Module 2Module 2 - Water Service Cycle.pptx

Protected/treated water sources preferred over
other readily available unprotected ones

1. Emergency WASH training 19-23 Sept 2016 Water Service Cycle Finding Testing

2. 2 Water Service Cycle

3. Finding Water: Water Sources Surface water : lakes, rivers, swamps, Springs.. even the ocean! Ground water : Aquifers, fractures. Rain water 3 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth

4. Characteristics of Water Sources Types Surface water (lakes, rivers, swamps, dams, ocean) Large quantity possibly available, could be seasonal During rain will most likely increase turbidity Higher possibility of contamination for proximity of; industry, cattle, pits, soakaway , dumping site, etc It will require stronger treatment, like desalination It will require higher protection measures Ways of extraction : Springs catchments Rivers catchments Gravity Flow Systems Pumping Systems 4

5. Ground water (shallow and deep well/bore) Previous Hydrogeological study is required In general better quality than surface water Requires higher technical skills and cost Possible existing natural environmental hazard; i.e.: iron, arsenic Ways of extraction : Shallow well (max 15-20m depth) : Hand pump, surface or submergible electrical pump Boreholes (30 to >200m): Hand pump, submergible electrical pump 5 Characteristics of Water Sources Types

6. Characteristics of Water Sources Types Rain water Requires enough roof or land surface with appropriate materials to collect the water Water can be contaminated due to air pollution in urban area: as acid rain In dry climate larger storage would be needed, as Ethiopia ( Birkas ) Roof rain water collector is easy to construct; i.e. PVC water tank connected to roof gutter Way of collecting Roof Collectors Birkas /Pools excavations on ground lined to prevent water infiltration 6

7. 7 Types Water Sources Images source: Private documentation and Google

8. SHALLOW WELLS During earthquakes, volcano eruption or floods, shallow wells are very prone to contamination and damages. Steps to clean and repair shallow wells: Clean the debris and rubbles that may fallen or collapse into the well Pump out the remaining water with dewatering pump Check if there are cracks or damages on the ring – repair as needed, continue to dewater during the repair Let the well to recharge to it normal state Chlorinate the well according to the required dosage (depending on the type of chlorine and volume of water) Test the chlorine residue to make sure it is within the required limit (0.2 - 05mg/L Number of persons needed to repair shallow wells: 3-4 8

9. 9 Shallow Well Cleaning

10. Water Pumps During floods, hand-pumps that are submerged under water are very prone to contamination. There a number of pumps used in Indonesia, majority are hand-pumps (dragon) and electrical pumps (jet-pump). Steps to repair hand-pumps: Check if the is any damages on the pump head – repair as needed Pump out the remaining water Let the well to recharge Chlorinate the tube according to the required dosage (depending on the type of chlorine and volume of water) Test the chlorine residue to make sure it is within the required limit (0.2 - 05mg/L Number of persons needed to repair hand-pumps: 2-3 10

11. Water Testing 11 Microbiological Bacteria (i.e. e.coli ) Algae Fungi Viruses Physical Presence Turbidity Color Odor Taste Chemical Presence pH, acidity and alkalinity Water hardness Iron and Manganese Chloride Fluoride Sulfate Types of Water Quality Tests

12. Characteristics of Types Water Quality Testing Microbiological Test Basic tests are relatively simple and practical; i.e. bacteria e-coli Proper handling is needed when collecting water sample Certain time is needed for the test results; Temperature and climate could affect the time of the results; cooler climate might lake longer for the result Example: Aquagenx CBT Test Kit, Delaqua Test Kit, Palintest / Wagtech Kit Physical Properties Testing using human sense: sight, smell, and taste Easy and inexpensive equipment used for the test 12

13. Characteristics of Types Water Quality Testing 13 Chemical Presence Basic test cost are relatively inexpensive (pH) but for specific test cost could be high (arsenic) Some of the types of test needs special equipment or facility for testing; i.e. arsenic, sulfate, fluoride, chloride, iron and manganese Needs specific skills for certain chemical tests Important when industrial or local business (i.e. poultry, tofu, etc.) activities nearby

14. Quantity Testing Seasonal changes need to be considered Discharge and recharge test need to be done among min 4-8 hours (pumping test) For rivers portion of volume is measured in different year period to compare 14

15. 15 Water Testing Practice! Aquagenx CBT test kit for microbiological test Turbity pH Chlorine residue (free chlorine) Field Work!

16. Emergency WASH training 19-23 Sept 2016 Water Services Cycle Storage Distribution

17. 17 Water Storage During Emergencies What are the types of storage could be used during emergencies? Immediate or short term response: Water Bladders or Plastic tanks (depending market availability) Repair existing water storage – when possible Mid-term or long term response Constructing permanent water storage, elevated or not depending on water source location; i.e. borewell – elevated, spring with gravity fed system the storage at higher ground Repairing and upgrading existing water storage; i.e. dimension, elevated, material used, etc.

18. 18 Water Storage During Emergencies What are the key considerations choosing water storage during emergencies? Should be relatively easy to install, clean, operate and maintain When possible, use items that are available in the local market; i.e. plastic tanks (500L – 10.000L) Climate and temperature vs. material used should be considered; i.e. hot climate areas should add shades to cover the water tanks (plastic or rubber) Size of storage should consider the number of beneficiaries and potential stockage days required; i.e. 100 persons x 20L = 2000L  use 5000L tank for 2 days schedule Will depend also on refill system and users Skills required for managing

19. 19 Water Distribution During Emergencies What are methods for water distribution during emergencies? Repair the existing water network: storage, pipes, valve, taps Advantage: source & network already available Disadvantage: takes time to inspect the damages Water trucking – when there is no other alternative water source Advantage: quick to set up Disadvantage: high cost for long period

20. 20 Water Distribution During Emergencies

21. Emergency WASH training 19-23 Sept 2016 Water Services Cycle Water Treatment

22. 22 Water Treatment During Emergencies What are the common water treatment during emergencies? Types of water treatment: Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection: Physical: boiling, SODIS, sedimentation, filtration Chemical: chlorination UV, Desalination, Ozone, Reverse Osmosis (RO)

23. What are the consideration on choosing which water treatment to use? Analysis results  t ype of contamination Level of Turbidity Use of the water. Normally treatment for drinking water Skills and cost required for operating/maintenance in order to chose the technology Materials available: proper sand, chlorine, electricity? Climate: mainly temperature & rain Implementing challenges; i.e. access or distance Scale of the water treatment that is needed Centralized Water Treatment  LMS, SETA Point of Use methods  Aquatabs , PUR, SODIS, ceramic filtration, etc. 23 Water Treatment During Emergencies

24. Filtration Filtration - raw water is allowed to pass through sand beds and retaining particles which cause turbidity, odor and color from the water. Filtration also removes most bacteria and disease causing organisms . Ex. Biosand Filtration Slow and rapid sand filtration, ceramic filters, charcoal filters

25. Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulation – is a water treatment process that causes very small suspended particles to attract to one another and form larger particles Flocculation – is a water treatment process following coagulation, which uses gentle stirring to bring the suspended particles together so they will form larger more settleable clumps called “floc”

26. Disinfection - Boiling Boiling Traditional method Kills all disease causing germs Accessible to households Water must be brought to a rolling, bubbling boil for 1 minute minimum

27. Disinfection - Solar Solar Disinfection (SODIS) During sun exposure, UV -A radiation destroys bacteria, viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium Around 6 hours exposure period under clear skies up to 50% cloudy skies. But 2 days consecutive exposure under very cloudy skies. High turbidity reduces solar radiation intensity  need to be pre-treated (sedimentation or filtration or flocculation) As UV -A radiation is reduced by 50% at a water depth of 10 cm, shallow containers are required for SODIS application. SODIS uses locally available resources, sunlight and PET bottles.

28. Disinfection - Chlorination Chlorine type based on form Tablet form – Sodium dichloroisocyanurate - 3.5 mg tablet for one (1) liter water - 67 mg tablet for every twenty (20) liters water Granular form – Chlorine HTH - Calcium hypochlorite 65 – 70% available chlorine Liquid form – Sodium hypochlorite 3.5 ml of 1.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for every twenty (20) liters water

29. 29 Disinfection - Chlorination Images source: Google Images

30. 30 Water Treatment Practice: Jar-test & bucket test PUR LMS water treatment SETA water purification unit Field Work!