Modern methods of extraction- Microwave assisted

In this ppt we will be discussing about introduction to pharmaceutical extraction from a pharmacognosy standpoint.

1. Methods of extraction Nilay Chaudhari TY B-Pharm

2. 01 Brief about the topic 02 Detailed explanation along with classification 03 Spectroscopy, chromatography, electrophoresis. 04 Detailed study of similar aspects. TABLE OF CONTENTS Basics of Phytochemistry Modern methods of extraction Application of latest techniques Purification and identification of crude drug

3. What is phytochemistry Breakdown of this terminology “Phyto” Derived from the Greek word "phyton," meaning "plant." “chemistry” This part refers to the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of substances. Phytochemistry Phytochemistry is the study of the chemicals produced by plants, including their structures, biosynthesis, and effects on human health. Layman Language Chemistry of plants .. xD Phytochemicals Naturally occurring biologically active constituents present in plants. EG- Morphine in opium poppy and many more.

4. What is extraction In pharmacognosy, extraction is the process of isolating bioactive compounds from plant or natural materials using a solvent. The solvent selectively dissolves the desired phytochemicals, allowing them to be separated from the plant matrix.

5. Picking a solvent is crucial It should be safe and non-hazardous to humans as well as the environment Non-toxic This is necessary to make the extraction process less tedious Promote rapid absorption of extract It shouldn’t react with other phytochemicals Inert It should be easily evaporated at low temperatures ( preferably ) Ease of evaporation

6. Conventional methods of extraction Continuous solvent cycling for efficient extraction. Soxhlet extraction Boiling plant material in water Decoction Soaking plant material in cold solvent. Percolation Maceration Solvent passing through material for extraction. Steeping plant material in hot water. Infusion Warm maceration with gentle heat . Digestion

7. Conventional methods in short Maceration :Maceration is a process where plant material is soaked in a cold solvent, usually for 2 to 7 days, to extract bioactive compounds. This method is particularly suitable for delicate, heat-sensitive drugs, such as aromatic herbs and flowers, as it avoids degradation that could occur with heat. Decoction :Decoction is a process where plant material, typically hard or woody parts like roots, bark, or seeds, is boiled in water for 15 to 60 minutes to extract water-soluble and heat-stable compounds. This method is suitable for tough, dense drugs that require prolonged heating to release their active constituents. Soxhlet extraction : Soxhlet extraction is a method where plant material is continuously washed with a solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus for several hours to extract compounds efficiently. It is a continuous process and more efficient than other conventional methods.

8. Soxhlet .. Contd. Condenser is at the top having water inlet and outlet. Menstruum or solvent is taken in the flask at the bottom which is connected to the thimble where in coarse powder of drug is taken. As heat is provided, the solvent evaporates and condenses down via condenser which gets accumulated in the thimble. Some amount of vapour will condense back to the flask while some amount will be accumulated in thimble which will eventually go down in flask via siphon tube.

9. Conventional methods in short .. contd Infusion : Boil water (80 to 90 c)  Submerge the crushed dried plant material in hot water for 15mins Digestion : Digestion is a process where plant material is soaked in a solvent at a gentle heat (typically around 40-60°C or 104-140°F) for several hours to extract compounds.

10. Limitations of various conventional methods of extraction Compromised purity Inconsistent Results Some methods can take up to 7 days Time consuming Requirement of solvent can be hectic at times Solvent waste Some methods are not suitable for thermolabile materials Heat sensitivity

11. The modern “Big 3” methods Microwave assited extraction Super critical fluid extraction Pressurized liquid extraction

12. Advantages of modern methods of extraction These methods are scalable and can be used in industries Heat sensitive constituents can be extracted using such methods Modern methods of extraction prioritize selective extraction Scalability Thermolabile compatibility Improved selectivity Higher efficiency in all the aspects of extraction In most of the modern methods solvent is not required which makes it more convenient Eg : Microwave assisted  5 mins SCFE  15 to 60 mins Efficiency: NO requirement of solvent Reduced extraction time

13. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION

14. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION Microwaves are a form of non-ionized electromagnetic radiation. The heat generated by microwaves increases the temperature of the solvent in which the plant material is immersed. This can enhance the solubility of the target compounds and increase the diffusion rate of these compounds into the solvent. The combined effects of microwave-induced heating and the increased temperature of the solvent help to break down the cellulose in cell walls of plant material by drying the outer layers of cell wall more effectively. This can lead to a higher yield of the desired bioactive compounds in a shorter extraction time compared to traditional methods. MAE often requires less solvent compared to conventional extraction methods, making it a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective technique. Although the set-up cost might be on the higher spectrum.

15. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION Why is this method so special? In conventional methods where in we were providing heat via heating mantle the heat was first getting absorbed by the glass, then  solvent  plant material. This resulted in loss of heat, which further resulted in loss of thermal energy and loss of time. However in MAE, microwaves directly penetrate through the glass of RBF and therefore it rapidly heats the mixture, thus increasing the rate of extraction. These microwaves directly breakdown the cellulose present on the cell wall of plant material thus breaking down the cell and allowing solvent to enter inside. This results in swelling of cell. This is only possible by microwave extraction since microwaves penetrate through materials.

16. Disadvantages Thermolabile incompatibility This method is still under development Maintanance and set up cost is high Final extract needs to be filtered

17. Thank you!! Feel free to connect. Linkedin: Nilay Chaudhari. [email protected] 7977558068 Please keep this slide for attribution