Minerals used as glass making materials

Minerals used as glass making materials

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2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MINEROLOGY
QUARTZ AND SILICA SAND
SODA ASH
LIME
POTASH
FELDSPAR
MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN
INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
MINERALS USED FOR COLOURATION IN THE
GLASS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
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3. INTRODUCTION
Glass as a substance plays an essential role in the
industry .
Its chemical, physical and in particular optical properties
make its suitable application such as many types of glass
making.
Glass is an amorphous solid material.
Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent.
The most familiar type of glass used for centuries in
windows, drinking vessels, glass jewelery, containers ,
objects of art and optical lens.
Minerals are important content of glass making.
Silica is mainly used in making of glass.
Some other minerals are also used in the making of glass.
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4. MINEROLOGY
Quartz and silica sand
Soda ash
Lime
Potash
Feldspar

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5. QUARTZ AND SILICA
SAND
Quartz is one of the most widely distributed minerals in the
crust of the earth.
Quartz is a member of the silica group of minerals, with
chemical composition is SiO2.
Quartz and silica sand are used largely in manufacture of
glass.
72% silica sand are used in manufacturing of glass industry.
Most silica sand is made up of broken down quartz crystals.
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6. Continue…..
Silica sand is used to make glass.
Quartz silica is also know as crystalline silica and
crystalline silicon dioxide.
It is most often a mixture of quartz and sand.
A High quartz content make sand silica the perfect
ingredient for glass.
Sand quartz is mixed with other materials to create glass
products with differing clarity, ranging from transparent
to opaque.
Quartz luster, color and diaphaneity makes it useful also
in the making of glass.
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7. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Quartz occur in veins and pegmatite and has a wide
distribution.
Vein quartz is quite common forming small hillocks
in the Precambrian terrain. Hydrothermal process
may be responsible for the origin of such quartz.
Silica sand occurs in abundance in river beds and
beach deposits. Glass sands are obtained chiefly from
sand stone and also form unconsolidated deposits.
Vindyan and gondwana sand stones are source silica
sand.
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8. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
QUARTZ : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan.
SILICA SAND : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Tamilnadu.
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9. SODA ASH
Soda ash is a versatile product that can be produced
inexpensively and used for number of different
application.
The bicarbonate[NaHco3] is known to all those holds as
soda or baking soda.
In industry the anhydrous carbonate[Na2co3] is known
as soda ash.
Soda refers to either the carbonate or oxide of sodium.
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10. Contd…..
The purified carbonate salts are marketed as soda ash
 soda ash is sodium salt of carbonic acid carrying an
official registration as Na2co3.
The most common of products that can be produced
using soda ash is a good old fashioned glass.
Many homes made today will feature window panes
that were created with soda ash one of the key
components in the mixture.
Soda ash is used in the glass industry as 50% another
50% use other chemical process.

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11. MODE OF OCCURANCE
AND ORIGIN
Sodium is released during the weathering of igneous
rocks and in certain region reaches local basins ,
where it is precipitated as the carbonate and sulphate.
Sulphur is contributed by the oxidation of pyrite in
igneous rocks by volcanic sources hot springs and
locally form gypsum beds .
The natural sodium compounds are obtained from
the alkali.
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12. INDIAN DISTRIBUITION
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Bihar
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamilnadu
Andhra Pradesh
 Jammu Kashmir
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13. LIME
Limestone is one of the primary component of glass.
It is simple and cheap to prepare.
Commonly lime is prepared as hydrated lime
ca(OH)2 by adding necessary water.
One hundred pounds of pure limestone yield 56
pounds of lime.
Lime is general term for calcium containing inorganic
materials in which carbonates oxides and hydroxide
predominant.
Lime is one of the primary component of glass.
When lime is heated with silica sand, it makes a fluid
solution not crystallized when it is cooled this
material is glass.
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14. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Limestone occurs as extensive beds, band and
pockets and is a typical sedimentary rock.
It may be of both marine and fresh water origin.
When Mg replace Ca it form dolomatic limestone.
Silica, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, sulphur,
manganese, and carbonaceous matter are present as
impurities.

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15. INDIAN
DISTRIBUTION
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16. POTASH
Potash is named from ash made in pots.
The product was mostly potassium carbonate.
Commercially potash is a general term of potassium
compounds but true potash is K2O.
The extraction of potash from its silicate, this a complex
and costly process.
The natural potash minerals result from evaporation of sea
water or other brines.
Potash brines result from concentration by evaporation of
surface water in arid region.
Potassium minerals and compounds are used in the
manufacture of glass.
Potassium nitrate and carbonate are used in glass.
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17. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
Marine evaporites potash-rich brines saline lakes,
playa deposits and bitterns at a salt works.
The saline water on evaporation becomes
concentrated as super saturated in soluble salts which
finally precipitated as a solid salt in order of their
solubility.
The most soluble salt is precipitated.
These salts represent the residual product of
evaporation of saline water.
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18. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
The potash and potash rich brines are known to occur
in Tsokar lake, Leh district Jammu Kashmir and Rann
of Kutch Gujarat.
Potash in the form of Sylvite has been recently found
in Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan.
Glauconite is an important source of potash, is found
in Banda district of UP& Satna district of MP,
associated with Semri and Rewa group of Vindhyan
super group.
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19. FELDSPAR
Feldspar is the most abundant rock forming mineral.
Feldspar are used as fluxing material in the preparation of
glazes as also in glass industry.
In the manufacture of high class colorless glass feldspar
should used.
In glass industry Potash feldspar is used in varying
properties.
Feldspar in this industry is valued for two purpose firstly it
act as a flux and second for alumina content.
 glass industry prefers to use mainly potash feldspar
because it tends to melt to clear glass.
Soda feldspar tends the melt of a translucent glass.
Orthoclase usually light coloured white, pink, yellow or
cream and not transparent .21/10/2011 19

20. MODE OF OCCURENCE
AND ORIGIN
The alkali feldspar are the essential constituents of
acid igneous rocks such as granite,syenite and diorite
and their hypabysal and volcanic equivalents.
It is common mineral in metamorphic rock.
It occurs in large crystals as a constituent of
pegmatites and occurrence of this type are exploitable
and are being mined for feldspar.
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21. INDIAN DISTRIBUTION
Mica pegmatite's of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and
Bihar are the important source of feldspar.

Numerous pegmatite veins with also feldspar exit in
other states are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Tamilnadu.
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22. MINERALS USED IN
DIFFERENT COLOURS IN
THE GLASS
Copper-blue and red
Cobalt iron-blue
Nickel salt-red
Manganese dioxide-purple or brown
Uranium oxide – fluorescent green or yellow
Cadmium sulphide – lemon yellow
Chryolite – white
Chromium – green
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23. CONCLUSION
In Science and industry, glass act as an essential role.
It has various ornamental and industrial application,
starting from small microscope to huge buildings.
Commonly glass is composed of silica, soda, lime
and much smaller amount of various other
compounds.
Minerals act as a great role in the making of glass
materials.
 In colored glass, minerals act as an important role for
its coloration.
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24. REFERENCE
Economic mineral deposits by Bateman-Asia publishing
house(1962)pp;706-723,783-788.
Economic geology by Umesheshwar Prasad-CBS
Publishers(2010)pp;214,257-265.
Ore deposits of India their distribution and process by
K.V.G.K Gokhale, T.C Rao(1972)pp;158-161.
Our Mineral Resources By Charles M Riley pp;253-254.
Indian Mineral Resources by S Krishna swami
(1988)pp;559-560.
www.google.com
www.wikypedia.com
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