Mitosis and MeiosisExperiment 5 The Importance of Cell Cycl.docx

Mitosis and Meiosis
Experiment 5: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Data and Post-Lab Questions

Data:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Post-Lab Questions

1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.



2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?



3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer yet, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.




4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.



5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?



6. Research the function of the protein called p53. What does this function do? Explain how it can affect cell cycle control.



7. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? How is this chromosome related to cancer? Identify how this chromosome appears physically different on a karyotype than it appears on a karyotype of normal chromosomes.


There are basically two methods utilized in meditation practice in Zen Buddhism to assist the practitioner to reach the above-mentioned goals, together with a simple breathing exercise known as “observation of breath count” (Jpn., sūsokukan); one is the kōan method and the other is called “just sitting” (Jpn., shikan taza), a form of “single act samādhi.” For example, the former is employed mainly by the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism, while the latter by the Sōtō school; they are the two main schools of this form of the Buddha-Way still flourishing today in Japan. In the Rinzai school, the kōan method is devised to assist the practitioner to become a “Zen person” (Kasulis, 1981) who fully embodies both wisdom and compassion. A kōan is formulated like a riddle or puzzle and is designed in such a way that intellectual reasoning alone cannot solve it without breaking through ego-consciousness by driving it to its limit. This is, Zen believes, because it is fortified by the shield of a dualistic conceptual paradigm with all its attendant presuppositions and conditions which the ego-consciousness in a given cultural and historical milieu accepts to be true in order to live a life anchored in the everyday standpoint.

Mahayana Buddhism, also known as the Great Vehicle, is the form of Buddhism prominent in North Asia, including China, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, and Japan. Arising out of schisms—about both doctrine and monastic rules—within Indian Buddhism in the first century C.E., the Great Vehicle considers itself a more authentic version of the Buddha's teachings. The Mahayana accepts the canonical texts of the Theravada tradition (what they derisively call the Hinayana, or "lesser vehicle), but also have a vast corpus of philosoph ...

1. Mitosis and Meiosis
Experiment 5: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Data and Post-Lab Questions

Data:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Post-Lab Questions

1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section
here.



2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?



3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell
which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell
cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer yet, but
was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer fighting
techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to
inherit this cancer causing mutation? Be specific when you

2. explain why or why not.




4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes
which look physically different than cells with normal cell
cycle.



5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this
experiment?



6. Research the function of the protein called p53. What does
this function do? Explain how it can affect cell cycle control.



7. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? How is this
chromosome related to cancer? Identify how this chromosome
appears physically different on a karyotype than it appears on a
karyotype of normal chromosomes.


There are basically two methods utilized in meditation practice
in Zen Buddhism to assist the practitioner to reach the above-
mentioned goals, together with a simple breathing exercise
known as “observation of breath count” (Jpn., sūsokukan); one
is the kōan method and the other is called “just sitting” (Jpn.,
shikan taza), a form of “single act samādhi.” For example, the
former is employed mainly by the Rinzai school of Zen
Buddhism, while the latter by the Sōtō school; they are the two
main schools of this form of the Buddha-Way still flourishing

3. today in Japan. In the Rinzai school, the kōan method is devised
to assist the practitioner to become a “Zen person” (Kasulis,
1981) who fully embodies both wisdom and compassion. A kōan
is formulated like a riddle or puzzle and is designed in such a
way that intellectual reasoning alone cannot solve it without
breaking through ego-consciousness by driving it to its limit.
This is, Zen believes, because it is fortified by the shield of a
dualistic conceptual paradigm with all its attendant
presuppositions and conditions which the ego-consciousness in
a given cultural and historical milieu accepts to be true in order
to live a life anchored in the everyday standpoint.

Mahayana Buddhism, also known as the Great Vehicle, is the
form of Buddhism prominent in North Asia, including China,
Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, and Japan. Arising out of schisms—
about both doctrine and monastic rules—within Indian
Buddhism in the first century C.E., the Great Vehicle considers
itself a more authentic version of the Buddha's teachings. The
Mahayana accepts the canonical texts of the Theravada tradition
(what they derisively call the Hinayana, or "lesser vehicle), but
also have a vast corpus of philosophical and devotional texts.
The most distinctive teaching of the Mahayana is that the great
compassion that is an inherent component of enlightenment is
manifest in bodhisattvas (enlightenment beings); these beings
postpone nirvana (final enlightenment) in order to assist and
guide those beings still suffering in the cycle of rebirths. They
employ what the Mahayana calls "skillful means," which is the
ability to know the particular mental and emotional capacity of
each individual, and to deliver guidance appropriate to those
capacities. The Mahayana developed a vast pantheon of
bodhisattvas, Buddhas, and other powerful beings, and an
complex array of devotional and meditational practices directed
toward them. As the Mahayana moved beyond India, it took
typically adopted distinct local cultural characteristics; thus the
Mahayana pantheon in China is significantly different than that
found in India, or that in Japan.

4. Enlightenment
Siddhartha's mind was calm and relaxed. As he sat under the
tree his concentration deepened and his wisdom grew brighter.
In this clear and peaceful state of mind he began to examine the
nature of life. "What is the cause of suffering", he asked
himself, " and what is the path to everlasting joy?"
In his mind's eye he looked far beyond his own country, far
beyond his own world. Soon the sun, planets, the stars out in
space and distant galaxies of the universe all appeared in his
meditation.
He saw how everything, from the smallest speck of dust to the
largest star, was linked together in a constantly changing
pattern: growing, decaying and growing again. Everything was
related. Nothing happened without a cause and every cause had
an effect on everything else.
As he saw how everything was connected in this way, deeper
truths appeared to his mind. He looked deeply into himself and
discovered that his life as Siddhartha the Prince was but the
latest in a series of lifetimes that had no beginning - and that
the same was true of everyone. We are born, live and die not
one time, but again and again. He saw that death is only the
separation of the mind from its present body. After death the
importance of Karma is central to the next journey. After death
the mind goes on to find a new body in the same was that a
traveller leaves a guest house and moves on to find another.
When one life ends, another begins - and in this way the wheel
of death and birth keeps spinning around and around.
He also saw that in our travels from one life to the next we are
constantly changing and constantly affecting one another. Like
actors changing parts in a play, our roles change as we move
from life to life. Sometimes we are rich and comfortable;
sometimes we are poor and miserable. Occasionally we
experience pleasure, but more often we find ourselves with
problems. And Siddhartha also saw that as our conditions
change, so do our relations with others: we have all been each

5. other's friend and enemy, mother and father, son and daughter
thousands upon thousands of times in the past.
Then he looked at all of the suffering in the world. He saw how
everyone - from the smallest insect to the greatest king - runs
after pleasure, only to end up with dissatisfaction. When we do
not find what we are searching for we are miserable, and even
when we do find the pleasure we seek it soon fades and we have
to look for something else.
And he saw how living beings create their own misery and joy.
Blind to the truth that everything is always changing, they lie,
steal and even kill to get the things that they want, even though
these things can never give them the lasting happiness they
desire. And the more their minds fill with greed and hate, the
more they harm each other - and themselves! Each harmful
action leads them to more and more unhappiness. They are
searching for peace yet find nothing but pain.
Finally, he discovered the way to end all this suffering. If a
person could see the truth clearly - as he himself had seen in
this night - then all confused running after pleasure and away
from pain would stop. Without any more greed and hatred in our
mind, we should never do anything to harm anyone else. Having
overcome all the selfishness in our mind, we shall have
destroyed the causes of unhappiness completely. With our
hatred removed, our hearts will fill with love, and this love will
bring us a peace and happiness unlike anything we have ever
felt.
When Siddhartha had seen all this, even the last speck of
darkness disappeared from his mind. He was filled with a
radiant clear light. He was no longer an ordinary person. With a
calm and peaceful smile, he arose from his meditation. In the
golden daybreak, so it is said, Siddhartha looked up and saw the
morning star. And then a great understanding came to him. He
saw in his mind all the life of the world and the planets; of all
the past and all the future. He understood the meaning of
existence, of why we are here on this earth and what has created
us. At long last he found the truth, he established the principles

6. of Karma.
Now he was the Buddha, the fully liberated one, awakened,
enlightened.The search of six long years had ended. It was a day
when the full-moon shone, casting a bright silver light on the
whole countryside, a day in the month of Vesak (May).
The Buddha was thirty-five years old and, for a week, following
Enlightenment, he sat under the tree enjoying the state of
perfect happiness he had achieved. The Tree later became
known as the Tree of Enlightenment or the Bodhi-Tree and the
place is still known as Buddha Gaya. He spent a further six
weeks near the tree. It is said that for a whole week, he gazed at
the tree with gratitude for having sheltered him.


Friday –Assignment due:

Write an essay in 4 parts of at least 1000 words with the
following subheadings which you must include in the essay.
Your essay must have the following 4 subheadings in bold type/

1. Buddha’ s enlightenment and the meaning of suffering in
Buddhism

1. Discuss how basic Buddhist beliefs were transformed in
Mahayana Buddhism ( example: the idea of the Bodhisattva
comes in)

III. In Japan, Zen arises. Explain its meditation techniques
and the use of koans. Can anyone become enlightened,
how, how long does it take?

1. Contrasting Hinduism with Buddhism –Critical Thinking use
Smith p. 94-99 as a start. Be sure to contrast the 4 yogas with
Buddhist meditation practices as part of this subheading.

Each of your 4 subheadings should have at least 4 page

7. references to Smith or the anthology or both written as (Smith,
10) for a total of at least 16 page references. The subheadings
must appear in bold in your paper.





101

Mitosis and Meiosis

Experiment 5: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control

Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which
result in a lack of proper cell cycle control.
When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth
occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth
can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or
other biological diseases.


In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic
differences which can be observed when comparing
normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell
growth. A karyotype is an image of the com-
plete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.


Procedure:

1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what
differences you might observe when comparing the
karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle
control versus cancerous cells (which expe-
rience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your

8. hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.

Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why
you think you will observe these fea-
tures. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth
to help construct this information

2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and
normal karyotypes. The best results will come
from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”,
“normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromo-
somes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have
been peer-reviewed!

3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images,
and list them in the Data section at the end of
this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original
hypothesis?

Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes,
count the number of pairs, compare the
sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or
additional genetic markers/flags, etc.

Data

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

9. Materials

*Internet Access

*Computer Access


*You must provide




Mitosis and Meiosis
Experiment 4: Crossing Over
Data Tables and Post-Lab Questions

Table 4: Sordaria fimicola Crossover Data

Image
Number of Crossovers:
Number of Non-Crossovers:
Image 1


Image 2


Image 3


Post-Lab Questions
1. Determine the percentage of crossovers. To do this, divide
the number of crossovers by the total number and multiply it by
100.

10. 2. Determine the map distance. To accomplish this, divide the
percentage of crossovers by two. Note: the number is divided by
two because crossover occurs once between two chromosomes.





96

Mitosis and Meiosis

Experiment 4: Crossing Over

In this lab, pictures of a prepared slide of the fungus
Sordaria fimicola will be used to examine the ef-
fects of crossing over. The life cycle of this fungus
begins in the haploid state. However, after the com-
bination of two different types of strains, they devel-
op a diploid nucleus. As the life cycle continues, the
diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis, along with mito-
sis, and produces eight haploid ascospores which
are stored in a sac called an ascus (Figure 6). Once
maturation has been reached, the sac will burst,
allowing the ascospores to be released. These
spores are haploid and thus begin the life cycle
again.


Sordaria fimicola is often used to observe crossing over because
the wild type strain has black ascospores
and the mutant type has tan ascospores. When the two strains go
through meiosis, the location of the asco-

11. spores will directly show if crossing over has occurred.

If crossover does not occur, the ascospores will be arranged like
Figure 7.

If crossover does occur, the ascospores will be arranged like
Figure 8.

The measurement to describe the difference between genes is
referred to as map unit. As the distance in-
creases between genes, the likelihood of crossing over becomes
greater, therefore demonstrating that the

Figure 6


Figure 7 Figure 8



97

Mitosis and Meiosis

proportion of crossovers corresponds with the distance between
genes. As a rule, the percentage of recombi-
nations is equal to the number of map units between two genes
or a gene and the centromere.


Procedure

1. Examine the three fields of view of the Sordaria fimicola.

2. There are at least 10 different hybrids (crossovers) in the
following images. Count the total number of

12. clearly visible crossovers, as well as the number of clearly
visible non-crossovers. Record your data for
each image in Table 4.

Materials

Sordaria fimicola Digital Slide Images

Sordaria fimicola 400X (Image 1)



98

Mitosis and Meiosis

Sordaria fimicola 400X (Image 2)



99

Mitosis and Meiosis

Sordaria fimicola 400X (Image 3)