Modern fuels and their environmental impacts

Modern fuels with special focus on transportation

1. Modern fuels and their environmental impacts SAURAV ANAND GURUNG 16157 1

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3. “ DISCLAIMER” This is totally only for strong hearted individuals that love and care for nature. This is not a work of Fiction. Although this does not stop you from enjoying the slides. Our Future is at a grave risk but lets not forget that we are no more than a hero. Its just the right time to prove that. Lets spread environmental awareness to protect nature and restore peace and sustainability all around. 3

4. What are modern fuels ? Modern Fuels are renewable fuels synthesized from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to their sustainability, low contributions to the carbon cycle, and in some cases lower amounts of greenhouse gases. 4

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7. OTHER MODERN FUELS ? “ Perhaps the most recent change to modern fuels has been the introduction of bio-fuels.” Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass, recently living organisms or their metabolic by-products, such as manure from cows. It is a renewable energy source, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels. 7

8. First Generation Biofuels- First generation biofuels are biofuels which are produced from food crops (sugar or oil crops) and other food based feedstock (e.g. food waste). These biofuels are on the market in considerable amounts today and their production technologies are well established. The most important biofuels of the 1st-generation are bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. LETS CLASSIFY IT !!!!!! 8

9. Bioethanol is produced by fermenting sugars from starch and sugar biomass (e.g. cereal crops such as corn or maize and sugarcane). It can be used in pure form in specially adapted vehicles or blended with gasoline in any proportion up to 10% (US), provided that fuel specifications are met. Ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (ETBE) is synthesized from bioethanol and isobutylene. It can be blended with gasoline in any proportion up to 15%. It is currently the biggest biofuel contributor in Europe. Biodiesel (FAME) is made from vegetable oils of rapeseed, soya, palm fruits or other oil crops via the reaction of triglycerides with methanol and alkali or acid (transesterification process). It can be used in pure form in specially adapted vehicles or be blended with automotive diesel in any proportion up to 5% (up to 30% for captive fleets). Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials 9

10. “the production of 1st-generation BIOFUELS is commercial today, with almost 50 billion litres (approx. 39.5 million t) of bioethanol and 5.4 million tonnes of biodiesel produced worldwide(2006)” 10

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14. Rise of the Food vs. Fuel crisis and the shift towards cellulosic ethanol "... large increases in biofuels production in the United States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices" - World Bank policy research working paper July 2008 14

15. Second Generation Biofuels Different from the 1st generation the so called second or ‘next’ generation of future biofuels can be produced from wider range of feedstocks, which are represented mainly by non-food crops. For example, the whole plant biomass can be used or waste streams that are rich in lignin and cellulose, such as wheat straw, grass, or wood. In order to breakdown this biomass, two main conversion pathways come into consideration: 1) HYDROLYSIS (can be done via chemical and biochemical pathways) of ligno-cellulose into sugars, which can then be fermented into alcohol - this technology is best known as 'cellulosic bioethanol' and is still in development 2) THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES (use of high temperatures to pyrolyse or gasify biomass) of lignocelluloses to a raw gas or oil. The resulting gas is then treated and conditioned into synthesis gas (syngas), consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This gas can further be processed into different types of liquid and gaseous fuels via different fuel syntheses. Fuels from this route are then called 'synthetic biofuels'. 15

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17. Third Generation Biofuels rely on biotechnological interventions in the feedstocks themselves. Plants are engineered in such a way that the structural building blocks of their cells (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), can be managed according to a specific task they are required to perform. For example, plant scientists are working on developing trees that grow normally, but that can be triggered to change the strength of the cell walls so that breaking them down to release sugars is easier. In third generation biofuels, a synergy between this kind of interventions and processing steps is then created: plants with special properties are broken down by functionally engineered enzymes. Notably, this latter generation of biofuels is only gradually being explored. 17

18. MODERN FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION 18

19. CAN I USE BIOFUEL FOR MY VEHICLE ???? Bio-fuels have been introduced to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, clean tailpipe emissions and lower our carbon footprint, these outcomes can be achieved when used in the right vehicle. E thanol blended fuels should not be used in carburettor equipped vehicles. A list of vehicles that can use ethanol blended fuels is available on the FCAI website (http://www.fcai.com.au). As a general rule no vehicle built before 1986 should be run on an ethanol blended fuel, and vehicles built 1986 or after should only do so at the manufacturers recommendations. 19

20. What vehicles should run on ethanol blends? In Australia two types of Ethanol petrol blend’s are available, E10 and E85. Most new vehicles are suitable for operation on E10 however only a select few can run on E85. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline (E25 ). Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol. 20

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22. What happens if I do put E10 in my classic car? The results will vary, details on the effects have been studied by Orbital Engines Pty Ltd, reports are available from the Department for Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. In the report titled “Assessment of the Operation of Vehicles in the Australian Fleet on Ethanol Blend Fuels” the following issues among others were raised, regarding vehicles considered incompatible with ethanol blends: Performance and Driveability Hesitation on acceleration Difficult starting Stalling Durability Loss of compression Higher combustion temperatures Premature engine failure due to piston and valve deposits Blocked fuel filters, increased debris in fuel lines Material Compatibility Fuel hoses shrinking and swelling Failure of diaphragms and accelerator plunger seals Corrosion of carburettor, leading to possible sticking throttle. 22

23. INDIAN SCENARIO 23

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25. NO PROBLEM AT ALL !!!!! The focus for development of biofuels in India will be to utilize waste and degraded forest and non-forest lands only for cultivation of shrubs and trees bearing non-edible oil seeds for production of bio-diesel. In India, bio-ethanol is produced mainly from molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry . In future too , it would be ensured that the next generation of technologies is based on non food feedstocks. Therefore, the issue of fuel vs. food security is not relevant in the Indian context. 25

26. Ethanol is mainly being produced in the country at present from molasses, which is a by-product of the sugar industry. 5% blending of ethanol with gasoline has already been taken up by the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) in 20 States and 4 Union Territories. 10% mandatory blending of ethanol with gasoline has become effective from October, 2008 in these States. 26

27. The blending would have to follow a protocol and certification process, and conform to The Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS) specification and standards, for which the processing industry and OMCs would need to jointly set up an appropriate mechanism and the required facilities. Section 52 of the Motor Vehicles Act already allows conversion of an existing engine of a vehicle to use biofuels. Engine manufacturers would need to suitably modify the engines to ensure compatibility with biofuels, wherever necessary. 27

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29. The development of automobiles with heat engines is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology. However, the highly developed automotive industry and the large number of automobiles in use around the world have caused and are still causing serious problems for society and human life. Deterioration in air quality, global warming, and a decrease in petroleum resources are becoming the major threats to human beings. More and more stringent emissions and fuel consumption regulations are stimulating an interest in the development of safe, clean, and high-efficiency transportation. It has been well recognized that electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell-powered drive train technologies are the most promising solutions to the problem of land transportation in the future. CONCLUSION 29

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31. Bibliography Boyle G. 2003, Renewable Energy, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Dincer I. 2000, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4, 157. Jaccard M. 2006, Sustainable Fossil Fuels - The Unusual Suspect in the Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy, Cambridge University Press. Government of India, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy National Policy on Biofuels BIO-FUELS Technology Status and Future Trends, Technology Assessment and Decision Support Tools Sivasamy Arumugam 1, Sergey Zinoviev1, Paolo Foransiero1, Stanislav Miertus1, Franziska Müller-Langer2, Martin Kaltschmitt2, Alexander Vogel2, Daniela Thraen2 31