vai
mitä luulee maisteri?'
pieniä viittauksia niille, jotka olivat tavalla tai toisella kamreerista
riippuvaisia, kuinka vaarallista olisi loukata mahtavaa herraa.
Kamreerska, kapteenska, pappilan kuuro rouva ja neitoset, Liina
mamsellista vanhaan Liisa mamselliin saakka, olivat niinikään
touhussa Pummin hyväksi, ja ettei rouvilla ja mamselleilla ollut
niinkään vähää sanomista, sen ymmärtää.
»'Nyt luulen, että olemme voiton puolella', sanoi kamreeri, kun
lauantai-iltapäivällä 'ystävät' olivat kokoontuneet hänen luokseen;
'vai miten luulet veli?' lisäsi hän kääntyen naapuriseurakunnan
pastoriin, joka oli vaalinpitäjäksi määrätty ja jonka kamreeri oli
omalla hevosellaan noudattanut pappilasta luoksensa iltaa
viettämään. Pastori V. oli vanhanpuoleinen, hiukan huonokuuloinen,
hajamielinen ja heikkosilmäinen, mutta erittäin miellyttävä ukko, joka
kamreerin mielestä kyllä olisi ollut mukiin menevä, jos hän vain olisi
osannut bostonia pelata. Pastori oli jo puolenpäivän aikaan saapunut
pappilaan, saadaksensa hiukan levähtää ja rauhassa miettiä
vaalipuhetta, jolla hän seuraavana päivänä aikoi alkaa tärkeän
toimituksensa. Hän olisi mielellään pysynyt poissa kamreerin
illanvietosta, mutta sävyisä kun oli, pelkäsi hän loukkaavansa
kiivasluontoista Jokelan herraa, semmenkin kun hän oli hylännyt
hänen kutsunsa kysymyspäivän toimituksen jälkeen. — Kamreerin
kysymykseen ei hän suoraan vastannut, sanoi vain kuulleensa, että
erimielisiä oltiin vaalipappeihin nähden.
»'Oltiin, niin juuri, se on oikea sana, tahi paremmin: on oltu',
huudahti kamreeri vähän närkästyneenä; 'nyt ei toki enää olla. Minä
olen varma siitä, ettei Maleeni saa kovinkaan monta ääntä — vai
mitä luulee maisteri?'
»'Minä olen aivan samaa mieltä kuin setä', vastasi nuori pappi,
jonka pastori V. oli ottanut notarioksi, — 'paremman puutteessa',
kuten Pileeni oli mumissut, kun sen kuuli. Maisterin katseessa oli
kumminkin omituinen hymy, joka ei oikein ollut sopusuhteessa hänen
vastaukseensa ja joka sanoin tulkittuna olisi kuulunut jotenkin tähän
tapaan: 'ei kyllä kovinkaan monta ääntä, mutta aina muutamia
enemmän kuin Pummi.' Että maisteri saattaisi valittavan suhteen olla
toista mieltä kuin kamreeri, ei tämä viimeksi mainittu osannut
silmänräpäystäkään aavistaa, semmenkin kun yleisesti tiedettiin,
etteivät maisteri ja lukkari vetäneet yhtä köyttä. Löytyy kumminkin
syitä tässä maailmassa, jotka saavat kaksi vastustajaa ajamaan
samaa asiaa, joskaan tuo asia ei voi saattaa heitä likemmäksi
toisiaan. Niin oli laita maisterin ja lukkarin. Kummallakin oli omat
etunsa siitä, että Maleeni tulisi valituksi.
»Sanotaan, että itsekkäisyys hallitsee maailmaa, ja kyllä siinä
lauseessa on enemmän totta kuin tahdotaan uskoa; mutta että
itsekkäisyys saa olla toimintojen määrääjänä silloinkin, kun on
kysymyksessä niin korkea asia kuin sielunpaimenen valitseminen,
sitä on kamalata ajatella. Missä muodossa tämä itsekkäisyys oli
lukkarin pauloihinsa kietonut, sen ehkä ymmärrätte ja samalla myös,
mitkä syyt hänen toimenpiteisiinsä vaikuttivat, kun mainitsen sanat:
kunnianhimo ja kateus. Lukkari ei voinut kärsiä kamreeria, sillä mitä
kamreeri tahtoi, tahtoi suurin osa seurakuntaa, varsinkin 'vanha
kansa', joka jo vuosikymmeniä oli oppinut umpimähkään luottamaan
Jokelan herraan ja usein syystäkin saanut kiittää häntä hänen
hyvistä neuvoistaan ja ehdotuksistaan. Mutta tämä se juuri harmitti
lukkaria — harmitti enemmän kuin hän uskalsi itsellensä
tunnustaakaan. Hän olisi tahtonut olla seurakunnassa ensimäinen,
hän olisi tahtonut saada ääntänsä kuuluviin muuallakin kuin kirkossa.
Mutta niin kauan kuin tätä kamreerin valtaa kesti, oli hän nolla,
jonka pastori V. oli ottanut notarioksi, — 'paremman puutteessa',
kuten Pileeni oli mumissut, kun sen kuuli. Maisterin katseessa oli
kumminkin omituinen hymy, joka ei oikein ollut sopusuhteessa hänen
vastaukseensa ja joka sanoin tulkittuna olisi kuulunut jotenkin tähän
tapaan: 'ei kyllä kovinkaan monta ääntä, mutta aina muutamia
enemmän kuin Pummi.' Että maisteri saattaisi valittavan suhteen olla
toista mieltä kuin kamreeri, ei tämä viimeksi mainittu osannut
silmänräpäystäkään aavistaa, semmenkin kun yleisesti tiedettiin,
etteivät maisteri ja lukkari vetäneet yhtä köyttä. Löytyy kumminkin
syitä tässä maailmassa, jotka saavat kaksi vastustajaa ajamaan
samaa asiaa, joskaan tuo asia ei voi saattaa heitä likemmäksi
toisiaan. Niin oli laita maisterin ja lukkarin. Kummallakin oli omat
etunsa siitä, että Maleeni tulisi valituksi.
»Sanotaan, että itsekkäisyys hallitsee maailmaa, ja kyllä siinä
lauseessa on enemmän totta kuin tahdotaan uskoa; mutta että
itsekkäisyys saa olla toimintojen määrääjänä silloinkin, kun on
kysymyksessä niin korkea asia kuin sielunpaimenen valitseminen,
sitä on kamalata ajatella. Missä muodossa tämä itsekkäisyys oli
lukkarin pauloihinsa kietonut, sen ehkä ymmärrätte ja samalla myös,
mitkä syyt hänen toimenpiteisiinsä vaikuttivat, kun mainitsen sanat:
kunnianhimo ja kateus. Lukkari ei voinut kärsiä kamreeria, sillä mitä
kamreeri tahtoi, tahtoi suurin osa seurakuntaa, varsinkin 'vanha
kansa', joka jo vuosikymmeniä oli oppinut umpimähkään luottamaan
Jokelan herraan ja usein syystäkin saanut kiittää häntä hänen
hyvistä neuvoistaan ja ehdotuksistaan. Mutta tämä se juuri harmitti
lukkaria — harmitti enemmän kuin hän uskalsi itsellensä
tunnustaakaan. Hän olisi tahtonut olla seurakunnassa ensimäinen,
hän olisi tahtonut saada ääntänsä kuuluviin muuallakin kuin kirkossa.
Mutta niin kauan kuin tätä kamreerin valtaa kesti, oli hän nolla,
jonka arvoa ei suinkaan kohottanut se kiusallinen
välinpitämättömyys, jolla kamreeri kohteli häntä, milloin ei
tuittupäissään käskenyt hänen pitämään suutaan kiinni. Tätä kaikkia
oli kunniahimoisen lukkarin mahdotonta kestää, ja sentähden oli
kamreeri syrjäytettävä — vähät siitä, että lukkari juuri kamreerin
mahtisanan perustuksella oli virkaansa valittu, jonka lukkari
kiusakseen hyvin usein sai kuulla. Tarkki-pastorin aikana ei lukkari
kumminkaan mitään voinut, sillä vanhuudestaan luotti seurakunta
pappiin, ja Tarkki-pastori oli kaikissa asioissa kamreerin puolella,
samoin kuin Salmelan kapteenikin, jotta 'vastoin parempaa tietoansa
täytyy äänestää heidän kanssaan, jollei tahdo joutua heidän
narrikseen', valitteli lukkari kerran kirkonkokouksesta tultuaan
Jooselan lautamiehelle — 'paraimmalle ystävälleen.' Joosela, nähkää,
ei saattanut ikinä unohtaa, että hän kamreerin tähden oli menettänyt
paikkansa kihlakunnan oikeudessa, vieläpä saanut sakkoakin — 'siitä
hyvästä, että uskalsin paljastaa muutamia kamreerin vehkeitä', oli
entisellä lautamiehellä tapana sanoa — 'siitä hyvästä, että lahjojen
takia oli jättänyt tärkeän manuun toimittamatta', sanoivat
pöytäkirjat.
»Mutta vaikka lukkari selvään näki, kuinka vähävoipainen hänen
vastustuksensa oli, ei hän kunnianhimoltaan saanut rauhaa. Se
pakotti häntä keräämään ympärilleen kaikki, jotka syystä tahi
toisesta olivat kamreeriin loukkautuneet, ja sellaisia oli enemmän
kuin hän alussa rohkeni toivoakaan. Kamreerin aavistamatta oli siis
syntynyt puolue, joka hänen tietämättään teki salaa ja hiljaisuudessa
työtään. Lukkari toimi viisaasti. Hän ei tahtonut astua esiin
joukkoinensa, ennenkuin oli varma voitostaan. Ja se päivä ei hänestä
näyttänyt niinkään kaukana olevan sen jälkeen kuin liittoon oli
yhtynyt Haaran rikas seksmanni, jonka sana painoi paljon ja joka sitä
ennen oli ollut herrojen ja varsinkin kamreerin 'ystävä.'
välinpitämättömyys, jolla kamreeri kohteli häntä, milloin ei
tuittupäissään käskenyt hänen pitämään suutaan kiinni. Tätä kaikkia
oli kunniahimoisen lukkarin mahdotonta kestää, ja sentähden oli
kamreeri syrjäytettävä — vähät siitä, että lukkari juuri kamreerin
mahtisanan perustuksella oli virkaansa valittu, jonka lukkari
kiusakseen hyvin usein sai kuulla. Tarkki-pastorin aikana ei lukkari
kumminkaan mitään voinut, sillä vanhuudestaan luotti seurakunta
pappiin, ja Tarkki-pastori oli kaikissa asioissa kamreerin puolella,
samoin kuin Salmelan kapteenikin, jotta 'vastoin parempaa tietoansa
täytyy äänestää heidän kanssaan, jollei tahdo joutua heidän
narrikseen', valitteli lukkari kerran kirkonkokouksesta tultuaan
Jooselan lautamiehelle — 'paraimmalle ystävälleen.' Joosela, nähkää,
ei saattanut ikinä unohtaa, että hän kamreerin tähden oli menettänyt
paikkansa kihlakunnan oikeudessa, vieläpä saanut sakkoakin — 'siitä
hyvästä, että uskalsin paljastaa muutamia kamreerin vehkeitä', oli
entisellä lautamiehellä tapana sanoa — 'siitä hyvästä, että lahjojen
takia oli jättänyt tärkeän manuun toimittamatta', sanoivat
pöytäkirjat.
»Mutta vaikka lukkari selvään näki, kuinka vähävoipainen hänen
vastustuksensa oli, ei hän kunnianhimoltaan saanut rauhaa. Se
pakotti häntä keräämään ympärilleen kaikki, jotka syystä tahi
toisesta olivat kamreeriin loukkautuneet, ja sellaisia oli enemmän
kuin hän alussa rohkeni toivoakaan. Kamreerin aavistamatta oli siis
syntynyt puolue, joka hänen tietämättään teki salaa ja hiljaisuudessa
työtään. Lukkari toimi viisaasti. Hän ei tahtonut astua esiin
joukkoinensa, ennenkuin oli varma voitostaan. Ja se päivä ei hänestä
näyttänyt niinkään kaukana olevan sen jälkeen kuin liittoon oli
yhtynyt Haaran rikas seksmanni, jonka sana painoi paljon ja joka sitä
ennen oli ollut herrojen ja varsinkin kamreerin 'ystävä.'
»Seikka oli, nähkää, semmoinen, että seksmanni olisi saanut
valtion rahoilla kaivetuksi suuren viemäriojan tilaansa kuuluvan
Kotisuon poikki, jollei kamreeri viimeisessä nipukassa olisi
huomauttanut, ettei tuosta viemäristä ollut hyötyä kenellekään
muulle kuin Haaralle, joka sitäpaitsi sen kyllä jaksoi itsekin kaivaa,
kun sitä vastoin Kirkkosuon kuivaaminen tuottaisi hyötyä koko
kunnalle. Kamreeri oli tässä väitteessään aivan oikeassa, mutta sepä
se juuri suututtikin seksmannia, ja kun sitten lukkari, 'vahingon
kärsinyttä' säälien, sydämestänsä otti osaa tuohon suureen tappioon,
minkä kamreerin pahansuopa kateus tuotti Haaralle, Kotisuon
kuivaaminen kun olisi antanut tiesi kuinka monta sataa tynnyrinalaa
hyvää viljamaata, niin näki seksmanni selvään, että kamreeri oli
kerrassaan turmioksi seurakunnalle ja että hänen valtansa oli
kukistettava, jos oli mieli yleisten asiain ottaa parantuakseen. Tämän
keskustelun jälkeen oli seksmanni 'sydämestä ja suusta' lukkarin
miehiä, ja yhdessä sitten tehtiin työtä 'hyvän asian' edistämiseksi, —
työtä, josta sittenkin olisi saatu tiesi kuinka kauan odottaa hedelmiä,
ellei Tarkki-pastorin kuolema olisi pannut 'hyvää asiaa' aivan uudelle
uralle ja lukkari ja hänen liittolaisensa Maleenissa tavanneet miehen,
'joka tulisi pitämään seurakunnan tosihyvää silmällä ja joka ei kulkisi
kamreerin talutusnuorassa.'
»Illanvietossa lukkarin luona oli 'tuleva pastori' esiintynyt siihen
määrään edukseen — kentiesi hiukan liiaksikin — että lukkari vihdoin
viimeinkin päätti uskaltaa ryhtyä ratkaisevaan taisteluun vallasta
kamreerin kanssa. Jollei tämä nyt kukistuisi, jos hän saisi ystävänsä
Pummin valituksi, niin … mitä siitä seuraisi, sitä ei tahtonut lukkari
ajatellakaan. Sentähden: 'kaikki raudat tuleen; sillä jollemme nyt
voita, niin on siitä ijankaikkinen vahinko seurakunnalle', sanoi lukkari
ystävilleen Jooselan lautamiehelle ja Haaran seksmannille. Ja kaikki
valtion rahoilla kaivetuksi suuren viemäriojan tilaansa kuuluvan
Kotisuon poikki, jollei kamreeri viimeisessä nipukassa olisi
huomauttanut, ettei tuosta viemäristä ollut hyötyä kenellekään
muulle kuin Haaralle, joka sitäpaitsi sen kyllä jaksoi itsekin kaivaa,
kun sitä vastoin Kirkkosuon kuivaaminen tuottaisi hyötyä koko
kunnalle. Kamreeri oli tässä väitteessään aivan oikeassa, mutta sepä
se juuri suututtikin seksmannia, ja kun sitten lukkari, 'vahingon
kärsinyttä' säälien, sydämestänsä otti osaa tuohon suureen tappioon,
minkä kamreerin pahansuopa kateus tuotti Haaralle, Kotisuon
kuivaaminen kun olisi antanut tiesi kuinka monta sataa tynnyrinalaa
hyvää viljamaata, niin näki seksmanni selvään, että kamreeri oli
kerrassaan turmioksi seurakunnalle ja että hänen valtansa oli
kukistettava, jos oli mieli yleisten asiain ottaa parantuakseen. Tämän
keskustelun jälkeen oli seksmanni 'sydämestä ja suusta' lukkarin
miehiä, ja yhdessä sitten tehtiin työtä 'hyvän asian' edistämiseksi, —
työtä, josta sittenkin olisi saatu tiesi kuinka kauan odottaa hedelmiä,
ellei Tarkki-pastorin kuolema olisi pannut 'hyvää asiaa' aivan uudelle
uralle ja lukkari ja hänen liittolaisensa Maleenissa tavanneet miehen,
'joka tulisi pitämään seurakunnan tosihyvää silmällä ja joka ei kulkisi
kamreerin talutusnuorassa.'
»Illanvietossa lukkarin luona oli 'tuleva pastori' esiintynyt siihen
määrään edukseen — kentiesi hiukan liiaksikin — että lukkari vihdoin
viimeinkin päätti uskaltaa ryhtyä ratkaisevaan taisteluun vallasta
kamreerin kanssa. Jollei tämä nyt kukistuisi, jos hän saisi ystävänsä
Pummin valituksi, niin … mitä siitä seuraisi, sitä ei tahtonut lukkari
ajatellakaan. Sentähden: 'kaikki raudat tuleen; sillä jollemme nyt
voita, niin on siitä ijankaikkinen vahinko seurakunnalle', sanoi lukkari
ystävilleen Jooselan lautamiehelle ja Haaran seksmannille. Ja kaikki
'raudat pantiin tuleen', mutta varovasti ja hiljaisuudessa. Pajasta,
nähkää, ei saanut nousta näkyviin savua, vielä vähemmin kipinöitä.
»Eikä niitä noussutkaan; mutta kyllä sen sijaan alkoi takomista
kuulua. Huhuja ja juttuja, jotka riistivät Pummi paralta kunnon ja
kunnian, levisi miehestä mieheen, varsinkin vaalin edellisellä viikolla.
Mistä ne tulivat? — kysykää tuulelta, mistä se tulee. 'Kuuluu',
'sanotaan', — siinä kaikki, ja kuta laajemmalle nuo kuulumiset, nuo
sanomiset leviävät, sitä varmempia ne ovat. Ja ne isonevat, kuten
viertävää maata vyöryvä lumipallo.
»Onneksi kumminkin — jos tässä tätä sanaa käy käyttäminen —
oli tällä kertaa kaksi vastakkaista suuntaa kulkevaa palloa vierimässä,
ja jos toisen jälessä Pummi ei ollut mistään kotoisin, niin eipä se
Maleeninkaan maine toisen vierusta kostunut. Jos ottaisin
kertoakseni vain pienen osan siitä, mitä nämä vanhat korvani tuon
viikon kuluessa kuulivat noista vaalipapeistamme, niin ei riittäisi
siihen yksi ilta. Ihmettelin, ettei Linsteenistä sanaakaan puhuttu,
vaikka ei siinä olisi pitänyt oleman mitään ihmettelemisen syytä:
häntä, nähkää, ei vielä oltu 'pajassa' käytetty. Herrat ja lukkari ne
vain nyt takoivat, edelliset enemmän julkisesti, lukkari ystävinensä
kaikessa hiljaisuudessa.
»Mutta molempien puolueitten tietämättä takoi yksin ja niin
salaisesti, ettei sitä kukaan osannut edes aavistaa, kolmas 'puolue',
jos yhtä miestä voi puolueeksi sanoa — maisteri. Asianhaarat olivat
tosin saaneet hänen ajamaan samaa lopputulosta kuin lukkari, mutta
mitään yhteistoimintaa ei heidän välillään ollut. Maisterista oli aivan
yhdentekevä, kumpi ohjaksissa istui: kamreeri vaiko lukkari; hänen
oma itsensä, nähkää, oli kaikkea muuta tärkeämpi. Ja tuota omaa
itseään katsoessaan ei hän kammonut mitään.
nähkää, ei saanut nousta näkyviin savua, vielä vähemmin kipinöitä.
»Eikä niitä noussutkaan; mutta kyllä sen sijaan alkoi takomista
kuulua. Huhuja ja juttuja, jotka riistivät Pummi paralta kunnon ja
kunnian, levisi miehestä mieheen, varsinkin vaalin edellisellä viikolla.
Mistä ne tulivat? — kysykää tuulelta, mistä se tulee. 'Kuuluu',
'sanotaan', — siinä kaikki, ja kuta laajemmalle nuo kuulumiset, nuo
sanomiset leviävät, sitä varmempia ne ovat. Ja ne isonevat, kuten
viertävää maata vyöryvä lumipallo.
»Onneksi kumminkin — jos tässä tätä sanaa käy käyttäminen —
oli tällä kertaa kaksi vastakkaista suuntaa kulkevaa palloa vierimässä,
ja jos toisen jälessä Pummi ei ollut mistään kotoisin, niin eipä se
Maleeninkaan maine toisen vierusta kostunut. Jos ottaisin
kertoakseni vain pienen osan siitä, mitä nämä vanhat korvani tuon
viikon kuluessa kuulivat noista vaalipapeistamme, niin ei riittäisi
siihen yksi ilta. Ihmettelin, ettei Linsteenistä sanaakaan puhuttu,
vaikka ei siinä olisi pitänyt oleman mitään ihmettelemisen syytä:
häntä, nähkää, ei vielä oltu 'pajassa' käytetty. Herrat ja lukkari ne
vain nyt takoivat, edelliset enemmän julkisesti, lukkari ystävinensä
kaikessa hiljaisuudessa.
»Mutta molempien puolueitten tietämättä takoi yksin ja niin
salaisesti, ettei sitä kukaan osannut edes aavistaa, kolmas 'puolue',
jos yhtä miestä voi puolueeksi sanoa — maisteri. Asianhaarat olivat
tosin saaneet hänen ajamaan samaa lopputulosta kuin lukkari, mutta
mitään yhteistoimintaa ei heidän välillään ollut. Maisterista oli aivan
yhdentekevä, kumpi ohjaksissa istui: kamreeri vaiko lukkari; hänen
oma itsensä, nähkää, oli kaikkea muuta tärkeämpi. Ja tuota omaa
itseään katsoessaan ei hän kammonut mitään.
»Elinkeinonsa valinnassa erehtyy moni, mutta että kukaan saattaa
erehtyä siihen määrään kuin armovuodensaarnaajamme, sitä on
minun vaikea ymmärtää. Antamatta mitään arvoa uskonnolle ja sille
sanalle, jota hänen tuli saarnata, oli hän suorittanut papintutkinnon,
tehnyt papinvalan ja lähtenyt sieluja voittamaan sille Herralle, jonka
oloa hän sydämessään kielsi. Hän oli kumminkin kasvanut kodissa,
jossa Herraa palveltiin, ja kodin vaikutus se kaiketi oli hänet papin
alalle ohjannut. Olisi varmaan paljo opittavaa hänenkin kehityksensä
kulusta, mutta siitä en tiedä juuri mitään kertoa. En ollut kuullut
hänen nimeänsäkään, ennenkuin hän tänne tuli, tuomiokapitulin
määräys taskussansa. Täällä tutustuin häneen, mutta vasta
vaalipäivän tapahtumat saattoivat minun näkyviini hänen sisällisen
ihmisensä.
»Hän ei näyttänyt välittävän koko vaalista niin mitään. Hänestä
kaiketi olikin yhdentekevä, kuka Tarkki-vainajan leivälle pääsi, kun se
ei ollut hän itse. Mutta omaa etuaan hän sittenkään ei laimin lyönyt.
Tarkin mamsellit eivät voineet kylliksensä ihmetellä omituista
käytöstä, jota hän osoitti vaalipappeja kohtaan. Erinomaisen
ystävällisesti otti hän heitä kaikkia vastaan, kun he saarnaamaan
tulivat; mutta jos lähtiessään Pummi ja Linsteeni saivat syystäkin
suuttua hänen epäkohteliaisuuteensa, hänen röyhkeyteensä ja
ivaansa, niin sai sitävastoin Maleeni häneltä kunnianosotuksia ja
imartelua, jotta ei määrääkään. Liina mamselli otti tuosta kaikesta
ripittääkseen maisteria, mutta tämä vaan nauroi ja puolusti itseään
sillä, että Pummi ja Linsteeni olivat saaneet juuri sen, mitä heidän
työnsä ansainneet olivat. Liina mamselli ei tästä vastauksesta tullut
tuota viisaammaksi, maisteri kun ei ottanut ilmoittaakseen, mitä töitä
hän tarkoitti.
erehtyä siihen määrään kuin armovuodensaarnaajamme, sitä on
minun vaikea ymmärtää. Antamatta mitään arvoa uskonnolle ja sille
sanalle, jota hänen tuli saarnata, oli hän suorittanut papintutkinnon,
tehnyt papinvalan ja lähtenyt sieluja voittamaan sille Herralle, jonka
oloa hän sydämessään kielsi. Hän oli kumminkin kasvanut kodissa,
jossa Herraa palveltiin, ja kodin vaikutus se kaiketi oli hänet papin
alalle ohjannut. Olisi varmaan paljo opittavaa hänenkin kehityksensä
kulusta, mutta siitä en tiedä juuri mitään kertoa. En ollut kuullut
hänen nimeänsäkään, ennenkuin hän tänne tuli, tuomiokapitulin
määräys taskussansa. Täällä tutustuin häneen, mutta vasta
vaalipäivän tapahtumat saattoivat minun näkyviini hänen sisällisen
ihmisensä.
»Hän ei näyttänyt välittävän koko vaalista niin mitään. Hänestä
kaiketi olikin yhdentekevä, kuka Tarkki-vainajan leivälle pääsi, kun se
ei ollut hän itse. Mutta omaa etuaan hän sittenkään ei laimin lyönyt.
Tarkin mamsellit eivät voineet kylliksensä ihmetellä omituista
käytöstä, jota hän osoitti vaalipappeja kohtaan. Erinomaisen
ystävällisesti otti hän heitä kaikkia vastaan, kun he saarnaamaan
tulivat; mutta jos lähtiessään Pummi ja Linsteeni saivat syystäkin
suuttua hänen epäkohteliaisuuteensa, hänen röyhkeyteensä ja
ivaansa, niin sai sitävastoin Maleeni häneltä kunnianosotuksia ja
imartelua, jotta ei määrääkään. Liina mamselli otti tuosta kaikesta
ripittääkseen maisteria, mutta tämä vaan nauroi ja puolusti itseään
sillä, että Pummi ja Linsteeni olivat saaneet juuri sen, mitä heidän
työnsä ansainneet olivat. Liina mamselli ei tästä vastauksesta tullut
tuota viisaammaksi, maisteri kun ei ottanut ilmoittaakseen, mitä töitä
hän tarkoitti.
»Jälestäpäin se tuli ilmi. Pummi ja Linsteeni olivat kieltäytyneet
menemästä maisterin puolesta takaukseen, johon taasen Maleeni
kohta oli sanonut varsin mielellään rupeavansa, jos vaan hänen
nimensä kelpaisi ja asianhaarat muuten sallisivat. 'Mutta — älkää
ottako pahaksi, että tapani mukaan puhun suoraa kieltä' — oli
pastori surullisella äänellä lisännyt — 'nyt on laita semmoinen, että
minun on hankittava leipää vanhalle anopille, sairaalle vaimolle ja
yhdeksälle pienokaiselle. Tulisihan virkaveljesten auttaa toisiaan,
mutta … toista olisi, jos olisin varma siitä, etten ole tätä matkaani
tänne turhaan tehnyt. Silloin…'
»Maisteri oli tähän aikaan kovassa rahapulassa. Sekin tuli
jälestäpäin tiedoksi samalla kertaa kuin se, että hän erään toisen,
jotenkin suuren velan uusimiseksi jo oli saanut Jokelan kamreerin,
Salmelan kapteenin ja nimismiehen nimet, kun oli pyhästi
vakuuttanut, ettei hänellä muita velkoja ollut. Että hän siinä
valehteli, että hän juuri tuota vakuuttaessaan mietti, miten selviytyä
eräästä toisesta, vielä suuremmasta velasta, se ei ollenkaan
rasittanut hänen omaatuntoaan. Nyt oli hänellä sekin asia selvillä.
Vaalipapit saisivat kunnian mennä takaukseen hänen uudesta
lainastansa. Pummia oli maisteri siihen pyytänyt, kun illalla myöhään
palasivat kamreerin tyköä — turhaan! Linsteeniä oli hän pyytänyt
kirkossa — turhaan! Kummako, että hän heihin vihastui? Nyt oli
Maleeni tarttumaisillaan koukkuun: siinä oli vain yksi mutta tiellä.
Maisteri ymmärsi yskän, ja maanantai-aamuna, vähää ennen kuin
Maleeni lähti, olivat vaalipappi ja armovuodensaarnaaja käyneet
liittoon, joka toiselta puolen velvotti viimeksimainittua toimittamaan
Maleenille seurakunnan äänet, toiselta puolen taasen Maleenia
kirjoittamaan nimensä maisterin velkakirjaan — toiseksi
takausmieheksi oli pastori V., vaalinpitäjä, lupautunut, vakuutti
maisteri, joka oli aikonut häntä siksi pyytää.
menemästä maisterin puolesta takaukseen, johon taasen Maleeni
kohta oli sanonut varsin mielellään rupeavansa, jos vaan hänen
nimensä kelpaisi ja asianhaarat muuten sallisivat. 'Mutta — älkää
ottako pahaksi, että tapani mukaan puhun suoraa kieltä' — oli
pastori surullisella äänellä lisännyt — 'nyt on laita semmoinen, että
minun on hankittava leipää vanhalle anopille, sairaalle vaimolle ja
yhdeksälle pienokaiselle. Tulisihan virkaveljesten auttaa toisiaan,
mutta … toista olisi, jos olisin varma siitä, etten ole tätä matkaani
tänne turhaan tehnyt. Silloin…'
»Maisteri oli tähän aikaan kovassa rahapulassa. Sekin tuli
jälestäpäin tiedoksi samalla kertaa kuin se, että hän erään toisen,
jotenkin suuren velan uusimiseksi jo oli saanut Jokelan kamreerin,
Salmelan kapteenin ja nimismiehen nimet, kun oli pyhästi
vakuuttanut, ettei hänellä muita velkoja ollut. Että hän siinä
valehteli, että hän juuri tuota vakuuttaessaan mietti, miten selviytyä
eräästä toisesta, vielä suuremmasta velasta, se ei ollenkaan
rasittanut hänen omaatuntoaan. Nyt oli hänellä sekin asia selvillä.
Vaalipapit saisivat kunnian mennä takaukseen hänen uudesta
lainastansa. Pummia oli maisteri siihen pyytänyt, kun illalla myöhään
palasivat kamreerin tyköä — turhaan! Linsteeniä oli hän pyytänyt
kirkossa — turhaan! Kummako, että hän heihin vihastui? Nyt oli
Maleeni tarttumaisillaan koukkuun: siinä oli vain yksi mutta tiellä.
Maisteri ymmärsi yskän, ja maanantai-aamuna, vähää ennen kuin
Maleeni lähti, olivat vaalipappi ja armovuodensaarnaaja käyneet
liittoon, joka toiselta puolen velvotti viimeksimainittua toimittamaan
Maleenille seurakunnan äänet, toiselta puolen taasen Maleenia
kirjoittamaan nimensä maisterin velkakirjaan — toiseksi
takausmieheksi oli pastori V., vaalinpitäjä, lupautunut, vakuutti
maisteri, joka oli aikonut häntä siksi pyytää.
»Kun tuota kauppaa ajattelen, muistuu aina mieleeni Juudas
Iskariot», mumisi haudankaivaja ja keskeytti kertomuksensa
sytyttääkseen kynttilän; sillä takkavalkea oli jo loppuun palanut.
Me siirryimme nyt pöydän luo, ja vanha haudankaivaja jatkoi:
»Olen ollut ehkä liian seikkaperäinen, koettaessani saada teidät
käsittämään, millä kannalla asiat olivat seurakunnassamme, kun
vaalipäivä tuli. Mutta ennenkuin menen sen tapauksia kertomaan,
täytyy minun vielä palata tuohon äskeiseen lauantai-iltaan.
»Mainitsin jo, että herrat silloin olivat koolla kamreerin luona ja
että kamreeri tulevan voittonsa tunnossa kääntyi vaalinpitäjään ja
maisteriin, saadaksensa kuulla heidänkin olevan tuosta hänen
voitostansa varmat. Mainitsin myös, mitä he sen johdosta vastasivat,
sekä ettei maisterin katse oikein ollut sopusuhteessa hänen
sanoihinsa.
»Mitä maisterilla oli mielessä, kun hän lupasi hankkia seurakunnan
äänet Maleenille, sitä en osaa sanoa. Kentiesi luotti hän tuohon
vanhaan sananparteen: 'nero keinon keksii.' Jos niin oli laita, niin
kaiketi oli tuo 'keino' nyt keksitty, vaalipäivään kun enää oli vain
muutamia tunteja.
»Kamreeri oli tuona lauantai-iltana erinomaisen iloisella tuulella,
vaikka 'papin takia' ei nyt korttia hänen luonaan pelattukaan.
Huomispäivän suuri voitto mielessänsä huvitteli hän 'veli pastorin
suosiollisella luvalla', vieraitansa kaskuilla ja jutuilla, varsinkin
pappijutuilla, joille sitte nauroi täyttä kurkkuansa. Tämä isännän
iloisuus tarttui 'ystäviin.' Rommitoti teki myös tehtävänsä, saaden
kielet yhä nopeampaan vauhtiin. Ja juttuja piisasi. Huomispäivän
voittoon vähä väliä kumminkin palattiin. 'Peli sekin, ja oikein
Iskariot», mumisi haudankaivaja ja keskeytti kertomuksensa
sytyttääkseen kynttilän; sillä takkavalkea oli jo loppuun palanut.
Me siirryimme nyt pöydän luo, ja vanha haudankaivaja jatkoi:
»Olen ollut ehkä liian seikkaperäinen, koettaessani saada teidät
käsittämään, millä kannalla asiat olivat seurakunnassamme, kun
vaalipäivä tuli. Mutta ennenkuin menen sen tapauksia kertomaan,
täytyy minun vielä palata tuohon äskeiseen lauantai-iltaan.
»Mainitsin jo, että herrat silloin olivat koolla kamreerin luona ja
että kamreeri tulevan voittonsa tunnossa kääntyi vaalinpitäjään ja
maisteriin, saadaksensa kuulla heidänkin olevan tuosta hänen
voitostansa varmat. Mainitsin myös, mitä he sen johdosta vastasivat,
sekä ettei maisterin katse oikein ollut sopusuhteessa hänen
sanoihinsa.
»Mitä maisterilla oli mielessä, kun hän lupasi hankkia seurakunnan
äänet Maleenille, sitä en osaa sanoa. Kentiesi luotti hän tuohon
vanhaan sananparteen: 'nero keinon keksii.' Jos niin oli laita, niin
kaiketi oli tuo 'keino' nyt keksitty, vaalipäivään kun enää oli vain
muutamia tunteja.
»Kamreeri oli tuona lauantai-iltana erinomaisen iloisella tuulella,
vaikka 'papin takia' ei nyt korttia hänen luonaan pelattukaan.
Huomispäivän suuri voitto mielessänsä huvitteli hän 'veli pastorin
suosiollisella luvalla', vieraitansa kaskuilla ja jutuilla, varsinkin
pappijutuilla, joille sitte nauroi täyttä kurkkuansa. Tämä isännän
iloisuus tarttui 'ystäviin.' Rommitoti teki myös tehtävänsä, saaden
kielet yhä nopeampaan vauhtiin. Ja juttuja piisasi. Huomispäivän
voittoon vähä väliä kumminkin palattiin. 'Peli sekin, ja oikein
jännittävä', sanoi kamreeri. Mutta vaalin lopputulos näkyi käyvän yhä
varmemmaksi, kuta useampia kulauksia 'voiton kunniaksi' otettiin. —
'Pileenikin oli kuin toinen ihminen', sanoi sittemmin tästä illanvietosta
puhuessaan Salmelan kapteeni, sitten verkalleen lisäten: 'olisi
kumminkin ollut suotavampi, ettei hän olisi toiseksi ihmiseksi
ruvennut.' Kun, nähkää, kunnon nimismiehemme tavallinen määrä
oli 'kaksi lasia ja palanen päälle', niin meni tuo palanen tänä iltana
täydestä ja sitten vielä — 'palanen päälle.' Häntä oli viikon ankara
työ ja alituinen matkalla-olo kovin rasittanut, mutta — 'mainiosti se
kaikki onnistuikin', kerskaili nimismies, kun omaan itseensä
tyytyväisenä oli muutamilla tuollaisilla 'palasilla' virkistänyt
voimiansa. Kun sitten vielä uusi palanen oli kuohuttanut muulloin
niin harvapuheisen miehen innostuksen korkeimmilleen, joutui hän
kerrassaan haltioihinsa, teki alusta loppuun selkoa viikon toimista ja
ilmaisi muun muassa äänellä, jonka oli määränä laskeutua hiljaiseksi
kuiskaukseksi, mutta joka päinvastoin soi kuin torventoitotus, että
hänellä oli laukussaan valtakirjoja, jotka voisivat tehdä Pummista
'vaikka sotaprovastin eli -kamreerin — kumman veljet tahtovat.'
'Ystävät', jotka eivät koskaan ennen olleet nähneet nimismiestä
tuollaisessa tilassa, katselivat vuorotellen häntä ja toisiansa, kunnes
vihdoin kamreeri, joka oli hyvillänsä siitä, että pastori oli vetäytynyt
rouvasväen puolelle, veitikkamaisesti ja silmää tovereihin iskien
huudahti: 'luulen, totta mar, että veli Pileen on saanut vähän per
nonkkis', sitten vakavammin lisäten: 'sillä tuollaisista asioista ei
julkisesti puhuta.' — No niin, ei ollut tässä väkijuoma ensi kerta
näyttämässä, kenen asioita se ajaa. Oli herra tahi talonpoika,
humalaansa on moni saanut katkerasti katua.
»Ja kyllä sitä sittemmin katuikin Pileen — 'tuota ainoata iltaa koko
nimismiesajallani. Jollen olisi juuri silloin joutunut pölinään, ei olisi
Linsteeni tullut näille mainkaan eikä veli kamreerista kerettiläistä. —
varmemmaksi, kuta useampia kulauksia 'voiton kunniaksi' otettiin. —
'Pileenikin oli kuin toinen ihminen', sanoi sittemmin tästä illanvietosta
puhuessaan Salmelan kapteeni, sitten verkalleen lisäten: 'olisi
kumminkin ollut suotavampi, ettei hän olisi toiseksi ihmiseksi
ruvennut.' Kun, nähkää, kunnon nimismiehemme tavallinen määrä
oli 'kaksi lasia ja palanen päälle', niin meni tuo palanen tänä iltana
täydestä ja sitten vielä — 'palanen päälle.' Häntä oli viikon ankara
työ ja alituinen matkalla-olo kovin rasittanut, mutta — 'mainiosti se
kaikki onnistuikin', kerskaili nimismies, kun omaan itseensä
tyytyväisenä oli muutamilla tuollaisilla 'palasilla' virkistänyt
voimiansa. Kun sitten vielä uusi palanen oli kuohuttanut muulloin
niin harvapuheisen miehen innostuksen korkeimmilleen, joutui hän
kerrassaan haltioihinsa, teki alusta loppuun selkoa viikon toimista ja
ilmaisi muun muassa äänellä, jonka oli määränä laskeutua hiljaiseksi
kuiskaukseksi, mutta joka päinvastoin soi kuin torventoitotus, että
hänellä oli laukussaan valtakirjoja, jotka voisivat tehdä Pummista
'vaikka sotaprovastin eli -kamreerin — kumman veljet tahtovat.'
'Ystävät', jotka eivät koskaan ennen olleet nähneet nimismiestä
tuollaisessa tilassa, katselivat vuorotellen häntä ja toisiansa, kunnes
vihdoin kamreeri, joka oli hyvillänsä siitä, että pastori oli vetäytynyt
rouvasväen puolelle, veitikkamaisesti ja silmää tovereihin iskien
huudahti: 'luulen, totta mar, että veli Pileen on saanut vähän per
nonkkis', sitten vakavammin lisäten: 'sillä tuollaisista asioista ei
julkisesti puhuta.' — No niin, ei ollut tässä väkijuoma ensi kerta
näyttämässä, kenen asioita se ajaa. Oli herra tahi talonpoika,
humalaansa on moni saanut katkerasti katua.
»Ja kyllä sitä sittemmin katuikin Pileen — 'tuota ainoata iltaa koko
nimismiesajallani. Jollen olisi juuri silloin joutunut pölinään, ei olisi
Linsteeni tullut näille mainkaan eikä veli kamreerista kerettiläistä. —
Kuka olisi sitä uskonut!' — Tuota hän kerran valitti minullekin, mutta
minusta tuntuu, että nimismiehen 'pölinä' oli ollut 'sallittu' —
käyttääkseni rahvaan sananpartta tapauksista, joissa se näkee
Jumalan sormen.
»Jälestäpäin ottivat kamreerin lauantai-illan vieraat
muistaaksensa, että maisteri, joka tavallisesti aina ennen oli loistavin
silmin nähnyt totitarjotinta tuotavan kamreerin kamariin, nyt ei
heittänyt montakaan silmäystä noihin kolmeen suureen karahviiniin,
joiden hopeisissa kilpilevyissä oli luettavana: 'Rhum' (rommia),
'Arrack' (aarakkia) ja 'Portvin.' Maisteri oli tänä iltana ihmeellisen
vakava. Kahdesti sai kamreeri kehottaa häntä 'panna sulamaan',
ennenkuin hän lähestyi totipöytää, jonka herkut eivät näyttäneet
häntä maittavan. Hän kyllä otti osaa keskusteluihin, nauroi eli koetti
nauraa kamreerin jutuille, ja tiesipä itsekin niihin lisätä muutamia
hullunkurisia; mutta jos 'ystävät' olisivat olleet hiukankin
tarkkasilmäisempiä, niin olisivat he huomanneet, että maisterin
ajatukset liikkuivat muualla.
»Salmelan kapteeni oli ainoa, joka tänä iltana ei oikein tuntenut
maisteria — kuten hän sittemmin vakuutti. Mutta hän oli ajatellut,
ettei maisteri tahtonut esimiehensä läsnä-ollessa näyttää
kotitapojaan. Kapteeni muisti myöskin jälestäpäin, että samaan
aikaan kuin Pileenin innostus oli korkeimmillaan, maisteri yhtäkkiä oli
lähtenyt ulos ja viipynyt sillä tiellään isomman aikaa. Ja kamreerin
rouva muisti tavanneensa vähää ennen illallista etehisessä maisterin,
joka oli seisonut päällysvaatteiden vieressä ikäänkuin hakien jotakin
ja joutunut kovin hämilleen, kun rouva oli sanonut: 'ethän vielä aio
lähteä? Illallinen on kohta valmis.' Yhden seikan muistivat kaikki —
itsepä Pileenikin — sen, että päinvastoin tapaansa maisteri, joka aina
oli viimeinen kemuista lähtemään, tänä iltana koetti saada seuraa
minusta tuntuu, että nimismiehen 'pölinä' oli ollut 'sallittu' —
käyttääkseni rahvaan sananpartta tapauksista, joissa se näkee
Jumalan sormen.
»Jälestäpäin ottivat kamreerin lauantai-illan vieraat
muistaaksensa, että maisteri, joka tavallisesti aina ennen oli loistavin
silmin nähnyt totitarjotinta tuotavan kamreerin kamariin, nyt ei
heittänyt montakaan silmäystä noihin kolmeen suureen karahviiniin,
joiden hopeisissa kilpilevyissä oli luettavana: 'Rhum' (rommia),
'Arrack' (aarakkia) ja 'Portvin.' Maisteri oli tänä iltana ihmeellisen
vakava. Kahdesti sai kamreeri kehottaa häntä 'panna sulamaan',
ennenkuin hän lähestyi totipöytää, jonka herkut eivät näyttäneet
häntä maittavan. Hän kyllä otti osaa keskusteluihin, nauroi eli koetti
nauraa kamreerin jutuille, ja tiesipä itsekin niihin lisätä muutamia
hullunkurisia; mutta jos 'ystävät' olisivat olleet hiukankin
tarkkasilmäisempiä, niin olisivat he huomanneet, että maisterin
ajatukset liikkuivat muualla.
»Salmelan kapteeni oli ainoa, joka tänä iltana ei oikein tuntenut
maisteria — kuten hän sittemmin vakuutti. Mutta hän oli ajatellut,
ettei maisteri tahtonut esimiehensä läsnä-ollessa näyttää
kotitapojaan. Kapteeni muisti myöskin jälestäpäin, että samaan
aikaan kuin Pileenin innostus oli korkeimmillaan, maisteri yhtäkkiä oli
lähtenyt ulos ja viipynyt sillä tiellään isomman aikaa. Ja kamreerin
rouva muisti tavanneensa vähää ennen illallista etehisessä maisterin,
joka oli seisonut päällysvaatteiden vieressä ikäänkuin hakien jotakin
ja joutunut kovin hämilleen, kun rouva oli sanonut: 'ethän vielä aio
lähteä? Illallinen on kohta valmis.' Yhden seikan muistivat kaikki —
itsepä Pileenikin — sen, että päinvastoin tapaansa maisteri, joka aina
oli viimeinen kemuista lähtemään, tänä iltana koetti saada seuraa
eroamaan kohta illallisen jälkeen, ja että hän etehisessä auttoi turkit
nimismiehen päälle, vieläpä vyötti ne hänen ympärilleen.
»Ei aavistanut kamreeri eikä kukaan hänen vieraistaan, kun he
iloisella mielellä jäähyväisensä sanoivat, huomenna kirkossa
yhtyäksensä, että illan tapaukset sittemmin tulisivat tarkan tutkinnon
alaiseksi, ja kaikesta vähemmin saattoi Pileen ajatella, että hän, joka
koko ikänsä oli koettanut punnita sanojansa ja siitä syystä tullut
tunnetuksi harvapuheisuudestaan, ennen elämänsä iltaa tulisi
syytetyksi — lörpötyksistä.
»Vaalipäivä koitti. Kylmä ja pilvinen se oli. Kävi läpitunkeva viima,
tuollainen ilman hyinen henkäys, joka jäähdyttää pahemmin kuin
ankarin pakkanen.
»Olin aikaisin liikkeellä tuona aamuna. Toimitin suntion virkaa,
vanha Lassi-suntio kun makasi sairaana. Tehtäviini tänään kuului
muun muassa avata kirkon ovet. Menin pappilaan avaimia
noutamaan. Jollen olisi tiennyt, mikä päivä meillä nyt oli, olisivat jo
väkijoukot, jotka kirkolle päin olivat matkalla, ilmaisseet, että jotakin
tärkeätä oli tekeillä. Kirkkomäellä seisoi Jooselan lautamies,
ympärillään muutamia akkoja, jotka tuntuivat olevan Pummin
ihailioita. En joutanut kuuntelemaan heidän jupakkaansa. Pappilan
salissa tapasin lukkarin ja seksmannit. Maisteri antoi minulle kirkon
avaimet. Hän näytti minusta hyvin hermostuneelta. Tarkki-vainajan
kamarista tuli samalla pastori V., ja häneen kääntyen sanoi maisteri:
'mitä arvelee setä, eiköhän olisi parempi, että tänään kirkossa
käyttäisimme lyijykynää; pelkään, että muste jäätyy?' Pastorin
vastausta en ehtinyt kuulla. Riensin avaamaan temppelin ovet.
»Kirkko oli muutamassa minuutissa täyteen ahdettu. Siinä oli
vastakkaisia mielipiteitä, mutta piiloissansa ne nyt lepäsivät.
nimismiehen päälle, vieläpä vyötti ne hänen ympärilleen.
»Ei aavistanut kamreeri eikä kukaan hänen vieraistaan, kun he
iloisella mielellä jäähyväisensä sanoivat, huomenna kirkossa
yhtyäksensä, että illan tapaukset sittemmin tulisivat tarkan tutkinnon
alaiseksi, ja kaikesta vähemmin saattoi Pileen ajatella, että hän, joka
koko ikänsä oli koettanut punnita sanojansa ja siitä syystä tullut
tunnetuksi harvapuheisuudestaan, ennen elämänsä iltaa tulisi
syytetyksi — lörpötyksistä.
»Vaalipäivä koitti. Kylmä ja pilvinen se oli. Kävi läpitunkeva viima,
tuollainen ilman hyinen henkäys, joka jäähdyttää pahemmin kuin
ankarin pakkanen.
»Olin aikaisin liikkeellä tuona aamuna. Toimitin suntion virkaa,
vanha Lassi-suntio kun makasi sairaana. Tehtäviini tänään kuului
muun muassa avata kirkon ovet. Menin pappilaan avaimia
noutamaan. Jollen olisi tiennyt, mikä päivä meillä nyt oli, olisivat jo
väkijoukot, jotka kirkolle päin olivat matkalla, ilmaisseet, että jotakin
tärkeätä oli tekeillä. Kirkkomäellä seisoi Jooselan lautamies,
ympärillään muutamia akkoja, jotka tuntuivat olevan Pummin
ihailioita. En joutanut kuuntelemaan heidän jupakkaansa. Pappilan
salissa tapasin lukkarin ja seksmannit. Maisteri antoi minulle kirkon
avaimet. Hän näytti minusta hyvin hermostuneelta. Tarkki-vainajan
kamarista tuli samalla pastori V., ja häneen kääntyen sanoi maisteri:
'mitä arvelee setä, eiköhän olisi parempi, että tänään kirkossa
käyttäisimme lyijykynää; pelkään, että muste jäätyy?' Pastorin
vastausta en ehtinyt kuulla. Riensin avaamaan temppelin ovet.
»Kirkko oli muutamassa minuutissa täyteen ahdettu. Siinä oli
vastakkaisia mielipiteitä, mutta piiloissansa ne nyt lepäsivät.
Tavallista aikaisemmin alkoi jumalanpalvelus. Maisteri saarnasi, ja
tällä kertaa oli hänen saarnassansa sisällystä. Sitä täytyi väkisinkin
kuulla. Loppupuolella hän kosketteli päivän tärkeää toimitusta, ja
sydämestä tuntuivat hänen sanansa lähtevän, kun hän vaaliin rukoili
Herran ohjausta. Ruumistani karsii, kun nyt ajattelen, mistä mielestä
ne todella lähtivät, nuo herttaiset sanat. Loppupuolella saarnaa tuli
kamreeri kirkkoon; sakariston ovelle hän asettausi ja teki
kumarruksen pastori V:lle, joka istui papin penkissä. Kohta jälestä
tuli Salmelan kapteeni. Ihmettelin, ettei nimismiestä näkynyt. Samaa
lienee kamreerikin ihmetellyt, sillä hänen ensimäiset sanansa
kapteenille olivat: 'mihin on veli jättänyt Pileenin?'
»Jumalanpalveluksen päätyttyä kannoin sakaristosta alttarin
edustalle pöydän, jolle sitten maisterin käskystä vein puhdasta
paperia ja muutamia lyijykyniä. Johtui siinä mieleeni, mitä pappilan
salissa olin kuullut maisterin ehdottavan. Näin nyt, että vaalinpitäjä
oli ehdotukseen mukautunut.
»Sitten alkoi toimitus. Pastori V. alusti sen pontevalla puheella,
jolla koetti saada seurakuntaa älyämään hetken tärkeyttä. Sen
jälkeen neuvoi hän jokaista äänivaltaista asettamaan asiansa sen
Herran eteen, joka tutkii sydämet, ja rukoilemaan Hänen
ohjaustansa. Puheensa lopetti pastori sydämellisellä rukouksella.
»Kun sitten hänen kehoituksestaan kirkon kuudennusmiehet eli
seksmannit olivat asettuneet kuoriin, johon heitä varten oli tuoleja
tuotu, maisteri kaksine vaaliluetteloineen ottanut notariona
paikkansa pöydän ääressä, seurakunta saanut tilaisuuden ilmoittaa,
ettei se vaaliluetteloon nähden mitään muutoksia pyytänyt, ja
syrjäisille tiedoksi annettu, että heidän tulisi poistua kirkosta — jota
tällä kertaa oli hänen saarnassansa sisällystä. Sitä täytyi väkisinkin
kuulla. Loppupuolella hän kosketteli päivän tärkeää toimitusta, ja
sydämestä tuntuivat hänen sanansa lähtevän, kun hän vaaliin rukoili
Herran ohjausta. Ruumistani karsii, kun nyt ajattelen, mistä mielestä
ne todella lähtivät, nuo herttaiset sanat. Loppupuolella saarnaa tuli
kamreeri kirkkoon; sakariston ovelle hän asettausi ja teki
kumarruksen pastori V:lle, joka istui papin penkissä. Kohta jälestä
tuli Salmelan kapteeni. Ihmettelin, ettei nimismiestä näkynyt. Samaa
lienee kamreerikin ihmetellyt, sillä hänen ensimäiset sanansa
kapteenille olivat: 'mihin on veli jättänyt Pileenin?'
»Jumalanpalveluksen päätyttyä kannoin sakaristosta alttarin
edustalle pöydän, jolle sitten maisterin käskystä vein puhdasta
paperia ja muutamia lyijykyniä. Johtui siinä mieleeni, mitä pappilan
salissa olin kuullut maisterin ehdottavan. Näin nyt, että vaalinpitäjä
oli ehdotukseen mukautunut.
»Sitten alkoi toimitus. Pastori V. alusti sen pontevalla puheella,
jolla koetti saada seurakuntaa älyämään hetken tärkeyttä. Sen
jälkeen neuvoi hän jokaista äänivaltaista asettamaan asiansa sen
Herran eteen, joka tutkii sydämet, ja rukoilemaan Hänen
ohjaustansa. Puheensa lopetti pastori sydämellisellä rukouksella.
»Kun sitten hänen kehoituksestaan kirkon kuudennusmiehet eli
seksmannit olivat asettuneet kuoriin, johon heitä varten oli tuoleja
tuotu, maisteri kaksine vaaliluetteloineen ottanut notariona
paikkansa pöydän ääressä, seurakunta saanut tilaisuuden ilmoittaa,
ettei se vaaliluetteloon nähden mitään muutoksia pyytänyt, ja
syrjäisille tiedoksi annettu, että heidän tulisi poistua kirkosta — jota
käskyä, sivumennen sanottuna, ei kukaan ottanut kuullakseen —
ryhdyttiin itse vaaliin.
»Tähän saakka oli kirkossa vallinnut ihmeellinen hiljaisuus. Lukkari
seisoi penkkinsä suussa likellä vaalinpitäjän pöytää ja loi silmänsä
liittolaisiinsa, omituinen hymy huulillansa. Kamreeri ja kapteeni
kulkivat edestakaisin sakaristossa keskustellen, ja silloin tällöin
lausuen ihmetyksensä siitä, ettei nimismiestä näkynyt. Seisoin
sakariston ovella ja kuulin kamreerin viimein ehdottavan, että
Pileeniä pantaisiin hakemaan. 'Jotakin on tapahtunut, sillä muuten
olisi hän jo aikaa ollut täällä' — kuulin hänen sanovan, samassa kun
vaalinpitäjä kehoitti Rajakylän äänivaltaisten astumaan esiin.
»'Pileen! — missä on Pileeni?» huudahti kamreeri niin suurella
äänellä, jotta itse pastori V——kin sen pöytäänsä kuuli. Jokelan
kiivasluontoinen isäntä oli miltei haltioissaan. Rajakylän
äänivaltaisetko alkaisivat, ja nimismies oli kerskaillut saaneensa
valtakirjoja kaikilta Rajakylän isänniltä!
»'Rajakylä n:o 1. Leski Liisa Matintytär Tuohikoski' — luki
vaalinpitäjä. Ei vastausta. — 'Liisa Matintytär Tuohikoski!' — Ei
vastausta nytkään. — 'Ei näy olevan saapuvilla', sanoi Haaran
seksmanni. 'Siis abs', sanoi pastori, ja vaaliluetteloihin merkittiin abs,
joka kuuluu olevan lyhennetty muoto latinankielisestä abseus
sanasta ja tietävän samaa kuin 'poissa-oleva.' — Rajakylä n:o 2 —
n:o 3 — n:o 4 j.n.e. — abs, abs, abs. — Nopeaan se kävi. Kun
vaaliluettelon ensi sivun äänestäjät olivat esiinhuudetut ja jokaisen
nimelle tuo abs merkitty, sanoi pastori V. puoliääneen: 'Osanotto ei
näytä olevan suuri.'
»En ole ennen enkä myöhemmin nähnyt kamreeria semmoisessa
mielentilassa kuin nyt. Hän oli raivostunut, eikä hän saanut raivoansa
ryhdyttiin itse vaaliin.
»Tähän saakka oli kirkossa vallinnut ihmeellinen hiljaisuus. Lukkari
seisoi penkkinsä suussa likellä vaalinpitäjän pöytää ja loi silmänsä
liittolaisiinsa, omituinen hymy huulillansa. Kamreeri ja kapteeni
kulkivat edestakaisin sakaristossa keskustellen, ja silloin tällöin
lausuen ihmetyksensä siitä, ettei nimismiestä näkynyt. Seisoin
sakariston ovella ja kuulin kamreerin viimein ehdottavan, että
Pileeniä pantaisiin hakemaan. 'Jotakin on tapahtunut, sillä muuten
olisi hän jo aikaa ollut täällä' — kuulin hänen sanovan, samassa kun
vaalinpitäjä kehoitti Rajakylän äänivaltaisten astumaan esiin.
»'Pileen! — missä on Pileeni?» huudahti kamreeri niin suurella
äänellä, jotta itse pastori V——kin sen pöytäänsä kuuli. Jokelan
kiivasluontoinen isäntä oli miltei haltioissaan. Rajakylän
äänivaltaisetko alkaisivat, ja nimismies oli kerskaillut saaneensa
valtakirjoja kaikilta Rajakylän isänniltä!
»'Rajakylä n:o 1. Leski Liisa Matintytär Tuohikoski' — luki
vaalinpitäjä. Ei vastausta. — 'Liisa Matintytär Tuohikoski!' — Ei
vastausta nytkään. — 'Ei näy olevan saapuvilla', sanoi Haaran
seksmanni. 'Siis abs', sanoi pastori, ja vaaliluetteloihin merkittiin abs,
joka kuuluu olevan lyhennetty muoto latinankielisestä abseus
sanasta ja tietävän samaa kuin 'poissa-oleva.' — Rajakylä n:o 2 —
n:o 3 — n:o 4 j.n.e. — abs, abs, abs. — Nopeaan se kävi. Kun
vaaliluettelon ensi sivun äänestäjät olivat esiinhuudetut ja jokaisen
nimelle tuo abs merkitty, sanoi pastori V. puoliääneen: 'Osanotto ei
näytä olevan suuri.'
»En ole ennen enkä myöhemmin nähnyt kamreeria semmoisessa
mielentilassa kuin nyt. Hän oli raivostunut, eikä hän saanut raivoansa
purkaa. Hän ei ollut oppinut hillitsemään tunteitansa, ja hänen täytyi
ne hillitä! Ajatelkaa kiivasluontoista tuollaisessa asemassa! Luulin
että hän pudottaisi silmät päästään. Kun vaalinpitäjä ja notario
käänsivät kumpikin luettelonsa lehden ja abs, abs, abs taasen
yhteen jaksoon alkoi kuulua, ei kamreeri enää pysynyt alallaan. Hän
ryntäsi vaalipöydän luo ja vaati että Rajakylä huudettaisiin
viimeiseksi; hän tiesi, että kyläläiset olivat antaneet äänestyslippunsa
nimismiehelle…
»Oli tuskallista nähdä herttaisen pastorin hämmästystä ja
mielipahaa. 'Veli, veli!' sopersi hän. Viimein näytti hän muistavan
tehtäväänsä ja asemaansa. Kun eivät hiljaisesti lausutut varoitukset
mitään auttaneet, nousi hän ja sanoi vakavasti: 'Minä pyydän, ettei
toimitusta häiritä. Äänestys tapahtuu siinä järjestyksessä kuin
äänestäjät ovat hyväksyttyyn vaaliluetteloon otetut,' mutta tuskin
olisi tämä muistutus mitään vaikuttanut, ellei pastorille olisi tullut
avuksi kapteeni. Tämä tempasi kamreeria käsivarresta ja kuiskasi:
'veli, veli, älä tee kirkonpahennusta!'
»Satuin vilkaisemaan lukkaria. Olisitte nähneet häntä siinä! Hän oli
kuin kirkastettu. Onneksi ei sattunut kamreeri luomaan silmiänsä
häneen, sillä siinä tapauksessa tuskinpa vain Jokelan herra olisi
voinut olla hänen kimppuunsa ryntäämättä. Nyt sitä vastoin sai
kapteenin järkevä muistutus hänet hiukan malttamaan mieltään. Kun
sitten molemmat herrat olivat vetäyneet takaisin sakaristoon —
kamreeri varsin vastenmielisesti — saattoi pastori jatkaa
keskeytettyä vaalitoimitusta.
»Tämä kaikki vaikutti vastustuksiin tottumattomaan Jokelan
herraan tavalla, jota hän ei voinut kestää. Hän heittäysi istumaan
sakariston penkille. Hän vapisi ja puuhki. Yhäti kuuli hän noita
ne hillitä! Ajatelkaa kiivasluontoista tuollaisessa asemassa! Luulin
että hän pudottaisi silmät päästään. Kun vaalinpitäjä ja notario
käänsivät kumpikin luettelonsa lehden ja abs, abs, abs taasen
yhteen jaksoon alkoi kuulua, ei kamreeri enää pysynyt alallaan. Hän
ryntäsi vaalipöydän luo ja vaati että Rajakylä huudettaisiin
viimeiseksi; hän tiesi, että kyläläiset olivat antaneet äänestyslippunsa
nimismiehelle…
»Oli tuskallista nähdä herttaisen pastorin hämmästystä ja
mielipahaa. 'Veli, veli!' sopersi hän. Viimein näytti hän muistavan
tehtäväänsä ja asemaansa. Kun eivät hiljaisesti lausutut varoitukset
mitään auttaneet, nousi hän ja sanoi vakavasti: 'Minä pyydän, ettei
toimitusta häiritä. Äänestys tapahtuu siinä järjestyksessä kuin
äänestäjät ovat hyväksyttyyn vaaliluetteloon otetut,' mutta tuskin
olisi tämä muistutus mitään vaikuttanut, ellei pastorille olisi tullut
avuksi kapteeni. Tämä tempasi kamreeria käsivarresta ja kuiskasi:
'veli, veli, älä tee kirkonpahennusta!'
»Satuin vilkaisemaan lukkaria. Olisitte nähneet häntä siinä! Hän oli
kuin kirkastettu. Onneksi ei sattunut kamreeri luomaan silmiänsä
häneen, sillä siinä tapauksessa tuskinpa vain Jokelan herra olisi
voinut olla hänen kimppuunsa ryntäämättä. Nyt sitä vastoin sai
kapteenin järkevä muistutus hänet hiukan malttamaan mieltään. Kun
sitten molemmat herrat olivat vetäyneet takaisin sakaristoon —
kamreeri varsin vastenmielisesti — saattoi pastori jatkaa
keskeytettyä vaalitoimitusta.
»Tämä kaikki vaikutti vastustuksiin tottumattomaan Jokelan
herraan tavalla, jota hän ei voinut kestää. Hän heittäysi istumaan
sakariston penkille. Hän vapisi ja puuhki. Yhäti kuuli hän noita
yksitoikkoisia abs, abs. Hän tunsi voimattomuutensa. Hän oli
pakahtua vihasta. Täytyisikö hänen vielä päällepäätteeksi itse olla
todistajana omaan häpeäänsä? Ei, se oli toki liikaa. 'Pummin äänet'
— huudahti hän yhtäkkiä — 'Pummin äänet menevät h——tiin!
Kirottu Pileeni! Pois, pois täältä!' Ja hän sieppasi lakkinsa pöydältä ja
ryntäsi ulos kirkkopihalle. Kapteeni kiiruhti hänen jälkeensä ja
saavutti hänen. Siinä he sitten seisoivat vähän aikaa keskustellen. En
kuullut heidän sanojaan; näin vaan, että kamreeri huitoi käsillänsä.
Varmaan oli hän saanut kylliksensä koko vaalista, sillä sen koommin
hän ei enää tullut takaisin sakaristoon, johon kapteeni palasi
suuttuneena, saatettuaan kirkkopihan veräjälle tuittupäistä
ystäväänsä.
»Sillä välin oli vaali kirkossa mennyt menojaan. Koko suuresta
Rajakylästä oli saapuvilla vain kaksi pikkutalon isäntää, ja nämä
antoivat äänensä Maleenille.
»Toimitus oli tähän saakka ollut hyvin ikävää; nyt tuntui se alkavan
käydä hauskemmaksi. Pastorin ei enään tarvinnut järjestään piirtää
luetteloonsa noita ijankaikkisia absejansa. Heinämäkeläiset olivat
miehissä saapuvilla, ja 'Pummi!' — 'Maleeni!' kuului vuorotellen. Tuli
Kolkkalan kylä. Sieltäkin olivat miltei kaikki ääntövaltaiset läsnä, ja
'Pummi' jokaisen suussa. Viimalan kylää huudettiin. N:o 1. Haaran
seksmanni. Hän antoi tietysti äänensä Maleenille, ja hänen
esimerkkiään seurasivat kaikki Viimalaiset. Lampilaiset äänestivät
niinikään Maleenia. Vihdoin ehdittiin kirkonkylään. Huudettiin n:o 1.
Siihen vastasi lukkari antamalla äänensä Maleenille. Mutta n:o
2:desta alkain muuttui ääni kellossa. Pummi pääsi esille, ja Pummia
huudettiin järjestään n:o 16:teen — Jokelaan asti. Nyt olisi ollut
kamreerin vuoro. Kahdesti huusi pastori häntä ja kääntyi ihmetellen,
kun vastausta ei kuulunut, sakaristoon päin. Lukkarin naama, joka oli
pakahtua vihasta. Täytyisikö hänen vielä päällepäätteeksi itse olla
todistajana omaan häpeäänsä? Ei, se oli toki liikaa. 'Pummin äänet'
— huudahti hän yhtäkkiä — 'Pummin äänet menevät h——tiin!
Kirottu Pileeni! Pois, pois täältä!' Ja hän sieppasi lakkinsa pöydältä ja
ryntäsi ulos kirkkopihalle. Kapteeni kiiruhti hänen jälkeensä ja
saavutti hänen. Siinä he sitten seisoivat vähän aikaa keskustellen. En
kuullut heidän sanojaan; näin vaan, että kamreeri huitoi käsillänsä.
Varmaan oli hän saanut kylliksensä koko vaalista, sillä sen koommin
hän ei enää tullut takaisin sakaristoon, johon kapteeni palasi
suuttuneena, saatettuaan kirkkopihan veräjälle tuittupäistä
ystäväänsä.
»Sillä välin oli vaali kirkossa mennyt menojaan. Koko suuresta
Rajakylästä oli saapuvilla vain kaksi pikkutalon isäntää, ja nämä
antoivat äänensä Maleenille.
»Toimitus oli tähän saakka ollut hyvin ikävää; nyt tuntui se alkavan
käydä hauskemmaksi. Pastorin ei enään tarvinnut järjestään piirtää
luetteloonsa noita ijankaikkisia absejansa. Heinämäkeläiset olivat
miehissä saapuvilla, ja 'Pummi!' — 'Maleeni!' kuului vuorotellen. Tuli
Kolkkalan kylä. Sieltäkin olivat miltei kaikki ääntövaltaiset läsnä, ja
'Pummi' jokaisen suussa. Viimalan kylää huudettiin. N:o 1. Haaran
seksmanni. Hän antoi tietysti äänensä Maleenille, ja hänen
esimerkkiään seurasivat kaikki Viimalaiset. Lampilaiset äänestivät
niinikään Maleenia. Vihdoin ehdittiin kirkonkylään. Huudettiin n:o 1.
Siihen vastasi lukkari antamalla äänensä Maleenille. Mutta n:o
2:desta alkain muuttui ääni kellossa. Pummi pääsi esille, ja Pummia
huudettiin järjestään n:o 16:teen — Jokelaan asti. Nyt olisi ollut
kamreerin vuoro. Kahdesti huusi pastori häntä ja kääntyi ihmetellen,
kun vastausta ei kuulunut, sakaristoon päin. Lukkarin naama, joka oli
alkanut vähin synkistyä, selkeni, kun ei Jokelan herraa näkynyt eikä
kuulunut. 'Hän lähti tiehensä', ilmoitti kapteeni kylmästi sakariston
ovelta. 'Siis abs', sanoi pastori. Ei aavistanut hän eikä aavistanut
silloin kukaan, mikä suuren suuri merkitys kamreerin poissaololla
tulisi olemaan. Kapteeni äänesti tietysti Pummia, ja Pummia huusivat
Kirkonkylän jälellä olevat isännät lähinnä viimeiseen saakka.
Viimeinen oli Jooselan lautamies. Hän tahtoi Maleenia, ja Maleenin
puolelle kääntyi hänen jälkeensä koko Koskikylä. Kun Metsä- ja
Ylikyläläisten vuoro tuli, sai pastori taasen piirtää absejansa,
joitakuita isäntiä vain kun oli saapuvilla. Nämä äänestivät paraasta
päästä — kumma kyllä — Linsteeniä.
»Oli jo jotenkin pimeä. Vaali oli alkanut kello 12. Viidettä käydessä
se päättyi. Pastori ilmoitti, että tulos seuraavana päivänä
julistettaisiin pappilassa kello 6 illalla. Ei ollut enää monta tätä
ilmoitusta kuulemassa. Kirkko oli vaalin kestäessä vähitellen
tyhjentynyt.
»Kumpi oli valittu — Pummi vaiko Maleeni — sitä ei vielä osannut
kukaan sanoa. Maleenin nimeä oli kyllä useimmin kuultu kuin
Pummin, mutta manttaaliluvullahan sananvalta oli, ja suurimmat
tilalliset olivat äänestäneet Pummia. —
»Jos postinkulku nytkään ei ole maaseuduilla varsin nopea, niin
vielä hitaampi oli se siihen aikaan. Maanantaisin saapui se
emäkirkolle, ja lauvantaisin lähti Saaralan muori 'laukkua' sieltä
noutamaan. Tavallisesti palasi hän pappilaan niin hyvään aikaan
pyhäaamuina, että kuulutukset saapuivat kirkkoon ennen
kirkonmenon alkua. Vaalipäivänä oli mummo kumminkin
myöhästynyt, jumalanpalvelus kun oli alkanut tavallista aikaisemmin;
mutta vanhan tavan mukaan — kuten ainakin tällaisissa tapauksissa
kuulunut. 'Hän lähti tiehensä', ilmoitti kapteeni kylmästi sakariston
ovelta. 'Siis abs', sanoi pastori. Ei aavistanut hän eikä aavistanut
silloin kukaan, mikä suuren suuri merkitys kamreerin poissaololla
tulisi olemaan. Kapteeni äänesti tietysti Pummia, ja Pummia huusivat
Kirkonkylän jälellä olevat isännät lähinnä viimeiseen saakka.
Viimeinen oli Jooselan lautamies. Hän tahtoi Maleenia, ja Maleenin
puolelle kääntyi hänen jälkeensä koko Koskikylä. Kun Metsä- ja
Ylikyläläisten vuoro tuli, sai pastori taasen piirtää absejansa,
joitakuita isäntiä vain kun oli saapuvilla. Nämä äänestivät paraasta
päästä — kumma kyllä — Linsteeniä.
»Oli jo jotenkin pimeä. Vaali oli alkanut kello 12. Viidettä käydessä
se päättyi. Pastori ilmoitti, että tulos seuraavana päivänä
julistettaisiin pappilassa kello 6 illalla. Ei ollut enää monta tätä
ilmoitusta kuulemassa. Kirkko oli vaalin kestäessä vähitellen
tyhjentynyt.
»Kumpi oli valittu — Pummi vaiko Maleeni — sitä ei vielä osannut
kukaan sanoa. Maleenin nimeä oli kyllä useimmin kuultu kuin
Pummin, mutta manttaaliluvullahan sananvalta oli, ja suurimmat
tilalliset olivat äänestäneet Pummia. —
»Jos postinkulku nytkään ei ole maaseuduilla varsin nopea, niin
vielä hitaampi oli se siihen aikaan. Maanantaisin saapui se
emäkirkolle, ja lauvantaisin lähti Saaralan muori 'laukkua' sieltä
noutamaan. Tavallisesti palasi hän pappilaan niin hyvään aikaan
pyhäaamuina, että kuulutukset saapuivat kirkkoon ennen
kirkonmenon alkua. Vaalipäivänä oli mummo kumminkin
myöhästynyt, jumalanpalvelus kun oli alkanut tavallista aikaisemmin;
mutta vanhan tavan mukaan — kuten ainakin tällaisissa tapauksissa
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knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.
More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge
connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
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