Mineral Deficiency in Human Nutrition.pptx

Minerals are specific kinds of nutrients (Inorganic element) that our body needs in order to function properly.

Minerals are vital components of our food.

They fulfill a wide variety of functions, such as building materials for our bones, influencing muscle and nerve function, and regulating the body's water balance.

They are also components of hormones and enzymes and other biologically active compounds.There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals.

We need larger amounts of macrominerals. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur.

We only need small amounts of trace minerals. They include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium.
Mineral deficiency is a lack of the dietary minerals, the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health.

 The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed. These deficiencies can result in many disorders
Asymptomatic or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life-threatening.

Symptoms of include numbness in fingers and toes, muscle cramps, irritability, impaired mental capacity and muscle twitching. 

Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function.

Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism (hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone).
Tiredness, generalized weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, increased irritability of the nervous system with tremors, migraines, epileptic seizures, The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia), basal ganglia calcifications and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death. 

Magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency may worsen insulin resistance, a condition that often precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of insulin resistance. 
Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance. 

Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma.
Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms. 

Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation. 

Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest.
Fatigue, dizziness/lightheadedness, hair loss, twitches, irritability, weakness, pica, brittle or grooved nails, hair thinning, pagophagia, restless legs syndrome
Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea.

Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.
Neurological problems including myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuropathy.

1. Mineral deficiency diseases Jasmine Juliet Teaching Assistant,Biochemistry AC&RI, Madurai

2. Mineral Nutrition Minerals are specific kinds of nutrients ( Inorganic element ) that our body needs in order to function properly . Minerals are vital components of our food. They fulfill a wide variety of functions , such as building materials for our bones, influencing muscle and nerve function, and regulating the body's water balance. They are also components of hormones and enzymes and other biologically active compounds.

3. Mineral classification There are two kinds of minerals : macrominerals and trace minerals. We need larger amounts of macrominerals . They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium , sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. We only need small amounts of trace minerals. They include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium.

4. Mineral deficiency Mineral deficiency  is a lack of the dietary minerals , the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health .  The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals  that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed. These deficiencies can result in many disorders

5. Macromineral deficiency

6. Calcium deficiency Asymptomatic or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life-threatening. Symptoms of include numbness in fingers and toes, muscle cramps, irritability, impaired mental capacity and muscle twitching .   Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associated with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, a lack of sufficient UV exposure, or disturbances in renal function. Low vitamin D in the body can lead to a lack of calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism ( hypocalcemia and raised parathyroid hormone ).

7. Magnesium deficiency Tiredness , generalized weakness,  muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, increased irritability of the nervous system with  tremors, migraines,  epileptic seizures ,  The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels ( hypomagnesemia ), basal ganglia calcifications  and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death .   Magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency may worsen insulin resistance , a condition that often precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of insulin resistance .  

8. Sodium deficiency Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance .   Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma .

9. Potassium deficiency Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms .   Symptoms may include  feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation .   Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest.

10. Micromineral Deficiency

11. Iron Deficiency Fatigue ,  dizziness/lightheadedness ,  hair loss, twitches, irritability, weakness, pica, brittle or grooved nails, hair thinning,  pagophagia , restless legs syndrome

12. Zinc deficiency Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea . Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.

13. Copper deficiency Neurological problems including  myelopathy , peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuropathy. Blood symptoms of anemia and  neutropenia

14. Iodine deficiency Goiter,  congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, and fibrocystic breast changes

15. Fluoride deficiency Increased dental caries and possibly  osteoporosis

16. Manganese deficiency Skeletal deformation and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.

17. Selenium deficiency Significant negative results ,  affecting the health of the heart,  Keshan disease  and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation.

18. Chromium deficiency Severely  impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss , peripheral neuropathy and confusion.

19. Molybdenum deficiency High blood methionine , low blood uric acid, and low urinary uric acid and sulfate concentrations.

20. Summary Mineral deficiencies negatively affect billions of individuals worldwide , imposing a heavy burden on well-being and economic productivity. Most prominently, deficiencies in iron, zinc, and iodine have the largest negative impact on public health; however, other minerals, including calcium, magnesium, selenium, and fluorine, contribute significantly to the health burden. And the mineral lead (Pb) is an important environmental contaminant affecting brain development. Although the causes of mineral malnutrition are complex , the primary determinant is insufficient dietary intake.