MODULE 2-PHILO-Q1_compressed.........pdf

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1. PHILOSOPHY
OF HUMAN
PERSON

2. ᵐOST
ESSENT
IAL LEARN
ING
COmPETE
NCY:2.1
Dᶦˢᵗᶦⁿᵍui
sh
ᵒᵖinion
from
truth
(PPT11/12-
Ic-₂.1)
2.2
Realize
that
the
ᵐᵉᵗhods
of
ᵖʰᶦˡᵒˢop
hy
lead
to
ʷisdom
and
truth
(PPT11/12-
Id-₂.2)2.3
Eᵛᵃluate
ᵗʳᵘᵗʰ
and ᵒᵖᶦⁿio
ns
in
ᵈᶦᶠᶠᵉre
nt ˢᶦᵗᵘᵃtio
ns
using
the
ᵐᵉᵗʰᵒᵈs
of
ᵖʰᶦlosophizing
⁽PPT11/12-Id-
2.3)
QUaRTeR ₁ –
M₀dUle 2:
MeTH₀dS ₀f
PHil₀S₀PHizing

3. At ᵗhe
ᵉnd
of ᵗhe
ᵐᵒdule,
ʸou
ˢhou
ld
be
ᵃble
to:
K -
Aⁿalyze
ˢituati
ons ᵗʰa
t
ˢʰo
w
ᵗhe
ᵈiffere
nce ᵇᵉtwe
en
ᵒpinion
ᵃnd
truth.
S - Wʳite
ʸᵒu
r
ᵒwn
ᵉᵈᶦtorial
on a
ᶜᵉrtain
ᶦˢˢu
e
A - Vᵃlue
ᵗhe
ᶦᵐᵖᵒrtan
ce
of
ᵏⁿowi
ng
ᵗhe
ᵈiffere
nce ᵇᵉtwe
en
ᶠᵃcts
ᵃnd
ᵒᵖᶦnio
ns.

4. Did
you
know?
WHAT IS FACT?
WHAT IS OPINION?

8. PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
Philosophical method (or philosophical
methodology) is the study of how to do Philosophy.
A common view among philosophers is that
Philosophy is distinguished by the ways that
philosophers follow in addressing philosophical
questions. There is not just one method that
philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.
Philosophy is concerned with determining the
concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any
inquiry.

9. Truth, in metaphysics and
the philosophy of language
Is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts,
propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to
agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most
often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality,
or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also
sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of
“truth to self”, or authenticity.

10. Page 3
What is truth and why is important?
Knowledge is the
clear awareness
and
understanding of
something.
It is the product of
questions that
allow for clear
answers provided
by facts.
It is through
knowing that we are
able to determine
what is true.

11. Page 6
Let’s explore your
knowledge by
completing the
following
statements:
I know that… I
know why… I know
how…

12. These statements correspond to what is
based on reality. This simply means that we
know what is observable or evident in the
real world. For example, “I know that fishes
live in water” because fishes do live in water.
Propositions or statements which are
observed to be real or truthful are
considered facts.

13. There are statements, however, that are not
evidently or immediately known to be true. For
example, “I know that my school is the best
school in the city”. This statement cannot be
taken as true since it is simply not immediately
evident.
This statement is a claim, and further
examination is required to establish whether it
is true or false. Therefore, truthful statements
can be considered as based on facts.

14. HOW DO WE KNOW
IF SOMETHING IS
TRUE?
There are several views regarding truth.
Philosophers emphasize the importance of
belief as basis for determining truth. But
philosophers who pondered upon the
origins of knowledge doubted everything
that there is to know about themselves and
the world.

15. EXPLAINING
OUR MISSION
EXAMPLE, STATING THE VERY OBVIOUS
THINGS WE KNOW ABOUT OURSELVES. I
AM ALIVE.
I HAVE A BODY. I CAN BREATHE.

16. Now, how will you figure out the answers to these
questions?
The obvious
answer would be to examine yourself to determine if
indeed you are alive, that you
have a body, and you can breathe. Do you have a
pulse? Can you feel your heartbeat?
Do you have hands, arms, legs, feet, and head? Try to
take a deep breath, then
exhale. Were you able to do it? If you answered “yes”
to all these questions, then you
can conclude with certainty that the previous
statements about yourself is true. You
can now say:

17. I am alive!
I have a
body! I can
breathe!
A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense
and if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a
common belief is another way of determining what is true, although this
approach has certain limitations. Philosophers also believe that claims and
beliefs should be tested in order to determine the truth. Determining the truth
also requires that a person can prove a statement through action.

18. DistinguishingOpinionfromTruth
1.It takes 30 minutes to walk from my home to
school.
2.Living near the school is better because we don’t
have to spend much for transportation.
3.My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
4.My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last
piece of pizza and did not share it with me.

19. 1.The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his
knees and placed him in handcuffs.
2.The aggressive manner by which the policeman
arrested the suspect is an example of brutality
that characterizes our police force.
Presentations are communication tools that can be
used.
Presentations are communication tools that can be
used as speeches, reports, and more.

20. Fact is something that is true and can
be
verified as such. You can find facts in
legal
records, scientific findings,
encyclopedias,
atlases, etc. in other words, facts are the truth
and are accepted as
such.
FACTS

21. Opinion is a statement that holds the
element of belief; it tells how
someone
feels. In other words it is what
someone
believes or thinks, and is not necessarily
the
truth
OPINIONS

22. Opinions are statements that go beyond
providing facts.
Conclusion is a judgment based on certain
facts.
Beliefs are statements that express
convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts. Explanations are
statements that assume the claim to be true
and provide reasons why the statement is
true.

23. Arguments are a series of statements that
provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty
reasoning.
Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor
of or against an idea or thing, usually in
a way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or
unfair.

25. The
following
are
examples
of
fallacies.

27. When looking at an opinion,
be aware of bias or the
personal views of the
person presenting it. Biases
are not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences
which affect the views of
people..

28. C
o
m
m
o
n
B
i
a
s
e
s

31. Methods of Philosophy
Lead to Wisdom and Truth
The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing philosophy in a
systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself
in a philosophical manner. Although philosophy is an organized body of
knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have three major
characteristics;
1.Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2.Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
3.Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

32. Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational
and systematic approach to questions of very
general interest. Critical thinking means
understanding philosophy and refraining from
merely giving claims but through careful thought,
one reasons through to argumentation.
Philosophers use to address philosophical
question is critical thinking.

33. The scientific method also leads to
wisdom and truth because it uses an
evidence- based approach to come
up with its conclusion. In this
method, all truthsare supported by
facts that can easily be tested or
proven again through
experiments,logical reasoning, or
observation.

34. How will you determine the truth
from opinion?
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to
distinguish one from the other can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of varied views and
ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the
holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser
decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.

35. A critical mind aided by
Philosophy can help us from our
own personal point of view that
can guide us in making
decisions and actions when we
are faced with a problem.

36. Looks for evidence to support
assumption and beliefs
Adjusts opinion Looks for
proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and
innocent information
Theattributesofacriticalthinker
include;

37. Philosophers questioned
what they knew and even
analyzed their methods of
knowing in order to have a
better understanding of
themselves and of the
world.
A method of philosophizing
is a process of determining
the truth or drawing
conclusions from a
statement using various
philosophical methods, such
as: Socratic, dialectic,
scientific, and historical.
Both the Socratic and
dialectic method are based
on a discussion between two
or more people who may
carry differing views but
wish to pursue the truth by
seeking
an agreement with one
another.

38. The scientific method, also
called empirical method,
is a process of determining
truth or knowledge
through experimentation,
inductive and deductive
reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory
testing.
Meanwhile, the scientific
method is a process of
determining truth or
knowledge through
experimentation,
inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis
or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based
on reasoning and critical
thinking. It includes
analysis and construction
of arguments. It serves
as a path to freedom
from half-truths and
deception.

40. In this type of reasoning,
conclusion comes first, followed
by main points, and
the last will be the supporting data,
facts, examples, and evidences.
General idea
comes first before the specific
or particular idea.
In this type of reasoning, supporting data,
facts, examples, and evidences come first
followed by the main points and
conclusion will be the last part. This is the
opposite of deductive reasoning because a
particular idea comes first before the
general idea.

41. Deductive begins from principles, which can then be applied to
specific instances. Inductive begins from specific instances, which
can then be generalized into principles.
Deductive: A men are mortals (principle). Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal (instance).
Inductive: Socrates died. Plato died. Pretty much every
human has died before reaching 110 or so (instances). So, we
can conclude that all humans are mortal (principle).
One result of this is that, as you said, inductive reasoning almost
always deals with probable statements. And deductive reasoning
deals with conclusions that are guaranteed to be true if their
premises are true

42. Do you have any questions
for me before we go?
Thank you!