MINERALOGY-BSCE221ukgjhgmjhgkygkugk.pptx

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1. Group 5 MINERALOGY CEGLGY20

2. Symmetry Elements of Crystallographic Systems 1 Physical Properties of Minerals 2 Formation of Minerals 4 Study Of Rock-Forming Minerals 3 Coal and Petroleum 5 Agenda

3. MINERALOGY A subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals Crystallography the study of internal and external geometry of crystals. PARTS Chemical Mineralogy the study of chemical structure and properties of minerals. Physical Mineralogy the study of physical properties of minerals.

4. symmetry elements of crystallographic systems

5. symmetry Crystals, and therefore minerals, have an ordered internal arrangement of atoms. This ordered arrangement shows symmetry, i.e. the atoms are arranged in a symmetrical fashion on a three dimensional network referred to as a lattice . Observing the symmetry of a crystal is often a way to distinguish one mineral from another. Symmetry is a fundamental property of crystalline solids' atom arrangements that is used in crystallography. It is used to describe crystals, find recurring elements in molecules, and to make almost all calculations and data collection easier. Crystallographic Systems In crystallography, a crystallographic system is a method of classifying crystalline substances on the basis of their unit cell (the smallest repeating unit of a crystal structure). There are seven unique crystal systems, and each one is distinguished by its own set of symmetry operations.

6. Cubic (Isometric) Three equal axes at 90° angles. Tetragonal Two equal, mutually perpendicular axes and a third axis of a different length. Orthorhombic Three unequal axes at 90° angles. Seven Crystal Systems

7. Monoclinic Three unequal axes with two at 90° angles and the third at a different angle. Triclinic Three unequal axes, all intersecting at angles other than 90°. Seven Crystal Systems

8. Hexagonal Four axes, Three of these axes are of equal length and lie in a plane at 120° angles to each other. The fourth axis is of a different length and is perpendicular to the other three. Trigonal (Rhombohedral) All three axes are of equal length, and none of the axes is perpendicular to another, but the crystal faces all have the same size and shape. Seven Crystal Systems

9. Physical properties of minerals

10. PHYsical properties of minerals Color The reason minerals have color is that certain incoming light wavelengths are absorbed, and the remaining wavelengths that were not absorbed generate the color that humans perceive.

11. PHYsical properties of minerals parting A kind of breaking that often resembles cleavage. When a mineral cracks along structural planes, it causes parting. cleavage The ability of single crystals to split easily along specifically oriented planes. Crystals often contain planes of atoms along which the bonding between the atoms is weaker than along other planes.

12. PHYsical properties of minerals streak Streak is the color produced by a fine powder of the mineral when scratched on a streak plate. Often it is different than the color of the mineral in non-powdered form.

13. PHYsical properties of minerals hardness A measurement of the mineral's relative scratch resistance obtained by scratching it up against a material whose known hardness is listed on the Mohs Hardness Scale.

14. Identifying minerals tenacity fracture lustre Refers to the general appearance of a mineral surface to reflected light. Two general types of luster are designated as follows: - looks shiny like a metal. Usually opaque and gives black or dark colored streak. - lusters are referred to as: metallic non-metallic vitreous - looks glassy. examples: clear quartz, tourmaline resinous - looks resinous. examples: sphalerite, sulfur. pearly - iridescent pearl-like. example: apophyllite. greasy - appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil. example: nepheline. silky - looks fibrous. examples - some gypsum, serpentine, malachite. adamantine - brilliant luster like diamond. If the mineral contains no planes of weakness, it will break along random directions called fracture. Several different kinds of fracture patterns are observed. Conchoidal fracture - breaks along smooth curved surfaces. Fibrous and splintery - similar to the way wood breaks. Hackly - jagged fractures with sharp edges. Uneven or Irregular - rough irregular surfaces. is the resistance of a mineral to breaking, crushing, or bending. Brittle - Breaks or powders easily. Malleable - can be hammered into thin sheets. Sectile - can be cut into thin shavings with a knife. Ductile - bends easily and does not return to its original shape. Flexible - bends somewhat and does not return to its original shape. Elastic - bends but does return to its original shape.

15. Pakners in mine CEGLGY20

16. • there are 2 rounds in this game. • Per round, we need three pairS. • We prepared 5 questions per round. • each pair should shout the same answer. • There are only 5 seconds to use your telekenetic power. • to win the round, the pair with highest score will win and get a Cash prize. Mechanics CEGLGY20

17. It is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure and physical properties of minerals.

18. What rock in terms of a hardness scale can cut the diamond?

19. It is the color produced by a fine powder of the mineral when scratched on a streak plate. Often it is different than the color of the mineral in non-powdered form.

20. Give one of the seven crystal systems of rocks/minerals.

21. What is the latest album of Taylor Swift? BONUS QUESTION

22. Study of Rock Forming Minerals | Quartz | Feldspar | Augite | Hornblende | Biotite | Muscovite | | Calcite | Garnet |

23. | quArtz | Physical properties Study of Rock Forming Minerals Cleavage - Absent Streak - White Hardness - 7 a hard mineral made of silicon dioxide (SiO2). One of the most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust and comes in a variety of colors, including clear, white, purple, pink, and more. It occurs in granite and other felsic igneous rocks. Quartz form as magma cools, common in igneous rocks like granite. It is commonly used as jewelry and Gemstones. But It can also be used in glass making.

24. | FELDSPAR | Physical properties Study of Rock Forming Minerals Cleavage - Two Set Streak - White or pale body color Hardness - 6 a group of rock-forming minerals that contribute over 60% of the Earth's crust by weight. Feldspar minerals are alumino-silicates. Feldspars are found in the every section of the rock cycle. it form as magma cools, common in igneous rocks like granite, granodiorite, and syenite, deep within the Earth's crust. It can be used in Construction materials . It can also be used in Water Filtration.

25. Study of Rock Forming Minerals | Augite | Physical properties Cleavage - two planes Streak - Greenish White Hardness - 5.5 - 6 Augite is a common mineral in the pyroxene group, distinguished by its dark green to black hue. Augite is frequently found in igneous rocks including basalt and gabbro, as well as some metamorphic rocks. Augite predominantly forms through igneous processes within magma chambers beneath the Earth's surface: Augite is not commonly used in industrial or commercial applications due to its relatively limited availability and specific geological occurrence. However, it is valued in geological research and education for its significance as a common mineral in igneous rocks.

26. Study of Rock Forming Minerals | Hornblende | Physical properties Cleavage - two plane Streak - White Hardness -5-6 Hornblende is a common rock-forming mineral from the amphibole group. It is a complex inosilicate mineral with the general formula (Ca, Na)2-3(Mg, Fe, Al)5(Al, Si)8O22(OH)2. it is widely found in igneous and metamorphic rocks such granite, diorite, and amphibolite. It can be found in both metamorphic and igneous environments. Used in Construction materials and Geological Research

27. Study of Rock Forming Minerals | Biotite | Physical properties Cleavage - Perfect Basal Cleavage Streak - White to gray Hardness - 2.5 - 3 (SOFT) A sheet silicate mineral that belongs to the mica group, also known as "black mica", due to its darker characteristic, it can be brown to black, and occasionally dark green. It is significantly found in granites and diorites. Biotite forms under high temperature and pressure by the crystallization of aluminosilicate, that said biotite chemical composition is K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2. It can be used as an insulator. It can also be altered by hydrothermal or weathering process to produce Vermiculite, commonly used to enrich the soil.

28. Physical properties | Muscovite| Study of Rock Forming Minerals Cleavage - Single Perfect Cleavage Streak - White Hardness - 2-2.5 (VERY SOFT) "White Mica", it is usually colorless, white, silver or sometimes yellow or brown. In some places like India and Europe, they are large enough to be separated into sheets for windowpanes. It can be found on granites, granite pegmatites, and many hydrothermal deposits. Formed by the transformation of clay minerals into grains of mica due to heat and pressure, the grains are enlarged as regional metamorphism happens. It is commonly used on cosmetics, as it is the lightest color of all micas, it appears very shimmery.

29. | CALCite| Physical properties Study of Rock Forming Minerals Cleavage - Perfect Rhombohedral Streak - White Hardness - 3 (Easily scratched) Calcite are usually transparent or translucent, with variety of light colors that could be due to impurities. It breaks along parallel planes as it has a rhombic cleavage Along with Aragonite, a polymorph of calcite, it is commonly found on the shells, limestones, and marbles, crystals of it can also be found on caves. It forms when calcium rich water evaporates with the presence of carbon dioxide, becoming calcium carbonate and forming crystals. It is used in many industries, including construction, manufacturing, and navigation.

30. | GARNET | Physical properties Study of Rock Forming Minerals Cleavage - None Streak - White Hardness - 6 (Hard) It comes from a greek word granatus meaning seed-like due to the garnet commonly appearing as small red rounded crystals like pomegranate embedded in the rocks. It can be found in igneous rocks and pegmatites, garnets inside the rocks can be used by geologist to see the conditions, temperature and pressure, the host rock endured. Usually garnets are formed under high pressure and temperature causing its crystal form to be rounded dodecahedrons or 24 sided trapezohedrons.  Garnets are typically used for jewelry as it has attractive colors, transparency, and hardness. Also used as an abrasive for cutting, polishing, and even as a filtering medium for water purification systems.

31. FORMATION OF MINERALS Most of the minerals that make up the rocks around us formed through the cooling of molten rock, known as magma. At the high temperatures that exist deep within Earth, some geological materials are liquid. Magma rises up through the crust, either by volcanic eruption or by more gradual processes, it cools and minerals crystallize Metamorphism - Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. Precipitation is dependent on the concentration of ions in solution and other factors such as temperature and pressure Weathering-is often accompanied by erosion, or the transportation of weathered materials by flowing water, wind, ice, and gravity

32. COAL AND PETROLEUM

33. COAL Black or brownish-black sedimentary rock formed from fossilized remains of plants ages ago. It is easily ignited, with over 50% of its weight and over 70% of its volume composed of carbonaceous material.

34. COMPONENTS PRIMARY COMPONENTS Carbon - 50-98% by weight Hydrogen - 2-5% by weight Oxygen - 3-15% by weight Nitrogen - 0.5-3% by weight Sulfur - traces to 5% by weight OTHER COMPONENTS Moisture Volatile Matter Ash

35. LIGNITE The lowest rank of coal, with a high moisture content and a comparatively low energy value. SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL Used mostly to generate power and emits less pollution than lignite BITUMINOUS COAL The most prevalent type of coal, which is extensively utilized in industrial processes and the production of energy. ANTHRACITE It is regarded for its clean-burning qualities and is mostly used for heating residential and commercial properties. TYPES OF COAL

36. FORMATION Plant debris builds up and is buried in bogs and marshes which turns into coal. The plant material builds up and gets buried behind sediment layers over time. Peat becomes different kinds of coal by a process called coalification, which requires more burying, rising pressure, and temperature.

37. Uses of Coal Electricity Generation Industrial Processes Transportation

38. PETROLEUM Petroleum is a flammable liquid that is naturally present beneath the surface of the Earth. Contains hydrocarbons and other compounds

39. FORMATION

40. Uses of petroleum Fuel PRODUCTION ASPHALT

41. OCCURENCES IN INDIA COAL PETROLEUM India's coal reserves are mostly located in its east and south-central regions. In India, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh hold over 70% of the country's total known coal reserves. In 2020, India possessed 111,052 million tonnes of known coal reserves or 10.3% of the world's total. In tertiary-aged rock formations, anticlines and fault traps are typically linked to petroleum occurrences in India. Petroleum is mostly discovered in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High, and the Godavari and Krishna river basins in India. India has large petroleum deposits both onshore and offshore

42. Pakners in mine Final Round CEGLGY20

43. • there is 2 rounds in this game. • Per round we need three pair. • We prepared 5 questions per round. • each pair should shout the same answer. • There are only 5 seconds to use your telekenetic power. • to win the round, the pair with highest score will win and get a Cash prize. Mechanics CEGLGY20

44. It is a Black or brownish-black sedimentary rock formed from fossilized remains of plants ages ago. It is easily ignited, with over 50% of its weight and over 70% of its volume composed of carbonaceous material.

45. It is a flammable liquid that is naturally present beneath the surface of the Earth.

46. This mineral can be also called the "White Mica".

47. What is the first factor that is required for coalification to happen?

48. Thank you! T h a n k y o u !