Minerals and Rocks.pptxsvgjhdksgfiucJAQ,GDS,JKQGL

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1. Minerals and Rocks

2. What is Minerals? Are naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline, solid and has a definite chemical composition. building blocks of rocks.

3. What is Mineralogy? Branch of Geology that deals with the study of Minerals. There are about 3,000 known minerals, of that 20 minerals make up most rocks

4. Physical Properties of Minerals 1. Color 2. Streak 3. Hardness 4. Cleavage and Fracture 5. Crystalline structure 6. Transparency or diaphaneity 7. Magnetism 8. Tenacity 9. Luster 10. Odor 11. Specific Gravity

5. Color These usually are the property used to identify minerals easily. It is the result of the way minerals absorb light.

6. Streak Is the colour of the mineral in powder form. For opaque minerals, if you rub the sample across a streak plate, it will leave a coloured powder. This streak is distinctive for minerals and is used to identify minerals.

7. Hardness It refers to the measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Minerals with higher numbers will scratch minerals below. To measure the relative hardness of minerals, the Moh's scale is used.

8. Cleavage and Fractures It is used to describe how minerals break into pieces.

9. Crystalline structure It is crystal lattice, tells how a mineral’s crystals are arranged. A hand lens is a necessary tool in checking for crystalline structure.

10. Transparency or diaphaneity It indicates the extent of light that can pass through the mineral.

11. Magnetism It indicates the ability of a mineral to attract or repel other minerals.

12. Tenacity The level of resistance or reaction of minerals to stress such as crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing

13. Luster It refers to the reaction of a mineral to light. It determines how brilliant or dull the mineral is.

14. Odor a distinct smell of a mineral that is usually released from a chemical reaction when subjected to water, heat, air or friction.

15. Specific Gravity is a measure of the density of a mineral. Determines how heavy the mineral is by its weight to water.

16. Chemical Properties of Minerals Carbonate class Sulphate class Halide class Oxide class Sulphide class Phosphate class Native element class

17. Carbonate class It is mostly found deposited in marine environments.

18. Sulphate Class It is formed in areas with high evaporation rates and where salty waters slowly evaporate.

19. Halide class It contains natural salts includes fluorite, halite, sylvite and sal ammoniac components. Usually form in lakes, and sal ammoniac components.

20. Oxide class It is a diverse class. In science, these minerals are important as that carry histories of changes in Earth's magnetic field. They are formed as precipitates close to Earth's surface or as oxidation products of minerals during the process of weathering.

21. Sulphide class has important metals such as copper, lead and silver which are considered economically significant.

22. Phosphate class It contains minerals with phosphorus. Considered as important biological mineral found in teeth and bones in many animals.

23. Native element class It contains metals and inter metallic elements, semimetals nonmetals or natural alloys and constituents of a. few rare meteorites

24. Rocks Are natural substances consisting of aggregate minerals clumped together with other materials through natural processes. Rocks, like some materials, are products of a natural cyclic process.

25. Properties of Rocks Rocks exhibit different properties. As to colour, rocks may be dark, light, reddish, Gray, brown, yellow or even black. Rocks differ in texture: some are fine, others are rough. Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch Most rocks are hard, others are brittle

26. Classification of Rocks

27. Igneous rocks It is derived from the Latin word ignis meaning “fire” are crystallized from magma or molten or partially molten volcanic materials that came from within Earth. Magma rises from the asthenosphere or at the base of the crust through volcanoes or any cracks and fissures on Earth's surface. When it reaches the surface of Earth. thru molten volcanic material is called lava.

28. Importance of Igneous Rocks contains fossils that are evidences of geologic past coal, petroleum and natural gas are major energy source iron , aluminium and manganese are used in the construction industry.

29. Sedimentary rocks From the root word sediments which means “remaining particles” are rocks that have formed from the deposition of different materials on Earth's surface.

30. 2 major groups of sedimentary rocks

31. clastic Form from the accumulation and lithification of sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks.

32. Non-clastic It is derived from sediments that precipitated from concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater) or from the accumulation of biologic or organic material (e.g. shells, plant material).

33. Metamorphic rocks Meta means “change”” and morph means “form” are rocks derived from igneous or sedimentary rocks that were exposed to high pressure, high temperature or a combination of both, deep below the surface of Earth.