Module 1 - COMMUNICATION SATELLITEScrev (5).pdf

VSAT technology

2. ONLINE COURSE MODULES
2
•Birth of Satellites
and
Satellite Launches
•Orbits
•Radio Waves
•Signal, Noise and
Spectrum
•Modulation
•Propagation
•Space and ground
segment
- Transponder
- Antenna and
Polarization
- Level, Gain and
Loss
- Footprint
- Earth Stations
in Motion
- Satellite Links
•Evolving
Technologies and
Technology Trends
•Satellite
Services and
Frequency Bands
•Access to
Satellite
Orbit/Spectrum
Resources
- Coordination
and Notification
Mechanisms
- BSS and FSS
Plans
•Harmful
Interference
Cases
•Introduction to BR
Space Software
(see also Module 6
iii)
•Network
Topologies
•Access Schemes
•C-Band vs Ku-
Band
•Internet
Traffic over
Satellite
Networks
•Coding and
Modulation
•Introduction
to Network
Planning and
Link Budget
Analysis
•Antenna
- Types
- Parameters
•Uplink
- Modulation
- Up-
converters
- Transmitters
- Inter
Facilities Link
•Downlink
- LNA/LNB
- Down-
converters
- Inter
Facilities Link
-
Demodulation

•UN System and ITU
•International
Legal Framework:
the Radio
Regulations and
World
Radiocommunicatio
n Conferences
(WRC)
•The Role of
National
Administrators
and Regional
Coordinating
Agencies
•ITSO and other
Specialized
Agencies
•Satellite
Operator and
Satellite
Industry
COMMUNICATION
SATELLITES
POLICY,
INSTITUTIONAL
AND REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
ORBIT AND
SPECTRUM
RESOURCES
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
EARTH STATION
AND VSAT SYSTEM
EARTH STATION
COORDINATION
AND REGISTRATION
•Purpose and
Tools
•Demonstration
of Earth
Station
Coordination
and
Registration
•Practical
Exercise using
Offline Earth
Station
Coordination
Software
(SpaceCom and
GIBC)

3. 3
MODULE 1
•Birth of Satellites and
Satellite Launches
•Orbits
•Radio Waves
•Signal, Noise and Spectrum
•Modulation
•Propagation
•Space and ground segment
- Transponder
- Antenna and Polarization
- Level, Gain and Loss
- Footprint
- Earth Stations in Motion
- Satellite Links
•Evolving Technologies and Technology
Trends

Module Overview
COMMUNICATION
SATELLITES

4. 4
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
First satellite was launched in 1957 by Russia. It was named “Sputnik 1”

5. 5
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
INTELSAT I (nicknamed Early Bird for the proverb "The early bird catches
the worm") was the first (commercial) communications satellite to be
placed in geosynchronous orbit, on April 6, 1965.

6. 6
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed
into orbit by human endeavor.
Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them
from natural satellites such as the Moon.

7. 7
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
A communications satellite acts as a repeater in Space

8. 8
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Communications satellites may be used for various applications in network
communications, media and government :
•Besides specific applications fields, FSS, BSS and MSS are typical
services
•Relaying telephone calls
•Communications to remote areas of the Earth, such as remote learning
•TV direct-to-home broadcasting
•Communications to ships, aircraft and other mobile vehicles
•etc .

9. 9
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
•Communications satellites: Space –based component of network infrastructure
for telecommunications and broadcasting services
•Weather satellites: provide meteorologists with scientific data to predict
weather conditions and are equipped with advanced weather instruments
•Earth observation satellites
•Navigation satellites: Using GPS technology these satellites are able to provide
a person's exact location on Earth to within a few meters
•Broadcast satellites: broadcast television signals from one point to another
(similar to communications satellites).
•Scientific satellites : perform a variety of scientific missions e.g. The Hubble
Space Telescope
•Military satellites



Types of satellites

10. 10
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Network
Services
Media
Services
Government
Services
ISR
Military
Mobility
Hosted
Payloads
End-to-End
Communications
Embassy
Networks
Space
Situational
Awareness
DTH
Cable
Distribution
MCPC
Platforms
Special Events
Satellite
News
Gathering
Mobile Video
Cell Backhaul
Maritime
Communication
s
Oil &
Gas
Aeronautical
Disaster
Recovery
Enterprise

11. 11
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Satellite Services

Voice/Video/Data Communications
• Rural Telephony
• News Gathering/Distribution
• Internet Trunking
• Corporate VSAT Networks
• Tele-Medicine
• Distance-Learning
• Mobile Telephony
• Videoconferencing
• Business Television
• Broadcast and Cable Relay
• VOIP & Multi-media over IP
Direct-To-Consumer
• Broadband IP
• DTH/DBS Television
• Digital Audio Radio
• Interactive Entertainment & Games
• Video & Data to handhelds
GPS/Navigation
• Position Location
• Timing
• Search and Rescue
• Mapping
• Fleet Management
• Security & Database Access
• Emergency Services
Remote Sensing
• Pipeline Monitoring
• Infrastructure Planning
• Forest Fire Prevention
• Urban Planning
• Flood and Storm watches
• Air Pollution Management
• Geo-spatial Services

12. 12
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Benefits of Satellites:
Adaptable to customer requirements
Communications in mobility
Cost advantage
Effects of natural conditions are tackled
Quick implementation- very important for disaster
recovery
Alternate routing or redundancy
Cost is independent of distance
Cost effective for short term requirements

13. 13
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Satellites are complementary to cable for the following
reasons:
•Specific and irreplaceable infrastructures
•Submarine cables (and landline fibre) are subject to cuts
•Interim solutions for cellular backhaul and internet trunking
•Satellite systems utilizing GEO, MEO and LEO satellite orbits
provide communications with high capacity, high quality
and low cost, meeting various requirements.

14. 14
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
•It takes about 3 years to get a GEO communications satellite
built and launched.
•Satellite payloads are customized for a given mission.
•Satellites are heavily tested on the ground in facilities that
reproduce the space environment:
−Mechanical, Thermal, Noise and RF tests
•Typical cost of a satellite is $150-$250 million
−Some satellites can cost as much as $500 million.
▪ The above not including launch services ($55-$100 million) and insurance.
Building and launching a communications satellite

15. 15
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
GEO Satellite Launch

16. 16
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
Generic Transfer Profile
Video of Intelsat 39 Launch in August 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0L_f7NEfZSM&feature=youtu.be

17. 17
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
•Who invented the concept of satellite communications in GEO?
−Arthur C. Clarke, who went on to be a well-read author of science fiction novels.
•When were satellites invented?
−The first satellites were experimented with in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. Intelsat’s
first satellite, which was called ‘Early Bird’, was launched on 6 April 1965.
•How big is a satellite?
−(Based on the Intelsat 9 series) Before liftoff it’s, about 4,500 kilograms! Without fuel, it’s
about 2,000 kilograms! The body is 5.6 meters …and the solar panels are 31 meters wide
– more than a 10-story building!
−SpaceX successfully launched communications satellite Telstar 19 VANTAGE to a
geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). It has set a record as the satellite launch is marked by
the heaviest satellite over 7000 kg that a Falcon 9 has ever carried to a GTO.
•How many years can a GEO satellite last?
−It varies by satellite type. Typically, the design life is approximately 15 years, and may
operate more than 20 years. (Include a line for non GS))

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

18. 18
BIRTH OF SATELLITES AND SATELLITE LAUNCHES
•How are satellites fixed during operation?
−The satellite ‘health check’ information will be sent back to ground engineers.
Pre-developed commands are sent to the satellite to perform certain functions, such as
firing a booster or changing the angle of a solar panel, so that it can repair itself.
•How does a satellite get its power?
−Mostly solar power collected by the solar arrays/panels. There are also batteries on the
satellites for the times when the satellite passes through the earths shadow. This is called
eclipse.
•How much power does it take to transmit a signal?
−IT depends on power of TWTA/SSPA, for example the power of 85W or 140W TWTA is
normally used in the C-Band or Ku-Band satellite which is amplified by the satellite
antenna in the downlink.
Frequently Asked Questions (Continued)

19. ORBITS
19
LEO
MEO
GEO
Satellite Orbits: GEO/GSO, MEO and
LEO

20. ORBITS
20

21. ORBITS
21
Applications
•Low Earth Orbit:
−Earth Observation
−International Space Station
−Satellite communications (constellations)
•Medium Earth Orbit:
−Navigation: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, etc
−Satellite communications (constellations)
•Geostationary Earth Orbit:
−Satellite communications
−Meteorology

22. ORBITS
22

23. ORBITS
23
Inclined Orbits: Implications
for earth station tracking:
Stations must have tracking
systems so that their
pointing is adjusted to aim at
the satellite all during the
day.

24. ORBITS
24
Orbital Slot Registration
The ITU Member States have established a legal regime, which is codified through the
ITU Constitution and Convention, including the Radio Regulations.
In 1988, the ITU acknowledged that all countries, including lesser developed
countries, have an equal right to orbital slots. However, Article II of the Outer Space
Treaty forbids any claim of sovereignty by any country in space, which would not
allow countries to establish dominion over the orbital slots above their territory. At
conferences in 1985 and 1988, the ITU did give all countries the rights to an orbital
slot directly over their territory, which would ensure at least some access to these
satellites to all countries.

25. ORBITS
25
We are having a very crowded GEO and non-GEO satellite orbits

26. ORBITS
26
We are having a very crowded GEO and non-GEO satellite orbits

O3b (now wholly owned by SES) is building a next-generation network
that combines the reach of satellite with the speed of fiber.
Higher capacity
O3b’s satellite transponders have on average three to four times the capacity
of those offered by GEO satellite systems. This translates into three to four
times more bandwidth – and a fiber-like experience for customers.
Greater coverage
Satellite technology can deliver Internet connectivity to any location on the
planet. O3b’s next-generation satellite network will reach consumers,
businesses and other organizations in more than 150 countries across Asia,
Africa, Latin America and the Middle East.

27. ORBITS
27
We are having a very crowded GEO and non-GEO satellite orbits

Lower latency
O3b’s unique network of Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites virtually eliminates the
delay caused by standard Geosynchronous (GEO) satellites.
Round-trip data transmission time is reduced from well over 500 milliseconds to
approximately 100 milliseconds.
This creates a web experience significantly closer to terrestrial systems such as DSL
or Optical Fiber.

28. ORBITS
28
Orbital positions and radio interference
Control of Interference

ALLOCATION
Frequency separation of stations of
different services

REGULATORY PROTECTION
e.g. No. 22.2: Non-GSO to protect GSO
(FSS and BSS)
POWER LIMITS
PFD to protect TERR services / EIRP to
protect SPACE services / EPFD to protect
GSO from Non-GSO

COORDINATION
between Administrations to ensure
interference-free operations conditions

29. ORBITS
29
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which of the following are FALSE about a Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
communications satellite?
a.It receives microwave signals from earth stations, frequency-converts and amplifies
the signals and re-transmits the signals backwards towards the earth
b.Once it is in final orbit, its held in position by only the forces of nature just like the
moon
c.It will have line-of-sight to most of the regions around equator, the complete
Northern Hemisphere and the complete Southern Hemisphere
d.Less than one half but typically one third of the earth’s surface is visible from the
satellite

30. 30
RADIO WAVES
1.3 telecommunication: Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings,
images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic
systems (CS).
1.4 radio: A general term applied to the use of radio waves.
1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves: Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3
000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide.
1.6 radiocommunication: Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV).
Pursuant to the terms and definitions in the ITU Radio Regulations:
2.1 The radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands, which shall be
designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table. As the unit of
frequency is the hertz (Hz), frequencies shall be expressed:
– in kilohertz (kHz), up to and including 3 000 kHz;
– in megahertz (MHz), above 3 MHz, up to and including 3 000 MHz;
– in gigahertz (GHz), above 3 GHz, up to and including 3 000 GHz.
Satellite communications employ electromagnetic waves to carry and transmit
information between transmitter and receiver through satellite(s).

31. 31
RADIO WAVES
Note: In communications between administrations and the ITU, no names, symbols or abbreviations should be used for the various
frequency bands other than those specified in RR No. 2.1.
Frequency and wavelength bands

32. 32
RADIO WAVES
Frequency Bands for Satcom
1/2
The frequency of a signal is how many cycles its carrier makes per second . It is usually
measured in MegaHertz (MHz) and GigaHertz ( GHz) in the satcom world. Frequency is
inversely proportional to the signal’s wavelength.
Spectrum means a range of frequencies (or wavelengths).
The frequency spectrum is divided into frequency bands

33. RADIO WAVES
Frequency Bands for Satcom
2/2
Different services like satellite communications ( satcom), radar, mobile telephones, TV
broadcast are assigned specific frequency segments. This helps mitigate or prevent
interference. Satellite Communications is assigned three main frequency bands called C-
Band, Ku-Band and Ka-Band. Specific sections of each of these bands are assigned
uplink and the downlink.

L-Band
This frequency is used internally in satellite terminals on the cables that connect the
modem ( which is usually indoors or inside the vehicle) to the antenna.

Although the L-Band IF signals are never transmitted to the satellite, it is very
important to understand how to calculate your signal frequency at the L-Band based on its
C, Ku or Ka-Band equivalent

33

34. RADIO WAVES
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement in satellite communications?
a.Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz) while Bands are measured in millimetres (mm)
b.Bandwidth and Bands mean the same thing
c.Examples of Bands are C, Ku and Ka
d.The C-Band has a bandwidth of approximately 6 GHz
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the most common frequency bands for commercial satcom?
a.C-Band
b.W-Band
c.Ku- Band
d.Ka-Band
34

35. 35
SIGNAL, NOISE AND SPECTRUM
•In satellite communications, the signal is the processed information by baseband signal processing units.
•Two main types of signals: analog and digital. The digital signals are quantized, and analog signals are
continuous.
•The signal can be transmitted via a satellite communications system: telephony, facsimile, data, video,
television and sound programs, etc.
•By means of modulation, frequency upconverting, power amplifier and transmitting antenna, a
baseband signal can be transmitted to the receiver.
•RF signal on one frequency is called a carrier, and the actual information that it carries (voice, video, or
data) is called modulating signal.
•The transmission will be regulated and accomplished by appropriate satellite service according to the
purpose of the application, the frequency band used and the Region of the transmission.
SIGNAL:

36. 36
SIGNAL, NOISE AND SPECTRUM
•Noise is usually defined as unwanted signals, which interfere with the wanted signal reproduction in a
satellite communications system.
•In satellite communications, E
b/N
0, C/N, C/I and I/N is commonly used in a link budget.
•equivalent satellite link noise temperature: The noise temperature referred to the output of the receiving
antenna of the earth station corresponding to the radio frequency noise power which produces the total
observed noise at the output of the satellite link excluding noise due to interference coming from satellite
links using other satellites and from terrestrial systems (RR No. 1.174)
•Satellite links contain receiver noise, which is constant but can be compensated for with power or
improved forward error correction.
•The noise contribution of the receiving system must be held small enough, or the weak signal input
literally can be buried in noise.
•LNA: In the receiving station, low-noise amplifier (LNA) receives the very weak microwave signal
collected by the receiving antenna and raise its power to a level that can be accommodated by further
processing.
•LNB: The low-noise block converter (LNB) is the term used when the LNA and the down converter are is
integrated into one physical unit
NOISE:

37. 37
SIGNAL, NOISE AND SPECTRUM
•Spectrum or frequency spectrum is the range of frequencies contained by a signal.
•As stipulated in the RR No.2.1, the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands.
•Basic Terms related to frequency management in the ITU Radio Regulations:
1.16 allocation (of a frequency band): Entry in the Table of Frequency Allocations of a given frequency
band for the purpose of its use by one or more terrestrial or space radiocommunication services or the radio
astronomy service under specified conditions. This term shall also be applied to the frequency band
concerned.
1.17 allotment (of a radio frequency or radio frequency channel): Entry of a designated frequency
channel in an agreed plan, adopted by a competent conference, for use by one or more administrations for a
terrestrial or space radiocommunication service in one or more identified countries or geographical areas
and under specified conditions.
1.18 assignment (of a radio frequency or radio frequency channel): Authorization given by an
administration for a radio station to use a radio frequency or radio frequency channel under specified
conditions.
•The ARTICLE 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations stipulates the frequency allocations.
SPECTRUM:

38. 38
LEVEL, GAIN AND LOSS

LEVEL: Besides expressing a value of a measurement, the Level is often used to describe the strength of a
signal.
SOME USAGE IN THE ITU RADIO REGULATIONS are given below:
1.173 coordination distance: When determining the need for coordination, the distance on a given azimuth
from an earth station sharing the same frequency band with terrestrial stations, or from a transmitting earth
station sharing the same bidirectionally allocated frequency band with receiving earth stations, beyond which
the level of permissible interference will not be exceeded and coordination is therefore not required. (WRC-
2000)
3.6 Transmitting stations shall conform to the maximum permitted power levels for unwanted
emissions in the spurious domain specified in Appendix 3.(WRC-12)
Ref: APPENDIX 3 (REV.WRC-12) Maximum permitted power levels for unwanted emissions in
the spurious domain (WRC-12)
53.1 § 1 All stations in the maritime mobile service and the maritime mobile-satellite service shall be
capable of offering four levels of priority in the following order:
1) Distress calls, distress messages, and distress traffic.
2) Urgency communications.
3) Safety communications.
4) Other communications.

39. 39
LEVEL, GAIN AND LOSS

1.161 equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): The product of the power supplied to the
antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic
gain).
1.175 effective boresight area (of a steerable satellite beam): An area on the surface of the Earth within
which the boresight of a steerable satellite beam is intended to be pointed.
There may be more than one unconnected effective boresight area to which a single steerable
satellite beam is intended to be pointed.
1.176 effective antenna gain contour (of a steerable satellite beam): An envelope of antenna gain
contours resulting from moving the boresight of a steerable satellite beam along the limits of the effective
boresight area.
•Antenna gain: Use of satellite antenna and earth station antenna is indispensable in satellite
communications.
•Basic Terms related to frequency management in the ITU Radio Regulations:
•Appendices of the ITU Radio Regulations and ITU-R Recommendations stipulate the calculation of
antenna gain.

40. 40
LEVEL, GAIN AND LOSS

In addition to the loss due to free-space propagation, there are also additional miscellaneous losses both in
the uplink and downlink as follows:
• atmospheric losses representing the attenuation due to propagation in the atmosphere and the
ionosphere;
• losses due to polarization mismatch at the antenna interface and to cross-polarization caused by
propagation;
• losses due to antenna offset with respect to the nominal direction commonly referred to as pointing
error losses;
• feeder losses representing the losses in the transmitting antenna feeder and between the
receiving antenna and the receiver input.
Because of the distance between the earth station and the satellite, there is high free space propagation loss:
A GEO satellite is at 35 786 km vertically above the "sub-satellite" point, there is propagation loss about 200
dB at 6 GHz in the uplink and 196 dB at 4GHz in the downlink.
These propagation losses should be offset through the following ways:
•high-gain (i.e. large diameter, high performance) antenna with low susceptibility to noise and interference
(the antenna is used for both reception and transmission)
•high-sensitivity receiver (i.e. with a very low internal noise)
•powerful transmitter

41. 41
MODULATION
MODULATION is the process by which the baseband signal is impressed on a carrier, where
demodulation is the process whereby the baseband signal is removed from the carrier.
•Analogue modulation: frequency modulation (FM) had ever been largely used in satellite
communications.
•Digital modulation: Baseband signals can be modulated onto a sinusoidal carrier by
modulating one or more of its three basic parameters: amplitude, frequency, and phase.
Accordingly, there are three basic modulation schemes in digital communications: amplitude
shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK).
•Different modulation schemes may have different effect on power efficiency and bandwidth
efficiency
•See Section “Earth station and VSAT system” for more information

42. 42
PROPAGATION
•The signal propagation between Earth station and satellite
will face quality degradation:
-free space transmission loss
-absorption and scattering by the particles in space
-rain fade degradation, including condensed clouds, water
vapor and Oxygen effects
•These degradation factors may have different effects on
different services in different frequency bands
•In order to maintain the quality of the received signal, the
system design and communications link budget need
consider these quality degradations
•The ITU Radio Regulations and ITU-R Recommendations
provide valuable tools to analyze these factors

43. 43
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

A satellite communications (satcom) system maybe looked
at as comprising of three parts “space segment”, the
“ground segment” and “the transmission medium” (the
space between the Earth and the satellite)

44. 44
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Design
1/2
Key aspects of Satellite Design:
• Electrical Power
• Station Keeping
• Altitude Control
• Orbital Control
• Thermal Control

45. 45
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Design
2/2
Orbital Control
•Necessary to keep the satellite
stationary with respect to all
the earth station antennas
that are pointed at it.

•Each satellite carries a thrust
subsystem to give it an
occasional nudge to keep it
"On Station."

46. 46
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Space Segment
1/7
•A telecommunications satellite comprises:
•A platform (or bus): propulsion system, fuel tanks,
batteries, solar panels, altitude and orbit control
functions, etc. It is usually standardized by the
manufacturer.
•A payload: the equipment used to provide the service for
which the satellite has been launched. It is customized
for a given mission .

47. 47
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Space Segment
2/7
The transponder is the equipment which provides the
connecting link between the satellite’s transmit and receive
antennas. It forms one of the main sections of the payload, the
other being the antenna subsystems.

Transponder

48. 48
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Block Diagram of a Communications Satellite
Tx Antenna
Doe
Communications
Payload
Transponder
Receiver Section
Transponder
Transmitter Section
Telemetry, Altitude
Control, Commanding,
Fuel, Batteries Power
System/Thermal System
Propulsion System
Solar Arrays Solar Arrays
Down
Converter
Pre-
Amplifier
Filter
High
Power
Amplifier
Filter
Rx Antennas
The Space Segment
3/7

49. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

A closer look at the Transponder
The Space Segment
4/7
49

50. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Space Segment
5/7
Satellite Capacity
•Typically communication
satellites have between
24 and 72 transponders.
• A single transponder
can handle up to 155
million bits of
information per second
(155 Mbps)

50

51. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Transponders with on-board processing
•Most satellites have “bent pipe” transponders i.e. the transponder simply
amplifies and frequency- translates the signal it receives from earth and
sends it back to earth

In the last 3-4 years, transponders in with on-board processing (OBP) have
been brought into use . Various OBP techniques can be used depending on
the use circumstances. These include ( Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03958 )

•Regenerative processing which involves generating the digital baseband
data on board after waveform digitization, demodulation, and decoding
•Digital transparent processing (DTP) in which operates only on the samples
of the input waveform but no demodulation or decoding takes place
•Hybrid processing which involves not only digitizing the entire waveform
but regenerating only a part for exploitation. As a case in point, the header
packet is regenerated to allow for onboard routing

The Space Segment
6/7
51

52. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Space Segment
7/7

Block Diagram of an OBP Transponder
RX
OBP
System
TX
From RX
antenna
LNA HPA
To TX
antenna
Signal from other
transponders
Signals to
other
transponders
Signal from other
transponders
Signals to other
transponders
52

53. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


What is a transponder? (Select all that are TRUE)
a.Part of the Radio Frequency (RF) electronics contained within an earth station
b.An antenna type
c.A channelised electronic signal repeater within a communication satellite
d.A ground station used to control a satellite
Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs)

53

54. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
1/19
Sub-Topic Outline:
•Earth station components
•Factors governing antenna sizes
•The differences between a major earth station and a VSAT
•Permissions required to install and operate a VSAT / Earth
station
•Earth station and VSAT Registration
•World Teleport Map
54

55. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Earth Station Components – generic simplified diagram
Indoor
Reflector
Rigid Mounting
Feed Horn
Outdoor
Contains:
•Modems,
•RF Power Amplifiers
•Data Communications
Equipment
•Data Networking Eqpt
•UPS
•etc
Equipment Rack
IFL
The Ground Segment
2/19
E/S Antenna System
55

56. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
3/19
Earth Station Components- simplified list
•Reflector – Physical reflecting piece – focuses signal into the LNB assembly and / or
focuses the transmission signal towards the satellite
•Feed horn – Device to accept the focussed RF signals into the LNB or conversely to
output the RF signal to the satellite
•Power amplifier – Device that accepts a signal from the modem and boosts it to a
suitable level for onward transmission to the satellite
•LNA,B or C – Low Noise Amplifier – Receives the signal from the satellite,
•Modem – Converts a data signal to one suitable for transmission to the satellite
•Up Converter– Converts the modulated signals from IF to RF frequency
•Down Converter– Converts the modulated signals from RF to IF frequency
•Mounting – Some form of mounting to hold the antenna assembly vertical and
pointed correctly under most normal condition

56

57. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Uplink Block Diagram Modem Up-Converter Transmitter FeedIFL IFL IFL
Antenna
Simplified Uplink Block Diagram
Simplified Uplink Block Diagram
The Ground Segment
4/19
57

58. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Modem Down-Converter LNAFeedIFLIFL
Simplified Downlink Block Diagram
The Ground Segment
5/19
Downlink Block Diagram
58

59. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Reflector
Ground
Mount
with
weights
The Ground Segment
6/19
Picture of a VSAT
59

60. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Transmit cable
From indoor modem
Receive cable
From LNB modem
Feed horn assembly
RF Power
amplifier
(SSPA)
LNB
Picture of a VSAT components

The Ground Segment
7/19
60

61. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Why install a large antenna when a small one would do the job?
•Transmission:
Large earth stations have smaller BEAM Width's therefore point
more accurately
 Less RF signal wastage
 Less co-satellite interference
 Link budget requirement
 Cost factors
−Larger antenna may be less than the cost of a lease with a
smaller antenna

Factors governing Reflector sizes
The Ground Segment
8/19
61

62. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


3D Antenna Gain and Radiation Pattern
The Ground Segment
9/19
Antenna Gain
62

63. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


• Receiving:
 Antenna Gain dictated by the Link Budget
Large earth station antenna can receive a weaker signal
compared with a small antenna
 Cost implications with the Link Budget
 Planning permission

The Ground Segment
10/19
63

64. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


•VSAT – Very Small Aperture Terminal
•A VSAT is typically a small earth station 0.7M to 3.7M
•Usually operates a single service or application for
•Major Earth Station
•Typically A Major Earth station is sized from 3.7M to 16M+ weighing 20 T or mo
re costing $1M+
•Basically same components in each station
•Supports multiple services
•All components redundant
•Can transmit and receive in multiple polarisations
•Usually configured with large RF power amplifiers
•Always connected to suitable Power supplies
•Usually connected to multiple terrestrial paths
The differences between a Major Earth Station and a VSAT
The Ground Segment
11/19
64

65. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Ground Segment
12/19
Just because it can work does not necessarily mean you may go out
install and operate!
• Planning permission
 Local Authority building departments
 Zoning issues
• Landlord’s permission
Will the landlord permit your activity?
• Regulatory authority
Does the law allow you to build and operate?

Permissions required to install & operate a VSAT / Earth station

65

66. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
13/19
A licence is required by the national telecommunications
authority of a country where any earth station as a part of a
network, be it the hub, a control station or a VSAT, is planned
to be installed and operated.

Earth Station and VSAT Registration
1/4
66

67. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
14/19
Earth Station and VSAT Registration
2/4
In the past, national telecommunication authorities have
required licensing of individual VSAT terminals in addition to
requiring a network operator’s license. Then, the US Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) implemented with success a
blanket licensing approach for VSATs operated within the US.

67

68. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
15/19
Earth Station and VSAT Registration
3/4
Blanket licensing has since gained interest among national
telecommunications authorities all over the world, as a result of
equipment manufacturers complying with the recommendations
issued by international standardization bodies, such as the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

68

69. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


The Ground Segment
16/19
Earth Station and VSAT Registration
4/4
A licence usually entails the payment of a licence fee, which is most often in
two parts: a one-time fee for the licensing work and an annual charge per
station.
The licensing procedure is simpler when the network is national, as only one
telecom authority is involved.
For transborder networks, licences must be obtained from the national
authorities of the different countries where the relevant earth stations are
planned to be installed and operated, and rules often differ from one country
to another.

69

70. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


•Multiple large earth stations
•Well specified antennas
•Good power systems
•Ample Rack space for ancillary equipment
•24X7 staff on-site to maintain systems
•Quality support and technical staff to assist with design, install and
operation
•Good terrestrial connectivity
•Preferably to more than a single fibre supplier
Teleports
The Ground Segment
17/19
70

71. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Ground Segment
18/19
Large earth station antennas
71

72. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The Ground Segment
19/19
A typical Teleport
World Teleport Map:
https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1Vm9N2R4VD67-Qq6gts3_gMKlhv8&ll=22.312871903288727%2C25.266070536380027&z=1
72

73. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs)

What are the three main causes of (satellite) end of life?
Running out of fuel for the station-keeping thrusters (the most common reason)
Failure of electronics, solar panels or control system
Operator wants to use the slot for a new satellite with higher capacity
What happens to satellites when they reach end of life?
Once a satellite is truly at the end of its life, it is typically nudged into a ‘graveyard’
orbit ( where it will not collide with any active satellite) with last of its fuel and then
abandoned
73

74. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
1/6
•Linear Polarization (LP)
•Circular Polarization (CP)
•Polarization Frequency Re-use

74
Polarization in the
transmission medium

75. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
2/6
•Electromagnetic waves have an electrical field and a magnetic
field which are orthogonal to each other and to the direction of
propagation
•Polarization of a signal is defined by the direction of the electrical
field.

•Polarization can be:
−Linear: Horizontal (H) or Vertical (V)
−Circular: Right-Hand Circular (RHCP)
or Left-Hand Circular (LHCP)

75

76. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
3/6
•The electrical field is wholly
in one plane containing the
direction of propagation
•Horizontal: the field lies in a plane
parallel to the earth’s surface
•Vertical: the field lies in a plane
perpendicular to the earth’s surface
76

77. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
4/6
Circular Polarization
•The electrical field radiates energy
in both the horizontal and vertical
planes and all planes in between

•Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP):
The electrical field is rotating clockwise
as seen by an observer towards whom
the wave is moving

• Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP):
The electrical field is rotating counterclockwise
as seen by an observer towards whom the wave is moving
77

78. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
5/6
Polarization frequency re-use
•A satellite can get twice the capacity on the same frequency channels by
using opposite polarizations over the same coverage area.
−E.g. Transponder A using 6,000-6,072 MHz in vertical polarization
Transponder B using 6,000-6,072 MHz in horizontal polarization
•In case of misalignment of polarization between transmitter and receiver,
there is cross-pol interference.
•Cross-pol discrimination (XPD) is defined as the ratio of power transmitted
on the correct polarization to the power transmitted on the incorrect
polarization. The specified XPD is usually in the range of 20-30 dB for
VSATs.
78

79. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Polarization
6/6
Frequency Reuse Example
79

80. SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT


Which of the following is a type of linear polarization?
•LHCP
•RHCP
•HP
•VP
Which of the following is a type of circular polarization?
•LHCP
•VP
•LP
•HP
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

80

81. 81
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

•The communications satellite footprint is normally indicated by a number of
contours shown on the earth surface to value the satellite transmitting power level.
It is normally expressed by the equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) area
measured in dBW.

•The ITU Radio Regulations define equivalent isotropically radiated power
(e.i.r.p.): The product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in
a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain).

•Satellite operators and/or their clients design their link budget by means of
communications satellite footprint deploying communications equipment to realize
their communications requirement.
FOOTPRINT

82. 82
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_10-02
Source: Via Satellite’s SATELLITE Industry Directory

83. 83
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

The power supplied to the satellite antenna is 50 W, what is the corresponding e.i.r.p. at
the 20 dB satellite antenna transmitting gain contour?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_10-02
Under what conditions is it possible for two satellites to have footprints on the same
area on earth? (Select all that apply )

a.If the satellite use different frequency bands
b.Never
c.If the satellites use opposite polarizations
d.If the satellites are at different GEO locations

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

84. 84
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Earth Stations in
Motion
•A fixed satellite communications earth
station is normally equipped with
motor or lead screw to track the
satellite
•ESIM can communicate with satellite in
the FSS in some Ku- and Ka-band.
•Ref: Resolutions 902(WRC-03), 169
(WRC-19)

85. 85
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Link
1/4
Uplink - The transmission of signals to the satellite
Uplink

86. 86
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Link
2/4
Downlink - The transmission of information from the satellite. Many Earth
Stations can be covered by one satellite beam footprint
Downlink s

87. 87
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Link
3/4
NOTE:
−Satellites receive at a different frequency than they transmit at
−Different wavelengths give different radiation patterns on the
antennae
−This causes slightly different footprints for uplink and downlink
−For marketing reasons the patterns may be different

88. 88
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

Satellite Link
4/4
Example of Typical Satellite Coverage
Coverage areas depend on the satellite type and targeted services
IS-905 C-Band
Zone beams
IS-23 C-Band
Hemi beam
IS-14 Ku-Band
Zone beams

89. 89
SPACE AND GROUND SEGMENT

What is EIRP in full?
•Effective Isotopically Radiated Power

What is downlink EIRP? ( select only ONE that is TRUE)

•How sensitive the antenna and receiver is at an earth station
•How strong the signal (strength) transmitted by a satellite toward an earth station
•How strong and concentrated a signal is when transmitted by earth station
•How sensitive is the antenna and receiver in a satellite

The higher the satellites Downlink EIRP is, the ----------- (Tick ALL that are TRUE)
•The less carefully the installer must point the antenna
•The more harmful interference there will be
•The smaller the size of the earth station’s receiving antenna can be for the same performance
•The more carefully the installer must point the antenna
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

90. EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
90
Technologies and Technology trends come from Marketing and
User Requirement
1/4
Market Trends for Capacity
• Continues to grow despite fibre deployment
•Potential shortage of capacity in some areas for certain
types of capacity due to heavy cutbacks in launches
• Bandwidth is ever increasing on a per link basis

91. EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
91
User demands
•Smaller terminals
•High throughput
•Enhanced capability
•Constellations
•Responsive space
•Lower costs - $1000 now and lower!
•Easier access to space segment
•Easier licensing regimes
•Open standards


Technologies and Technology trends come from Marketing and
User Requirement
2/4

92. EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
92
Open Standards?
•Industry Players (Satellite Operators, Network Operators,
Equipment manufacturers and End-users) agree that Open
Standards are good for everyone
•But which one is the best one or is it a multitude of answers
and solutions?
Technologies and Technology trends come from Marketing and
User Requirement
3/4

93. EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
93
Global usage and coordination
•Ka / Ku/ C Band and Q / V Band
•Interference issues
•Global Regional frequency coordination

Technologies and Technology trends come from Marketing and
User Requirement
4/4

94. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
94
Addressing your Bottom Line through the use of the latest
technologies
−DVB-S2 Extensions
−Adaptive Coding and Modulation
−Carrier in Carrier Technology
−Lower Roll off factors
−New Technology in Satellites
−Antennas Advancements to reach new markets

95. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
95
DVB-S2 & Extensions
A new standard enables true convergence
•Excellent spectral efficiency:
−Up to 40% bandwidth saving compared to DVB-S
−Up to 2dB better than Turbo Codes
−HDTV enabler
•Unlike DVB-S, DVB-S2 is optimised for MPEG and IP
•Allows for DTH and DTT distribution in single carrier

96. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
96
DVB-S2 & Extensions

97. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
97
Adaptive Coding & Modulation
•Higher throughput for the same
amount of resources
•When rain fade issues arise, the
modulation can adjust so as to ensure
the remote stays in the network
•Allows lower per Mbps price points to
be achieved, leading to more
competitive prices in the market
Maximum achievable data throughput by utilizing the most efficient coding and modulation
scheme at any moment in time, depending on location within the satellite contour, antenna size
and atmospheric conditions

98. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
98 8PSK A => B B => A
Typical 8PSK Link QPSK
8PSK QPSK (Spreading)
Bandwidth increases,
Power decreases
A => B A => B
Original Link shown
for Reference QPSK - With
DoubleTalk
Carrier-in-Carrier
Apply DoubleTalk Carrier-in-Carrier -
Composite Carrier uses Less Bandwidth
& Less Power Compared to Original
Composite Link
Carrier Cancellation Technology

99. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
99
Roll Off
•Allocated BW directly proportional to Symbol rate X Roll off
•Typical roll off – 35%
•Most recent roll off available 5%
•Drives efficiency

100. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
100
Combination of Features
Equipment Vendors are integrating options to their
products
−DVB-S2 with ACM
•Satellite equipment vendors (eg. HNS, iDirect)
−Carrier in Carrier
•ComtechEFData CDM-625
•Viasat PCMA
−DVB-S2, Carrier in Carrier with ACM
•ComtechEFData CDM-750

101. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
101
New Technology in Satellites
Satellite Network Evolution
1/2
•What is a High Throughput Satellite?
−High Throughput Satellite (HTS) is next advancement of satellite technology.
−Traditional satellites currently deliver a system data throughput of 2Gbps to 5Gbps
−A High Throughput Satellite (HTS)is a satellite that can deliver system data
throughputs of 15Gbps or more.
−This is done by the ability of frequency reuse and a combination of Spot Beams and
Wide Beams
−Spot Beam provide the ability to concentrate power (EIRP and G/T)
•Intelsat launched its first HTS in January 2016. It is called:

102. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
102
Satellite Network Evolution
2/2
In the last 3-4 years, a new generation of satellites have been brought into use. These are called High
Throughput Satellites (HTS). HTS Satellites or “Next Generation” satellites are still few in number.
Intelsat Epic, Telsat and Telenor are some of the Operators that have deployed HTS satellites. Intelsat
Epic Satellites have C, Ku and Ka band beams but most other HTS deployments are in the Ka Band

Configurable onboard payload, On-board Processing (OBP) and ground‐based, software‐defined
resource control and management, are key enablers of HTS systems

HTS satellites use a large number of Spot Beams, to provide high capacity throughput of 15 Gbps or
more per satellite compared to the 2-5 Gbps of conventional Satellites
RX
OBP
System
TX
From RX
antenna
LNA HPA
To TX
antenna
Signalfrom other
transponders
Signals to
other
transponders
Signalfrom other
transponders
Signals to other
transponders

103. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
103
Intelsat brings well known principles of “Frequency Reuse” & “Spot Beams” in a new
configuration
Frequency reuse
(Any frequency band: C, Ku, Ka)

+ Spot Beams & Wide Beams
= Intelsat Epic
NG

104. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
104
Frequency Reuse Methodology
1.Reduce beam size.
−This increases G/T and EIRP
2.Split frequency into 4 or 7 or 8 etc.
segments or “colors”.
3.Assign each color the segmented
bandwidth taking care not to assign
any similar colors next to each other.

500 MHz
250 MHz
250 MHz
250 MHz
250 MHz
4 Color reuse

105. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
•User Beams
−Standard Ku-band frequencies (non-planned FSS)
−Bandwidth from 56.25 to 225 MHz
•Core Beams
−Use BSS and Ku-band Planned bands
•Different bands for User Beams
−Bandwidth sized to support all user beams in corresponding
country or region
•Connectivity
−Connectivity between any user and core beam


IS 33e Ku Beams
105

106. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Example: Ku-band Spot Beam Network
1.8M/4W KU-BAND REMOTE


2 Mbps
Remote
150 Mbps
Network
106

107. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
107
Up to
14 Mbps
Return
Epic
NG
200 Mbps
Network throughput*
SAME 1.8m/4W remotes

SAME platform technology

PROJECTED GROWTH now
supported
ACHIEVED
GOAL
INCREASE
NETWORK
VOLUME
BOOST
RETURN
TRAFFIC
*Limited by platform technology
30
THROUGHPUT
INCREASE
%
7
REMOTE
THROUGHPUT
X
Focused Epic
NG
Ku-band Spot Beam

108. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
108
Up to
14 Mbps
Return
Epic
NG
Up to
2.1 Gbps
Network throughput
on 3 spots
SAME 1.8m/4W remotes

ADVANCED platform technology

SCALE to full spot capability
ACHIEVED
GOAL
INCREASE
NETWORK
VOLUME
BOOST
RETURN
TRAFFIC
7
REMOTE
THROUGHPUT
X
70
THROUGHPUT
INCREASE
%
Focused Epic
NG
Ku-band Spot Beam

109. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
109
ACHIEVED
GOAL
INCREASE
NETWORK
VOLUME
BOOST
RETURN
TRAFFIC
ROLL OUT
CHEAPER
SITES
Epic
NG
Up to
6 MBPS
Return
Up to
1.6 Gbps
Network throughput
on 3 spots NEW 1.2M/2W remotes

ADVANCED platform technology

SCALE to full spot capability
50
CAPEX SAVING
%
Up to
30
THROUGHPUT
INCREASE
%
3
REMOTE
THROUGHPUT
X
Epic
NG
Ku-band Spot Beam

110. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
110
Antenna Advancements
Redefinition of the satellite
Antenna Advancement
Electronically Steered Antennas
(ESA)
No moving parts
Ultrathin and light

Metamaterial
Passive
array
Active phased array
Panels may be laid
CONFORMABLY

111. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
111
Metamaterial
Passive
array
Active phased array
Panels may be laid
CONFORMABLY

112. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
112
Flat
Lightweight
No Moving
Parts
Auto-
Acquiring
Self-
Provisioning
Affordable

113. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
113
Mobility & Internet of Things
Form factor, affordability,
and production scalability
make mTenna technology
ideal for Mobility & IoT

Customer Benefits: IoT
•Affordable terminal
•Hand-carry, self installation
•Connects to existing sensor / WiFi
networks
•Efficient, intelligent data
backhaul
•Auto-acquisition and self-
provisioning
•Reliability – no moving parts
•Global network with scalable
throughput
•Remote and/or mobile
connectivity

114. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
114
Toyota 4Runner Equipped With mTenna Tech
© 2016. Kymeta Corporation.

115. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
115
© 2016. Kymeta Corporation.
Revolutionary, flat, electronically steerable antenna (ESA)

Thin
•Very low profile, (aerodynamic, inconspicuous)
•Superior form-factor, (smaller footprint, light-weight)
Reliable
•Accurate, (faster scan, better tracking, fewer network drops)
•Robust, (no-moving parts, gradual degradation vs. total system failure)
Broadband
•Delivers true broadband service, (supports networks > 100Mbs)
•Very high gain (efficient, powerful)
Modular
•Adaptable, (expandable to support wide requirements, lowering OpEx)
•Better logistics-tail (easier, less costly & less timely to repair )
Versatile
•Broad functionality, (multi-beam, flat or conformal, distributed or contiguous)
•Dynamic control, (beam forming, tapering, ASI mitigation)
Enables mobile-broadband communications: at-sea, over land and in-flight

116. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
116
Designed to be flat or conformal – enables Aeronautical Mobile Broadband

117. EVOLVINGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Navigation maps
Weather information
Over-the-air updates
Streaming
Sensors Analytics
Video conference
Video surveillance



117

118. CONFERENCE CALL DISCUSSION – VIA ZOOM
118
Let’s Review What We have Learned, and
Discuss Questions?

119. 119

1/6 Complete